Shakuntala
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Shakuntala | |
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![]() "Shakuntala looking back to glimpse Dushyanta", painting by Raja Ravi Varma | |
Information | |
Family | Vishwamitra (father) Menaka (mother) Kanva (adoptive father) |
Spouse | Dushyanta |
Children | Bharata |
In Hindu mythology, Shakuntala (Sanskrit: Śakuntalā) is the wife of Dushyanta and the mother of Emperor Bharata. Her story is told in the Mahabharata and dramatized by many writers, the most famous adaption being Kalidasa's play Abhijñānaśākuntala (The Sign of Shakuntala).[1]
Legends[]
Birth[]
Once, Vishwamitra started to meditate to earn the status of a Brahmarshi. The intensity of his penance frightened Indra. He feared that Vishwamitra might want his throne. To end his penance, Indra sent Menaka, an apsara, to lure him and bring him out of his penance. Menaka reached Vishwamitra's meditating spot and started to seduce him. Vishwamitra could not control his lust and desire and his penance was broken. Vishwamitra and Menaka lived together for a few years and a daughter was born to them. Later, Vishwamitra realized that all those things were Indra's tricks. He realized that he needed to control his emotions. Vishwamitra left Menaka and Menaka left the baby near Rishi Kanva's hermitage before returning to heaven.[2]
Upbringing[]
Rishi Kanva found that baby in his hermitage surrounded by Shakunta birds (Sanskrit: शकुन्त, śakunta). Therefore, he named her Shakuntala (Sanskrit: शकुन्तला), meaning Shakunta-protected.[3][4]
In the Adi Parva of Mahabharata, Kanva says:
She was surrounded in the solitude of the wilderness by śakuntas,
therefore, hath she been named by me Shakuntala (Shakunta-protected).
Marriage with Dushyanta[]
King Dushyanta first encountered Shakuntala while travelling through the forest with his army. He was pursuing a male deer wounded by his weapon. Shakuntala and Dushyanta fell in love with each other and got married as per Gandharva marriage system. Before returning to his kingdom, Dushyanta gave his personal royal ring to Shakuntala as a symbol of his promise to return and bring her to his palace.[5]
Durvasa's curse[]
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Durvasa%E2%80%99s_wrath_against_Shakuntala.jpg/200px-Durvasa%E2%80%99s_wrath_against_Shakuntala.jpg)
Shakuntala spent much time dreaming of her new husband and was often distracted by her daydreams. One day, a powerful rishi, Durvasa, came to the ashrama but, lost in her thoughts about Dushyanta, Shakuntala failed to greet him properly. Incensed by this slight, the rishi cursed Shakuntala, saying that the person she was dreaming of would forget about her altogether. As he departed in a rage, one of Shakuntala's friends quickly explained to him the reason for her friend's distraction. The rishi, realizing that his extreme wrath was not justified, modified his curse saying that the person who had forgotten Shakuntala would remember everything again if she showed him a personal token that had been given to her.[1]
Journey to Hastinapura[]
Time passed, and Shakuntala, wondering why Dushyanta did not return for her, finally set out for the capital city with her foster father and some of her companions. On the way, they had to cross a river by a canoe ferry and, seduced by the deep blue waters of the river, Shakuntala ran her fingers through the water. Her ring (Dushyanta's ring) slipped off her finger without her realizing it.
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Sakuntala_leaving_for_his_husband_king_Dushmanta%27s_palace.jpg/220px-Sakuntala_leaving_for_his_husband_king_Dushmanta%27s_palace.jpg)
Arriving at Dushyanta's court, Shakuntala was hurt and surprised when her husband did not recognize her, nor recollected anything about her.[6] She tried to remind him that she was his wife but without the ring, Dushyanta did not recognize her. Humiliated, she returned to the forests and, collecting her son, settled in a wild part of the forest by herself. Here she spent her days while Bharata, her son, grew older. Surrounded only by wild animals, Bharata grew to be a strong youth and made a sport of opening the mouths of tigers and lions and counting their teeth.[7][8]
Reunion with Dushyanta[]
Meanwhile, a fisherman was surprised to find a royal ring in the belly of a fish he had caught. Recognizing the royal seal, he took the ring to the palace and, upon seeing his ring, Dushyanta's memories of his lovely bride came rushing back to him. He immediately set out to find her and, arriving at her father's ashram, discovered that she was no longer there. He continued deeper into the forest to find his wife and came upon a surprising scene in the forest: a young boy had pried open the mouth of a lion and was busy counting its teeth. The king greeted the boy, amazed by his boldness and strength, and asked his name. He was surprised when the boy answered that he was Bharata, the son of King Dushyanta. The boy took him to Shakuntala, and thus the family was reunited.[1]
Variants[]
An alternate narrative is that after Dushyanta failed to recognize Shakuntala, her mother Menaka took Shakuntala to Heaven where she gave birth to Bharata. Dushyanta was required to fight at the side of the devas, from which he emerged victoriously; his reward was to be reunited with his wife and son. He had a vision in which he saw a young boy counting the teeth of a lion. His kavach (armband/armour) had fallen off his arm. Dushyanta was informed by the devas that only Bharata's mother or father could tie it back on his arm. Dushyanta successfully tied it on his arm. The confused Bharata took the king to his mother Shakuntala and told her that this man claimed to be his father. Upon which Shakuntala told Bharata that the king was indeed his father. Thus the family was reunited in Heaven, and they returned to earth to rule for many years before the birth of the Pandava.[citation needed]
Ancient renditions of the myth of Shakuntala (2nd century BCE, Sunga period) | |
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Adaptations[]
Theatre, literature and music[]
Kalidasa[]
The Recognition of Sakuntala is a Sanskrit play written by Kalidasa.[9]
On the Marathi stage, there was a musical drama titled Shakuntal on the same story.
Opera[]
Sakuntala is an incomplete opera by Franz Schubert, which originated late 1819 to early 1820.[citation needed] Italian Franco Alfano composed an opera named La leggenda di Sakùntala (The legend of Shakuntala) in its first version (1921) and simply Sakùntala in its second version (1952).[citation needed]
Ballet[]
- Ernest Reyer (1823–1909) composed a ballet Sacountala on an argument by Théophile Gautier in 1838.[citation needed]
- The Soviet composer Sergey Balasanian (1902–1982) composed a ballet named Shakuntala (premiere 28 December 1963, Riga).[10]
Other literature[]
Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar created a novel in Sadhu Bhasha, Bengali.[citation needed] It was among the first translations from Bengali.[citation needed] Abanindra Nath Tagore later wrote in the (which is a simpler literary variation of Bengali) mainly for children and preteens.[citation needed]
By the 18th century, Western poets were beginning to get acquainted with works of Indian literature and philosophy.[citation needed] The German poet Goethe read Kalidasa's play and has expressed his admiration for the work[original research?] in the following verses:
Willst du die Blüthe des frühen, die Früchte des späteren Jahres, |
Wouldst thou the young year's blossoms and the fruits of its decline |
—Goethe, 1791[11] | —translation by Edward Backhouse Eastwick[12] |
In 1808 Karl Wilhelm Friedrich Schlegel published a German translation of the Shakuntala story from the Mahabharata.[13]
Film and TV[]
A significant number of Indian films have been made on the story of Shakuntala. These include: Shakuntala (1920) by Suchet Singh, Shakuntala (1920) by Shree Nath Patankar, Shakuntala (1929) by Fatma Begum, Shakuntala (1931) by Mohan Dayaram Bhavnani, Shakuntala (1931) by J. J. Madan, Shakuntala (1932) by Sarvottam Badami, Shakuntala (1932), Shakuntala (1940) by Ellis Dungan, Shakuntala (1941) by Jyotish Bannerjee, Shakuntala (1943) by V. Shantaram, Shakuntala (1961) by Bhupen Hazarika, Shakuntala (1965) by Kunchacko, Shakuntala (1966) by Kamalakara Kameshwara Rao, Stree by V. Shantaram.[14]
The 2009 Indian television show, Shakuntala, was an adaptation of the play by Kalidasa.
Art[]
Camille Claudel created a sculpture Shakuntala.[15]
References[]
- ^ Jump up to: a b c "Shakuntala - the Epitome of Beauty, Patience and Virtue". Dolls of India. Retrieved 8 March 2016.
- ^ Sattar, Arshia (22 June 2017). "The ultimate male fantasy". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 5 September 2020.
- ^ "The Mahabharata, Book 1: Adi Parva: Sambhava Parva: Section LXXII". www.sacred-texts.com.
- ^ "The Mahabharata in Sanskrit: Book 1: Chapter 66". www.sacred-texts.com.
- ^ Miller, Barbara Stoler (1984). Theater of Memory: The Plays of Kalidasa. New York: Columbia University Press. p. 122.
- ^ Glass, Andrew (June 2010). "Vasudeva, Somadeva (Ed. and Tr.), The Recognition of Shakúntala by Kālidāsa Olivelle, Patrick (Ed. and Tr.), The Five Discourses on Worldly Wisdom by Visnuśarman Mallinson, Sir James (Ed. and Tr.), The Emperor of the Sorcerers..." Indo-Iranian Journal. doi:10.1163/001972409X12645171001532.
- ^ Kalidasa (2000). Shakuntala Recognized. Translated by G.N. Reddy. Victoria, BC, Canada: iUniverse. ISBN 0595139809.
- ^ Yousaf, Ghulam-Sarwar (2005). "RELIGIOUS AND SPIRITUAL VALUES IN KALIDASA'S SHAKUNTALA". Katha. Retrieved 8 March 2016.
- ^ Kālidāsa; dasa, Kali (November 2006). The Recognition of Shakntala. NYU Press. ISBN 978-0-8147-8815-8.
- ^ Hakobian, Levon (25 November 2016). Music of the Soviet Era: 1917–1991. Taylor & Francis. p. 387. ISBN 9781317091875. Retrieved 19 March 2018.
- ^ "Goethe - Gedichte: Sakontala". www.textlog.de.
- ^ Pratap, Alka (2 February 2016). "Hinduism's Influence on Indian Poetry".
- ^ Figueira 1991, pp. 19–20
- ^ Rajadhyaksha, Ashish; Willemen, Paul (1999). Encyclopaedia of Indian cinema. British Film Institute. Retrieved 12 August 2012.
- ^ "CAMILLE CLAUDEL FROM 1 OCTOBER TO 5 JANUARY CAMILLE CLAUDEL COMES OUT OF THE RESERVE COLLECTIONS". Musée Rodin. Retrieved 22 February 2018.
Sources[]
- Dorothy Matilda Figueira. Translating the Orient: The Reception of Sakuntala in Nineteenth-Century Europe. SUNY Press, 1991. ISBN 0791403270
- Romila Thapar. Sakuntala: Texts, Readings, Histories. Columbia University Press, 2011. ISBN 0231156553
- Vyasa. Mahabharata.
External links[]
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- Characters in the Mahabharata
- Characters in Hindu mythology