Slaying of the Spaniards
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The Slaying of the Spaniards (also known as the Spanish Killings; Icelandic: Spánverjavígin [ˈspaunˌvɛrjaˌvijɪn]) was the last documented massacre in Icelandic history. Some Basque whalers went on a whaling expedition to Iceland and were killed after conflict in 1615 with local people in the region of the Westfjords.
Background[]
In the first half of the seventeenth century Spaniards whalers set up the world's first large-scale whaling industry in Newfoundland. The center of this industry was some ten ports on the southern coast of Labrador. During the peak years of the 1560s and 1570s the fleet comprised around 30 ships manned by up to 2,000 men, who killed approximately 400 whales each year. By the beginning of the seventeenth century Spanish whaling had reached Iceland.
Massacre[]
The year 1615 was a difficult year in Iceland with ice up to shores until late summer and considerable loss of livestock. In mid-summer three Spanish whaling vessels put into Reykjarfjörður in Westfjords. Icelanders and the Spaniards had a mutual agreement at the beginning as they both had benefited from the enterprise. When the ships were ready for departure in late September a terrible gale arose and the ships were driven on the rocks and crushed. Most of the crew members survived (approx. 80). The captains Pedro de Aguirre and Esteban de Telleria wintered at Vatneyri (Patreksfjörður) and left for home the following year. The crew of Martin de Villafranca's ship split into two groups; one entered Ísafjarðardjúp, the other went to Bolungarvík and later to Þingeyri.
The first conflict arose when one group entered the empty house of a merchant of Þingeyri and stole some dried fish. As retaliation, on 5 October, at night, a group of Icelanders entered the hut where the Spaniards were sleeping and killed 14 of them, only one young man called García, escaped. Captain Martín de Villafranca of San Sebastián, whose father and grandfather had both been involved in Terra Nova whaling was among those who were killed. The bodies were mutilated and sunken into water. Jón Guðmundsson the Learned wrote about the unjust and cruel deaths "dishonored and sunken into sea, as if they were the worst pagans and not innocent Christians". Three days after the first slaying, summoned a council at Súðavík and twelve judges agreed to declare as outlaws all the Spaniards.
On 13 October Martin and the other 17 of his group were killed at Æðey and Sandeyri in Ísafjarðardjúp, while they were fishing, by the troops commanded by Ari Magnússon. According to Jón Guðmundsson, the victims were stabbed in the eyes, their ears, noses and had their genitals mutilated. The captain, Martín de Villafranca, was injured in the shoulder and chest with an axe, but he managed to escape into the sea however he was stoned in the water and dragged to the shore where he was tortured to death.
Two verdicts were instigated by sheriff Ari Magnússon of in October 1615 and January 1616. The Spaniards were considered criminals after their ships were wrecked and in accordance with the Icelandic law book of 1281 it was decided that the only right thing to do was to kill as many of them as possible. Over 30 Spaniards were killed.[1]
Aftermath[]
Jón Guðmundsson the Learned (1574–1658) wrote a critical account condemning the decision of the local sheriff to order the killings: A True Account of Spanish Men's Shipwrecks and Slayings. Jón says that they were unjustly killed; not wishing to take part in an attack on them, he fled south to Snæfellsnes.
In 2015, a memorial in honor of the killed Spaniards was unveiled, with the presence of Martín Garitano, then governor of the Gipuzkoa province in the Basque Country, Spain. In the occasion, Westfjords district commissioner Jónas Guðmundsson formally revoked Ari Magnússon's 1615 decree.[1]
See also[]
- History of Basque whaling in Iceland
- History of Iceland
- Timeline of Icelandic history
References[]
- ^ a b "Basques safe in Iceland as district repeals decree to kill them on sight". The Guardian. 2015-05-25. Retrieved 2020-08-28.
External links and sources[]
- 17th century in Iceland
- Conflicts in 1615
- 1615 in Europe
- Massacres in Iceland
- Westfjords
- 17th century in Spain
- Basque history
- Whaling