Shibam Kawkaban

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Shibam Kawkaban
شبام كَوْكَبَان
Town
Kawkaban View, Yemen (11449578805).jpg
On the road to Kawkaban (2886009545).jpg
View from Kawkaban, Yemen (14920687764).jpg
Cloud over the roof of the world (2886013537).jpg
Shibam Kawkaban is located in Yemen
Shibam Kawkaban
Shibam Kawkaban
Location in Yemen
Coordinates: 15°30′N 43°54′E / 15.500°N 43.900°E / 15.500; 43.900
Country Yemen
GovernorateAl Mahwit Governorate
Time zoneUTC+3 (Yemen Standard Time)

Shibam Kawkaban (Arabic: شبام كَوْكَبَان, romanizedShibām Kawkabān)[note 1] is a double town[3] in Shibam Kawkaban District, Al Mahwit Governorate, Yemen,[5] located 38 km[1] west-northwest[3] of Sanaa, the national capital.[1] It consists of two distinct adjoining towns, Shibam (Arabic: شبام, romanizedShibām) and Kawkaban (Arabic: كَوْكَبَان, romanizedKawkabān).[5] Shibam is sometimes also called "Shibam Kawkaban" in order to distinguish it from other towns called Shibam.[1] Shibam is a market town at the edge of a large agricultural plain;[3] above it is the fortress-town of Kawkaban, at the summit of the cliffs to the southwest.[5] Kawkaban is a sizeable town in its own right,[5] and is known for its lavish tower-houses.[3]

It contains a fortified citadel about 2,931 m (9,616 ft) above sea level.[6] It is built upon a precipitous hilltop, walled from the north and fortified naturally from the other directions. It was the capital of the Yuʿfirids Muslim dynasty (847-997) and it was a capital of Bani Sharafaddin in the 9th 15th century. It was also home to a Jewish community, until its demise in the mid-20th century. The city affords a good prospect of the surrounding countryside. The word kawkabān in Arabic means "two planets".

The city features several old mosques: al Madrasa, al Mansoor, al Sharefa and Harabat. The old market is in the middle of the city. Old rainwater reservoirs can also be seen in the fortified town, named Meseda, Alasdad, and Sedalhamam.

Names[]

According to the 10th-century writer Abu Muhammad al-Hasan al-Hamdani, there were four towns in Yemen named Shibam.[1] To distinguish this Shibam from the others, it is sometimes suffixed as Shibam Kawkaban.[1] Other historically used epithets include Shibam Aqyan,[5][1] Shibam Ḥimyar,[5] Shibam Yaḥbus,[1] and Shibam Yuʿfir.[1] According to al-Hamdani, the town had originally been called Yuḥbis, and had taken the name "Shibam" after a man of the Banu Hamdan tribe who had settled there.[5][note 2][note 3]

As for Kawkaban, al-Hamdani says it is named after a man named Kawkaban b. Dhi Sabal b. Aqyan, of the tribe of Himyar, but says this eponym is "probably contrived".[5] Wilson notes that al-Hamdani did mention another place called Kawkaban, which he said got its name "because it was adorned with silver bands."[5]

History[]

Kawkaban Gate

The town is known as Shibam Kawkaban because it is on a mountain called Kawkaban. It was also known as Shibam Yaḥbis, Shibam Ḥimyar and Shibam Aqyan. The Yuʿfirids Muslim dynasty (847-997) that emerged in the Yemen is originally from Shibam Kawkaban. Shibam Kawkaban became their capital.[7][8]

According to al-Hamdani, Shibam was the center of the historical mikhlaf of .[5] He wrote that the town had 30 mosques in his day and was inhabited by members of the branch of the tribe of Himyar.[5]

In the early 20th century, the mountain village was visited by German explorer and photographer, Hermann Burchardt, who wrote in May 1902: "Kawkaban, a now completely deserted town that still 40 years ago counted 30,000 inhabitants, but now hardly holds a few hundred; [it] also has its Jewish quarter, where still some families live."[9] Of the city's more popular citizens was the renowned Jewish poet, Zechariah Dhahiri.

In February 2016 as part of the Yemeni Civil War fighter jets from U.S.-backed, Saudi-led coalition struck the town citadel killing seven residents and destroying the historic gateway as well as the 700-year-old houses.[10]

Climate[]

The highest mountain in the Arabian Peninsula, Jabal An-Nabi Shu'ayb of the Haraz-Sarat Mountains,[11][12] as viewed from Kawkaban

Kawkaban has a distinct moderate semi-arid climate under the Köppen climate classification (BSh). Due to its outstanding elevation that nears 3,000 m (9,800 ft), the town receives larger diurnal ranges and more precipitation compared to the capital nearby Sanaa. The plentiful rainfall is a direct result to its exposed location (not shielded by any natural barriers) being on top of a mountain and its rugged terrain; both factors leading to occasional orographic lifts rising from nearby slopes.

Climate data for Kawkaban
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Average high °C (°F) 22.2
(72.0)
23.3
(73.9)
25.5
(77.9)
26.3
(79.3)
28.3
(82.9)
30.0
(86.0)
28.5
(83.3)
27.2
(81.0)
27.3
(81.1)
26.2
(79.2)
23.5
(74.3)
22.2
(72.0)
25.6
(78.1)
Daily mean °C (°F) 14.0
(57.2)
14.9
(58.8)
17.3
(63.1)
18.7
(65.7)
20.6
(69.1)
21.9
(71.4)
22.1
(71.8)
20.9
(69.6)
20.2
(68.4)
18.5
(65.3)
16.3
(61.3)
14.7
(58.5)
18.3
(64.9)
Average low °C (°F) 5.9
(42.6)
6.5
(43.7)
9.2
(48.6)
11.1
(52.0)
13.0
(55.4)
13.8
(56.8)
15.7
(60.3)
14.7
(58.5)
13.1
(55.6)
10.9
(51.6)
9.1
(48.4)
7.2
(45.0)
10.9
(51.6)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 7
(0.3)
8
(0.3)
15
(0.6)
38
(1.5)
46
(1.8)
17
(0.7)
82
(3.2)
112
(4.4)
41
(1.6)
8
(0.3)
6
(0.2)
1
(0.0)
381
(14.9)
Source: Climate-Data.org[13]

See also[]

Notes[]

  1. ^ The name is variously spelled "Shibam Kawkaban", with a space;[1][2] "Shibam-Kawkaban", with a dash;[3][4] or even "Shibam (Kawkaban)", with parentheses.[5]
  2. ^ His full genealogy is given as Shibam b. Abdullah b. As'ad b. Jusham b. Hashid.[5]
  3. ^ The name Yuhbis now refers to a wadi to the west of Shibam, descending from below the historical fort of and eventually joining the .[5]

References[]

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i Eagle, A.B.D.R. (1990). Ghayat al-amani and the life and times of al-Hadi Yahya b. al-Husayn: an introduction, newly edited text and translation with detailed annotation. Durham University. pp. 158–9. Retrieved 23 March 2021.
  2. ^ Costa, Paolo; Vicario, Ennio (1977). Arabia Felix: A Land of Builders. Rizzoli International Publications. p. 36, 171. ISBN 9780847800506. Retrieved 23 March 2021.
  3. ^ a b c d e Schmitz, Charles; Burrowes, Robert D. (2018). Historical Dictionary of Yemen (third ed.). Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield. p. 443. ISBN 9781538102336. Retrieved 23 March 2021.
  4. ^ Kitchen, Kenneth Anderson (1994). Documentation for Ancient Arabia. Liverpool University Press. pp. 81–3. ISBN 9780853238607. Retrieved 23 March 2021.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Wilson, Robert T.O. (1989). Gazetteer of Historical North-West Yemen. Germany: Georg Olms AG. p. 44, 198, 284. Retrieved 23 March 2021.
  6. ^ Weather in Jabal Kawkabān Freemeteo. Retrieved on 11/08/2016.
  7. ^ Smith, G. R. (2012-04-24). "Yuʿfirids". Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition.
  8. ^ زبارة, محمد بن محمد بن يحيى اليمني/الصنعاني (1998-01-01). نيل الوطر من تراجم رجال اليمن في القرن الثالث عشر 1-2 ج1 (in Arabic). Dar Al Kotob Al Ilmiyah دار الكتب العلمية. ISBN 978-2-7451-2623-8.
  9. ^ Hermann Burchardt, Die Juden in Yemen, in: "Ost und West", Berlin 1902, p. 340.
  10. ^ ‘Why is the world so quiet?’ Yemen suffers its own cruel losses, far from Aleppo.
  11. ^ Robert D. Burrowes (2010). Historical Dictionary of Yemen. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 5–340. ISBN 978-0-8108-5528-1.
  12. ^ McLaughlin, Daniel (2008). "1: Background". Yemen. Bradt Travel Guides. p. 3. ISBN 978-1-8416-2212-5.
  13. ^ "Climate: Kawkaban - Climate-Data.org". Retrieved 3 November 2017.
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