Singapore Armed Forces ranks

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The Singapore Armed Forces (SAF) has five rank schemes for active and reservist personnel, with a sixth for the auxiliaries of the SAF Volunteer Corps. The rank structure is largely unified, with identical rank insignia across the Singapore Army, Republic of Singapore Navy, and Republic of Singapore Air Force.

History[]

See also: Military history of Singapore

Like many Commonwealth countries, the SAF draws its heritage from the British military, however Singapore no longer uses British-style rank insignia across its armed services and also does not use the corresponding Royal Navy and Royal Air Force rank titles for its navy and air force. The three branches of the SAF was unified in 1972,[1] but prior to 1982, the three component services maintained their own distinct sets of uniform insignia, particularly for officer-level ranks.[2][3][4] In 1982, the SAF implemented identical rank insignia across all three services along with a new service dress uniform.[5] Rank titles are also largely identical, with only two exceptions in the Republic of Singapore Navy, where general officers have admiral ranks while officer cadets are referred to as midshipmen.[6]

Rank structure[]

The ranks of uniformed servicemen are outlined in the Singapore Armed Forces (Ranks of Servicemen) Regulations.[7] While the legislation provides for the ranks of general and admiral, there have not been any holders of these ranks as of 2019, and their rank insignia are not known. As below is a list of ranks prescribed by legislation, arranged in order of increasing seniority.

List of military ranks according to the Singapore Armed Forces (Ranks of Servicemen) Regulations[7]
Categories Conventional rank Military expert rank
Enlistee Recruit (REC)
Private (PTE)
Private (First Class) (PFC)
Lance Corporal (LCP)
Corporal (CPL)
Corporal (First Class) (CFC)
Specialists Third Sergeant (3SG)
Second Sergeant (2SG) ME1 (Military Expert 1)
First Sergeant (1SG)
Staff Sergeant (SSG)
Master Sergeant (MSG) ME2 (Military Expert 2)
Warrant officers Third Warrant Officer (3WO)
Second Warrant Officer (2WO)
First Warrant Officer (1WO) ME3 (Military Expert 3)
Master Warrant Officer (MWO)
Senior Warrant Officer (SWO)
Chief Warrant Officer (CWO)
Junior officers Second Lieutenant (2LT)
Lieutenant (LTA)
Captain (CPT) ME4 (Military Expert 4)
Field officers Major (MAJ) ME5 (Military Expert 5)
Lieutenant-Colonel (LTC) ME6 (Military Expert 6)
Senior Lieutenant-Colonel (SLTC)
Colonel (COL) ME7 (Military Expert 7)
General officers Brigadier-General/Rear Admiral One-Star (BG/RADM(1)) ME8 (Military Expert 8)
Major-General/Rear Admiral Two-Star (MG/RADM(2))
Lieutenant-General/Vice Admiral (LG/VADM)
General/Admiral (GEN/ADM)

Enlistees[]

Two corporals (left) and a first sergeant (right) from the Singapore Armed Forces Provost Unit providing security cover for the 2000 National Day Parade at the Padang, Singapore.

Enlistees make up the bulk of manpower in the SAF and comprise the majority of full-time national servicemen.[8] All new soldiers in the SAF, also known as enlistees, must first undergo Basic Military Training (BMT),[9] during which they hold the most basic rank of recruit (REC) until they successfully complete their training. Once recruits graduate from their BMT they attain the rank of private (PTE).[10] Selected recruits may also be chosen for further leadership training at the Specialist Cadet School or Officer Cadet School after graduating from BMT to become future specialists or officers respectively.[8] Conscripts who do not complete BMT will continue to hold the rank of recruit and may attain the rank of private only at the end of their 2 years of active service.[11]

Recruits and privates of all armed services do not wear any rank insignia.[10] Privates can be further promoted to the ranks of private (first class) (PFC), lance corporal (LCP), corporal (CPL), and corporal (first class) (CFC), if they perform well.[12]

Enlistee ranks of the Singapore Armed Forces
  • v
  • t
Insignia Army-SGP-OR-4b.svg Army-SGP-OR-4a.svg Army-SGP-OR-3.svg Army-SGP-OR-2.svg No
insignia 		No
insignia
Rank Corporal
First Class 		Corporal Lance
Corporal 		Private
First Class 		Private Recruit
Abbreviation CFC CPL LCP PFC PTE REC


Specialists[]

Master Sergeant Tay (left) with a second sergeant (centre) and third sergeant (right) of the 36th Battalion, Singapore Combat Engineers

Specialists serve as the junior commanders in the Singapore Armed Forces. They are specifically trained in a variety of equipment and skills and are considered "subject matter experts". They take responsibility for leading and training small units and work together with commissioned officers.[10][13][14] The specialist corps (as well as the warrant officer corps) were introduced in 1992 to replace the previous non-commissioned officer corps.[14]

Potential specialists are selected while training as recruits during BMT and, following graduation, undergo further training at the Specialist Cadet School (SCS).[8] Since 22 December 2008, all specialist trainees bear the rank of specialist cadet (SCT) while undergoing specialist training.[15] This rank is considered equivalent to a private,[7] and is worn until they graduate from SCS, upon which they attain the rank of third sergeant (3SG).[9] Servicemen may subsequently be promoted to second sergeant (2SG) and first sergeant (1SG). Regular personnel may progress further to the staff-level ranks of staff sergeant (SSG) or master sergeant (MSG).[10] The master sergeant is the pinnacle rank of the specialist corps.[13]

Specialists in general are addressed as "Sergeant",[14] while staff sergeants are addressed as "Staff" and master sergeants as "Master".[8]

The rank insignia of specialists consists of three downward-pointing chevrons for the lowest rank of third sergeant, with additional upward-pointing chevrons depending on their seniority. In addition, staff-level ranks contain a coat of arms of Singapore between the upward-pointing and downward-pointing chevrons.

Insignia Army-SGP-OR-6b.svg Army-SGP-OR-6a.svg Army-SGP-OR-5c.svg Army-SGP-OR-5b.svg Army-SGP-OR-5a.svg
Rank Master Sergeant Staff Sergeant First Sergeant Second Sergeant Third Sergeant
Abbreviation MSG SSG 1SG 2SG 3SG


Warrant officers[]

Warrant officers serve as senior mentors and disciplinarians in units as well as training institutes.[13] Warrant officers are appointed by the , and may be given command responsibility of units and serve as disciplinary or investigating officers for military offences. In addition, they may only be charged for military offences by superior commanders.[16] Like officers, they may also carry ceremonial swords on parades, and wear their ranks on their shoulder epaulettes.[14]

Warrant officers are typically promoted from the ranks of specialists and generally have more than ten years of service,[10] although outstanding specialists can attain the rank of third warrant officer as soon as seven years into service.[13] Senior specialists are trained at the SAF Warrant Officer School (SAFWOS) before becoming warrant officers, and selected operationally-ready national servicemen may also be selected for warrant officer rank.[17]

While technically ranking below commissioned officers, warrant officers are addressed by junior commissioned officers as "Encik" for males or "Cik" for females, in respect of their experience and knowledge.[10][14]

The rank insignia of a third warrant officer (3WO) consists of a coat of arms of Singapore with an arc below and a thin upward-pointing chevron, while that of a second warrant officer (2WO) through to senior warrant officer (SWO) have a thicker chevron which vary in number according to the rank. Finally, the rank of chief warrant officer (CWO) is distinguished from the rank of senior warrant officer with the addition of a laurel.[6]

Insignia SGEWO-CWO.svg SGEWO-SWO.svg SGEWO-MWO.svg SGEWO-1WO.svg SGEWO-2WO.svg 3WO.svg
Rank Chief Warrant Officer Senior Warrant Officer Master Warrant Officer First Warrant Officer Second Warrant Officer Third Warrant Officer
Abbreviation CWO SWO MWO 1WO 2WO 3WO


Officers[]

Colonel Joseph Leong, Republic of Singapore Navy (right) shakes hands with Captain Al Collins, United States Navy (left) in Changi Naval Base during exercise Cooperation Afloat Readiness and Training (CARAT) 2006. Both officers are of similar rank but bear different rank titles and insignia.

Officers exercise leadership and command authority in the SAF. Prospective officers are selected from trainees in BMT and SCS, and undergo training at the Officer Cadet School (OCS).[8] While training to become an officer, they hold the rank of officer cadet or midshipman, which are considered equivalent in rank to a private.[7] Prospective officers are required to hold GCE Advanced Level, polytechnic diploma, international baccalaureate or equivalent tertiary qualifications, and career officers are encouraged to obtain higher studies in universities. They are appointed by the President of Singapore.[16]

Junior officers are in charge of sub-units, and begin at the rank of second lieutenant (2LT), and may be promoted to the ranks of lieutenant (LTA). Regular and reservist personnel may be further promoted to the rank of captain (CPT) after attending courses at the SAF Advanced Schools.[10] The rank insignia of junior officers are depicted by bars.[18]

Senior officers are typically placed in charge of units or higher branches and responsible for making command decisions. They begin duties at the rank of major (MAJ), and may progress to lieutenant colonel (LTC), senior lieutenant colonel (SLTC), or colonel (COL).[8][10] The rank insignia for senior officers uses the coat of arms of Singapore, also informally known as "crabs".[8][10][18]

The general officers are the highest-ranking officers in the SAF, and are responsible for broad strategy and policies which affect the entire armed forces.[8][10] General officers of the Army and Air Force use general-based ranks, while those of the Navy use admiral-based ranks. Their rank insignia consists of stars, ranging from one for brigadier generals (BG) and rear admiral (one-star) (RADM(1)), two for major generals (MG) and rear admiral (two-star) (RADM(2)), and three for lieutenant generals (LG) and vice admirals (VADM).[6][18] Finally, the ranks of general and admiral are also provided for in the Singapore Armed Forces (Ranks of Servicemen) Regulations.[7]

All officers are addressed by lower-ranking personnel as "Sir" for males or "Ma'am" for females.[10]

Insignia Insignia
not known 		10-RSA-OF08.svg 09-RSA-OF07.svg 08-RSA-OF06.svg 07-RSA-OF05.svg SGEOS-SLTC.svg 05-RSA-OF04a.svg 04-RSA-OF03.svg 03-RSA-OF02.svg 02-RSA-OF01b.svg 01-RSA-OF01a.svg
Rank General
Admiral 		Lieutenant
General
Vice Admiral 		Major
General
Rear Admiral
(two-star) 		Brigadier
General
Rear Admiral
(one-star) 		Colonel Senior
Lieutenant
Colonel 		Lieutenant
Colonel 		Major Captain Lieutenant Second
Lieutenant
Abbreviation GEN
ADM 		LG
VADM 		MG
RADM(2) 		BG
RADM(1) 		COL SLTC LTC MAJ CPT LTA 2LT


Military experts[]

A Military Expert 3 (right) with other soldiers of the Republic of Singapore Air Force at the 2014 Singapore Airshow. A Military Expert 2 (left) is identifiable with an abbreviated rank title on his name tape even though the rank insignia on his chest is obscured.

Military experts are soldiers that serve in specific military domains under the Military Domain Experts Scheme, which is a separate rank scheme that was introduced in April 2010.[19] The rank structure runs in parallel with the conventional ranks of enlistees, specialists, warrant officers, and commissioned officers, and allows for continual advancement from ME1 to higher ranks all the way to ME8 based upon expertise and performance levels.[13][20]

Military experts of Military Expert 3 (ME3) rank are considered equivalent to warrant officers;[16] while those ranking Military Expert 4 (ME4) or higher (collectively referred to as senior military experts) are considered equivalent to commissioned officers[8] and given the same legal authority.[16] The rank titles do not have unique names, but are instead suffixed by a cardinal number from 1 to 8 (for example, Military Expert 3 or ME3), with 1 indicating the most junior rank and 8 the most senior. Each of the ranks may be further qualified by another suffix: this may be a letter to denote military experts in different stages training, such as T for trainees (for example, Military Expert 4 Trainee or ME4-T) or A for apprentices (for example, Military Expert 4 Apprentice or ME4-A); or a number to distinguish paygrades for fully qualified military experts (for example, Military Expert 4–2 or ME4-2). Each of the rank has two or three paygrades except for the rank of ME8, where there is only one paygrade and no suffix is used.

Military expert trainees are considered equivalent to the rank of private, while military expert apprentices are considered equivalent to the rank of Military Expert 1.[7]

Image MDES ME8.svg MDES ME7.svg SGMDES-ME6.svg SGMDES-ME5.svg SGMDES-ME4.svg SGMDES-ME3.svg SGMDES-ME2.svg SGMDES-ME1.svg
Rank ME8 ME7 ME6 ME5 ME4 ME3 ME2 ME1
Rank grades None ME7-1
ME7-2
ME7-3 		ME6-1
ME6-2
ME6-3 		ME5-1
ME5-2 		ME4-1
ME4-2
ME4-3 		ME3-1
ME3-2
ME3-3 		ME2-1
ME2-2 		ME1-1
ME1-2
Equivalent rank[21] BG
RADM(1) 		COL LTC

SLTC

MAJ CPT 1WO MSG 2SG


SAFVC volunteers[]

The SAF Volunteer Corps (SAFVC) was established in October 2014[22] to allow female Singapore citizens, first generation permanent residents and naturalised citizens, all of whom would not ordinarily have any national service obligation, to serve as volunteers in the SAF. The SAFVC Volunteers (SV) have a unique rank structure that does not correlate with the other ranks in the SAF.

The SAFVC ranks comprise five tiers from SAFVC Volunteer (Trainee), abbreviated as SV (Trainee), to SAFVC Volunteer 4 (SV4), enumerated by winged chevrons.

Volunteer ranks of the SAF Volunteer Corps
  • v
  • t
Insignia SAFVC-SV4.svg SAFVC-SV3.svg SAFVC-SV2.svg SAFVC-SV1.svg SAFVC-SV(Trainee).svg
Rank SAFVC
Volunteer 4 		SAFVC
Volunteer 3 		SAFVC
Volunteer 2 		SAFVC
Volunteer 1 		SAFVC
Volunteer
(Trainee)
Abbreviation SV4 SV3 SV2 SV1 SV
(Trainee)


Rank etiquette[]

Wearing of rank insignia[]

Where the rank insignia is worn depends on a number of factors, including the uniform type, rank scheme, gender, and service of the serviceman.

When wearing the No.4 uniform (combat uniform), all servicemen wear their rank insignia on a chest strap.[6][23] Otherwise, when wearing other uniforms, the rank insignia of enlistees and specialists are generally worn on the sleeves, while that of warrant officers,[17] officers,[18] and military experts are worn on shoulder epaulettes. In addition, female warrant officers, officers, and military experts wear their rank insignia on the collars when wearing the No.3 or No.5 uniforms (service dress uniforms), except for those of Army, who may wear their insignia on the shoulders if they are wearing a suit with their No.5 uniform.[24]

Suffixes to rank titles[]

Military ranks are sometimes suffixed with an abbreviation to denote certain circumstances under which the personnel holds the rank.

  • The addendum (NS) is used for reservists, also known as operationally ready national servicemen, who are still serving their reservist obligations, e.g. CPL (NS), 3SG (NS), COL (NS), ME4-1 (NS), etc.[25]
  • The addendum (Retired) or (RET) is used for reservists and regulars who are honorably discharged from service after they reach their statutory age of service, and have fulfilled their reservist obligations, e.g. Major (Retired), MAJ (RET), BG (RET), SWO (RET), etc.
  • The addendum (Volunteer) or (VOL) is used for servicemen who have reached their statutory age cap from their reservist obligations but have voluntarily extended their service, e.g. Colonel (Volunteer), COL (VOL), BG (VOL) etc.[25]

Historical rank insignia[]

Until the adoption of the current system in 1982, given its colonial past and its brief period as a state of Malaysia, the SAF rank system followed British practice but with Army rank names on all branches, a practice taken from Indonesia, Israel and Kenya. The Navy, however, used United States Navy-styled rank insignia instead of the executive curl used in the Commonwealth and many other national navies, which is the practice of the Royal Malaysian Navy.

Former rank insignia of the Army[]

Army Officers
 Singapore Army
(1965-1978) 		No equivalent Brigadier 1965-1978 (Singapore Army OF-6).gif Colonel 1965-1983 (Singapore Army OF-5).gif Lieutenant-Colonel 1965-1978 (Singapore Army OF-4).gif Major 1965-1978 (Singapore Army OF-3).gif Captain 1965-1978 (Singapore Army OF-2).gif Lieutenant 1965-1978 (Singapore Army OF-1A).gif Second Lieutenant 1965-1978 (Singapore Army OF-1B).gif Unknown
Brigadier Colonel Lieutenant colonel Major Captain Lieutenant Second lieutenant
 Singapore Army
(1978-1983) 		No equivalent Major-General 1978-1983 (Singapore Army OF-7).gif Brigadier 1978-1983 (Singapore Army OF-6).gif Colonel 1965-1983 (Singapore Army OF-5).gif Lieutenant-Colonel 1978-1983 (Singapore Army OF-4).gif Major 1978-1983 (Singapore Army OF-3).gif Captain 1978-1983 (Singapore Army OF-2).gif Lieutenant 1978-1983 (Singapore Army OF-1A).gif Second Lieutenant 1978-1983 (Singapore Army OF-1B).gif Unknown
Major general Brigadier general Colonel Lieutenant colonel Major Captain Lieutenant Second lieutenant
Army Enlisted
 Singapore Army
(1965-1983) 		Warrant Officer I 1965-1983 (Singapore Army OR-09).gif Warrant Officer II 1965-1983 (Singapore Army OR-08).gif Staff Sergeant 1965-1983 (Singapore Army OR-07).gif Sergeant 1965-1983 (Singapore Army OR-06).gif Corporal 1965-1983 (Singapore Army OR-04).gif Lance Corporal 1965-1983 (Singapore Army OR-03).gif No insignia
Warrant Officer First Class Warrant Officer Second Class Staff Sergeant Sergeant Corporal Lance Corporal Private

Former rank insignia of the Air Force[]

Air force Officers
 Republic of Singapore Air Force
(1968-1974) 		No equivalent Blank.svg Blank.svg Blank.svg Blank.svg Blank.svg Blank.svg Blank.svg Unknown
Brigadier Colonel Lieutenant colonel Major Captain Lieutenant Second lieutenant
 Republic of Singapore Air Force
(1975-1983) 		No equivalent British RAF OF-6.svg British RAF OF-5.svg British RAF OF-4.svg British RAF OF-3.svg British RAF OF-2.svg British RAF OF-1b.svg British RAF OF-1a.svg Unknown
Brigadier general Colonel Lieutenant colonel Major Captain Lieutenant Second lieutenant
Air force Enlisted
 Republic of Singapore Air Force
(1968-1974) 		Blank.svg Blank.svg Blank.svg Blank.svg Blank.svg Blank.svg No insignia
Warrant Officer First Class Warrant Officer Second Class Staff Sergeant Sergeant Corporal Senior aircraftman Aircraftman
 Republic of Singapore Air Force
(1975-1983) 		Blank.svg Blank.svg Blank.svg Blank.svg Blank.svg Blank.svg Blank.svg Blank.svg Blank.svg No insignia
Senior Warrant Officer Warrant Officer First Class Warrant Officer Second Class Staff Sergeant Sergeant Corporal first class Corporal Lance Corporal Private first class Private

Former rank and rating insignia of the Navy[]

Navy Officers
 Republic of Singapore Navy
(1967-1978) 		No equivalent Blank.svg Blank.svg Blank.svg Blank.svg Blank.svg Blank.svg Unknown
Colonel Lieutenant colonel Major Captain Lieutenant Second lieutenant
 Republic of Singapore Navy
(1978-1983) 		No equivalent Generic-Navy-(star)-O7.svg Generic-Navy-(star)-O5.svg Generic-Navy-(star)-O4.svg Generic-Navy-(star)-O3.svg Generic-Navy-(star)-O2.svg Generic-Navy-(star)-O1.svg Unknown
Colonel Lieutenant colonel Major Captain Lieutenant Second lieutenant
Navy Enlisted Ratings
 Republic of Singapore Navy
(1967-1978) 		No equivalent Blank.svg Blank.svg Blank.svg Blank.svg No insignia
Chief petty officer Petty officer Leading rate Able rate Ordinary rate
 Republic of Singapore Navy
(1978-1983) 		Blank.svg Blank.svg Blank.svg Blank.svg Blank.svg Blank.svg Blank.svg Blank.svg Blank.svg No insignia
Senior Warrant Officer Warrant Officer First Class Warrant Officer Second Class Staff Sergeant Sergeant Corporal first class Corporal Lance Corporal Private first class Private

See also[]

  • Comparative military ranks

References[]

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  2. ^ Močoch, Pavel (7 March 2013). "Singapore Army". International Encyclopedia of Uniform Insignia. Archived from the original on 21 January 2019. Retrieved 20 January 2019.
  3. ^ Močoch, Pavel (7 March 2013). "Republic of Singapore Navy". International Encyclopedia of Uniform Insignia. Archived from the original on 21 January 2019. Retrieved 20 January 2019.
  4. ^ Močoch, Pavel (7 March 2013). "Republic of Singapore Air Force". International Encyclopedia of Uniform Insignia. Archived from the original on 21 January 2019. Retrieved 20 January 2019.
  5. ^ Wai, Ronnie (29 June 1982). "'New look' SAF advances on the fashion front". The Straits Times. p. 8. Archived from the original on 21 January 2019. Retrieved 20 January 2019.
  6. ^ Jump up to: a b c d "SAF Rank Insignias". MINDEF website. Archived from the original on 19 April 2018. Retrieved 19 April 2018.
  7. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Singapore Armed Forces (Ranks of Servicemen) Regulations (Cap. 295 , 2012 Rev. Ed.)
  8. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i Afiq Rayyan (17 April 2018). "We Explain MINDEF Military Ranks So You Can Recognise Who You're Calling Sir or Ma'am". mustsharenews.com. Archived from the original on 21 January 2019. Retrieved 20 January 2019.
  9. ^ Jump up to: a b "Our Training". mindef.gov.sg. Archived from the original on 21 January 2019. Retrieved 20 January 2019.
  10. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k Muhd Farhan (22 November 2018). "SAF Ranks: What Are They & What Are The Differences?". Men's Health Singapore. Archived from the original on 21 January 2019. Retrieved 20 January 2019.
  11. ^ "Army". www.mindef.gov.sg. Archived from the original on 6 July 2017. Retrieved 8 October 2014.
  12. ^ "Enlistees". mindef.gov.sg. 6 May 2010. Archived from the original on 27 February 2015. Retrieved 20 January 2019.
  13. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e "FAQ". mindef.gov.sg. Archived from the original on 21 January 2019. Retrieved 20 January 2019.
  14. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e Army WOSpec (PDF) (2nd ed.). Singapore: Ministry of Defence. March 2014. Archived (PDF) from the original on 21 January 2019. Retrieved 20 January 2019.
  15. ^ "Fact Sheet: New Specialist Cadet Rank". mindef.gov.sg. 23 December 2008. Archived from the original on 5 August 2012. Retrieved 20 January 2019.
  16. ^ Jump up to: a b c d Singapore Armed Forces Act (Cap. 295 , 2000 Rev. Ed.)
  17. ^ Jump up to: a b Liew, Derek (7 January 2007). "1992 - The SAF Warrant Officer School". mindef.gov.sg. Archived from the original on 7 October 2007. Retrieved 20 January 2019.
  18. ^ Jump up to: a b c d Koh Boon Pin; Lee Geok Boi (2002). Shoulder to shoulder: our national service journal (PDF). Singapore: Ministry of Defence. p. 32. ISBN 981-04-6931-4. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2 January 2006. Retrieved 20 January 2019.
  19. ^ "Military Domain Experts Scheme Details Unveiled" (PDF). mindef.gov.sg. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 December 2013. Retrieved 20 January 2019.
  20. ^ "Military Domain Experts". mindef.gov.sg. 30 July 2010. Archived from the original on 17 October 2014. Retrieved 9 June 2013.
  21. ^ "RANKS OF SERVICEMEN IN UNIFORMED SERVICES". Singapore Statutes Online Plus. 1 July 2012. Retrieved 4 May 2021.
  22. ^ "SAF Volunteer Corps - Singapore Armed Forces Volunteer Corps". mindef.gov.sg. Archived from the original on 29 March 2015. Retrieved 15 October 2014.
  23. ^ "SAF No.4 Dress" (PDF). mindef.gov.sg. Archived (PDF) from the original on 21 January 2019. Retrieved 21 January 2019.
  24. ^ "SAF No.5 Dress" (PDF). mindef.gov.sg. 30 April 2015. Archived (PDF) from the original on 21 January 2019. Retrieved 21 January 2019.
  25. ^ Jump up to: a b "NSmen Sharpen their Combat Skills!". mindef.gov.sg. 19 April 2006. Archived from the original on 7 May 2007. Retrieved 20 January 2019.

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