Seabather's eruption

Seabather's eruption is an itching dermatitis^[1] caused by a hypersensitivity reaction to the immature nematocysts of larval-stage thimble jellyfish (Linuche unguiculata), sea anemones (Edwardsiella lineata) and other larval cnidarians.^[2] The term "sea lice" or "sea ants" is also sometimes used to describe seabather's eruption, although it is not in fact caused by the sea louse, a parasite that affects only fish.^[3][4]

It should not be confused with swimmer's itch.^[5]

Symptoms and signs[]

Symptoms generally arise later after one takes a shower. It is unusual to notice the eruptions immediately. Symptoms can last from a few days up to two weeks, the shorter time being the norm.^{[citation needed]}

The reaction is identified by severe itching around small red papules 1mm to 1.5 cm in size located on areas of skin that were covered by water-permeable clothing or hair during ocean swimming. Initial swimmer exposure to the free-floating larvae produces no effects, as each organism possesses only a single undeveloped nematocyst which is inactive while suspended in seawater. However, due to their microscopic size and sticky bodies, large concentrations of larvae can become trapped in minute gaps between skin and clothing or hair. Once the swimmer leaves the ocean, the organisms stuck against the skin die and automatically discharge their nematocysts when crushed, dried out, or exposed to freshwater. This is why symptoms usually do not appear until the swimmer dries themselves in the sun or takes a freshwater shower without first removing the affected clothing.^{[citation needed]}

Treatment[]

Treatment is symptomatic,^[6] with most affected using a topical anti-itch cream (diphenhydramine) and a cortisone solution (hydrocortisone).^{[citation needed]}

Incidence[]

Seabather's eruption is common in the Caribbean, Florida, Mexico, and Gulf States.^[7] Cases were first identified in Brazil in 2001.^[7]

Swimmers in Queensland, Australia, have reported seabather's eruption during the summer months of the year.^[8] Swimmers at the east-coast beaches of Auckland and the rest of the Hauraki Gulf in New Zealand can suffer seabather's eruption, typically during summer.^[9]

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