Social Progress Index

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2020 Social Progress Index

The Social Progress Index (SPI) measures the extent to which countries provide for the social and environmental needs of their citizens. Fifty-four indicators in the areas of basic human needs, foundations of well-being, and opportunity to progress show the relative performance of nations. The index is published by the nonprofit Social Progress Imperative, and is based on the writings of Amartya Sen, Douglass North, and Joseph Stiglitz.[1] The SPI measures the well-being of a society by observing social and environmental outcomes directly rather than the economic factors. The social and environmental factors include wellness (including health, shelter and sanitation), equality, inclusion, sustainability and personal freedom and safety.[2][full citation needed]

Introduction and methodology[]

The index combines three dimensions

  1. Basic human needs
  2. Foundations of well-being
  3. Opportunity

Each dimension includes four components, which are each composed of between three and five specific outcome indicators. The included indicators are selected because they are measured appropriately, with a consistent methodology, by the same organization across all (or essentially all) of the countries in the sample. Together, this framework aims to capture a broad range of interrelated factors revealed by the scholarly literature and practitioner experience as underpinning social progress.

Two key features of the Social Progress Index are:[3]

  1. the exclusion of economic variables
  2. the use of outcome measures rather than inputs

Social Progress Imperative evaluated hundreds of possible indicators while developing the Social Progress Index, including engaging researchers at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) to determine what indicators best differentiated the performance of nations. The index uses outcome measures when there are sufficient data available or the closest possible proxies.[4]

History[]

In 2010, a group of scholars and business leaders sought to develop a better measure of a country's level of development and, by extension, better understand its development priorities.[5][6] Under the technical guidance of Professors Michael Porter from Harvard Business School and Scott Stern from MIT, the group formed a US-based nonprofit called the Social Progress Imperative[7] and launched a beta version of the Social Progress Index for 50 countries in 2013 to measure a comprehensive array of components of social and environmental performance and aggregate them into an overall framework.

This work was influenced by the contributions of Amartya Sen on social development, as well as by the recent call for action in the report "Mismeasuring Our Lives" by the Commission on the Measurement of Economic Performance and Social Progress.[1] The Social Progress Index was released in 2014 for 133 countries with a second version in 2015.[2][full citation needed]

On July 11, 2013, Social Progress Imperative's chairman and professor at Harvard Business School, Michael Porter, addressed the United Nations 6th Ministerial Forum for Development and discussed the Social Progress Index.[8]

In addition to the global Social Progress Index, the methodology used to create it has been adapted to measure social and environmental performance in smaller areas, such as the Amazon region of Brazil.[9] Other projects include a Social Progress Index for Guatemala City.[10] Fundación Paraguaya has integrated elements of the Social Progress Index into its Poverty Stoplight tool. The national government of Paraguay is setting a target for Social Progress Index performance alongside GDP targets.

The Guardian reported that the European Commission had agreed to partner with Social Progress Imperative to create a Social Progress Index for the European Union.[11] The EU Social Progress Index was published in October 2016.

A similar index, although with some differences compared to the nation list (and therefore not directly comparable), has been published for the individual U.S. states.[12][13]

2020 rankings and scores by country[]

Color key:

Very high →  Tier 1 Tier 2 Tier 3 Tier 4 Tier 5 Tier 6  → Very low
Country 2020[14]
Rank Score Basic Human Needs Foundation of Wellbeing Opportunity
 Norway[15] 1 92.73 96.85 93.39 87.95
 Denmark[16] 2 92.11 96.11 91.58 88.66
 Finland[17] 3 91.89 96.22 91.29 88.15
 New Zealand[18] 4 91.64 97.22 92.57 85.13
 Sweden[19] 5 91.62 96.58 91.03 87.23
  Switzerland[20] 6 91.42 96.78 91.99 85.49
 Canada[21] 7 91.40 97.03 90.88 86.31
 Australia[22] 8 91.29 97.25 91.07 85.55
 Iceland[23] 9 91.09 98.07 92.81 82.39
 Netherlands[24] 10 91.06 96.48 91.18 85.53
 Germany[25] 11 90.56 96.14 89.02 86.53
 Ireland[26] 12 90.35 96.32 90.03 84.70
 Japan[27] 13 90.14 97.78 92.15 80.50
 Luxembourg[28] 14 89.56 95.72 91.84 81.13
 Austria[29] 15 89.50 96.03 91.84 80.63
 Belgium[30] 16 89.46 94.01 89.30 85.07
 South Korea[31] 17 89.06 96.92 90.12 80.13
 France[32] 18 88.78 94.48 90.78 81.09
 Spain[33] 19 88.71 95.27 89.71 81.15
 United Kingdom[34] 20 88.54 94.36 90.21 81.06
 Portugal[35] 21 87.79 95.69 88.12 79.57
 Slovenia[36] 22 87.71 95.62 88.85 78.64
 Italy[37] 23 87.36 93.19 88.59 80.30
 Estonia[38] 24 87.26 93.08 91.50 77.21
 Czech Republic[39] 25 86.69 95.45 86.79 77.83
 Cyprus[40] 26 86.64 93.40 89.66 76.84
 Greece[41] 27 85.78 93.78 85.11 78.46
 United States[42] 28 85.71 92.08 83.14 81.89
 Singapore[43] 29 85.46 97.66 86.13 72.58
 Malta[44] 30 84.89 93.25 87.98 73.43
 Poland[45] 31 84.32 94.44 83.67 74.86
 Lithuania[46] 32 83.97 90.83 83.77 77.30
 Israel[47] 33 83.62 93.43 85.53 71.89
 Chile[48] 34 83.34 90.79 81.87 77.35
 Latvia[49] 35 83.19 90.74 83.83 74.99
 Slovakia[50] 36 83.15 93.88 82.98 72.58
 Costa Rica[51] 37 83.01 89.88 84.62 74.51
 Uruguay[52] 38 82.99 88.64 82.59 77.74
 Croatia[53] 39 81.92 91.29 84.79 69.69
 Hungary[54] 40 81.02 92.10 80.76 70.19
 Argentina[55] 41 80.66 87.73 80.05 74.20
 Barbados[56] 42 80.50 87.25 80.08 74.16
 Bulgaria[57] 43 79.86 90.88 78.19 70.51
 Mauritius[58] 44 78.96 90.90 76.52 69.47
 Romania[59] 45 78.35 89.46 78.04 67.54
 Kuwait[60] 46 77.47 90.41 81.67 60.33
 Belarus[61] 47 77.00 89.80 76.83 64.38
 Malaysia[62] 48 76.96 88.77 80.52 61.59
 Panama[63] 49 76.55 86.00 79.83 63.82
 Armenia[64] 50 76.46 87.91 78.22 63.24
 Trinidad and Tobago[65] 51 76.33 82.32 78.18 68.48
 Serbia[66] 52 75.54 87.53 75.19 63.90
 Ecuador[67] 53 75.45 84.35 79.45 62.55
 Albania[68] 54 75.41 86.92 82.71 56.60
 Tunisia[69] 55 75.02 85.56 71.29 68.19
 Georgia[70] 56 74.85 83.79 77.14 63.64
 Jamaica[71] 57 74.75 79.34 74.44 70.47
 Montenegro[72] 58 74.42 86.18 77.96 59.12
 Peru[73] 59 74.22 82.46 78.50 61.69
 Colombia[74] 60 74.00 83.31 80.09 58.59
 Brazil[75] 61 73.91 82.69 76.59 62.46
 Mexico[76] 62 73.52 82.54 74.67 63.36
 Ukraine[77] 63 73.38 83.36 71.97 64.79
 Sri Lanka[78] 64 73.20 81.89 80.33 57.39
 North Macedonia[79] 65 73.16 88.15 75.06 56.25
 Bosnia and Herzegovina[80] 66 72.74 86.41 74.08 57.72
 Kazakhstan[81] 67 72.66 85.60 76.13 56.24
 Moldova[82] 68 72.58 83.32 75.42 59.02
 Russia[83] 69 72.56 84.05 74.18 59.44
 Paraguay[84] 70 72.48 83.87 75.50 58.09
 Cabo Verde[85] 71 72.05 80.15 70.69 65.31
 Cuba[86] 72 71.52 86.20 71.86 56.51
 Jordan[87] 73 71.50 89.35 69.61 55.54
 Oman[88] 74 71.41 87.38 72.33 54.52
 Suriname[89] 75 71.12 82.82 69.06 61.48
 Mongolia[90] 76 71.07 77.42 71.27 64.52
 Dominican Republic[91] 77 71.05 78.69 74.99 59.48
 Maldives[92] 78 70.81 86.40 74.65 51.38
 Thailand[93] 79 70.72 80.89 75.44 55.83
 United Arab Emirates[94] 80 70.60 86.80 71.63 53.38
 Qatar[95] 81 70.58 90.40 72.10 49.23
 South Africa[96] 82 70.26 73.35 69.28 68.14
 Algeria[97] 83 69.92 87.69 66.05 56.02
 Indonesia[98] 84 69.49 79.79 68.76 59.92
 Lebanon[99] 85 69.37 84.32 67.14 56.63
 Botswana[100] 86 69.36 71.48 74.24 62.36
 Bolivia[101] 87 69.23 82.26 69.20 56.24
 Vietnam[102] 88 68.85 82.03 72.31 52.23
 Kyrgyzstan[103] 89 68.65 80.17 72.72 53.04
 Fiji[104] 90 68.42 80.28 66.33 58.65
 Bhutan[105] 91 68.34 82.02 65.90 57.09
 Turkey[106] 92 68.27 85.20 67.47 52.14
 Iran[107] 93 67.49 85.25 68.86 48.35
 El Salvador[108] 94 67.25 77.62 68.87 55.26
 Namibia[109] 95 67.14 67.29 70.92 63.21
 Guyana[110] 96 66.95 77.10 64.74 58.99
 Morocco[111] 97 66.90 84.78 64.50 51.43
 Philippines[112] 98 66.62 70.74 71.24 57.87
 Bahrain[113] 99 66.60 86.34 69.60 43.86
 China[114] 100 66.12 82.93 64.79 50.63
 Saudi Arabia[115] 101 65.06 84.54 67.64 43.02
 Uzbekistan[116] 102 64.98 80.35 64.65 49.94
 Ghana[117] 103 64.86 65.19 68.04 61.35
 Azerbaijan[118] 104 64.11 83.40 67.62 41.32
 Nicaragua[119] 105 64.02 75.09 72.83 44.13
 Gabon[120] 106 63.93 73.31 62.78 55.71
 Iraq[121] 107 63.52 78.06 63.19 49.31
 Honduras[122] 108 62.41 73.72 66.38 47.12
 Guatemala[123] 109 61.67 68.32 71.33 45.35
 East Timor[124] 110 61.08 63.84 66.88 52.53
 Senegal[125] 111 60.04 66.20 61.17 52.76
 Egypt[126] 112 59.98 79.41 51.55 48.98
 Turkmenistan[127] 113 58.35 83.18 59.84 32.05
   Nepal[128] 114 57.60 67.59 53.43 51.79
 Kenya[129] 115 57.10 55.97 64.60 50.74
 Tajikistan[130] 116 56.99 76.81 59.94 34.22
 India[131] 117 56.80 66.24 50.15 54.01
 Cambodia[132] 118 56.27 67.27 62.09 39.43
 Tanzania[133] 119 56.20 56.26 62.91 49.42
 Myanmar[134] 120 55.99 64.61 59.27 44.10
 Benin[135] 121 55.56 51.94 60.97 53.77
 Zambia[136] 122 55.34 56.09 59.94 49.99
 Bangladesh[137] 123 55.23 64.18 59.75 41.76
 Gambia[138] 124 55.10 57.16 55.98 52.15
 Rwanda[139] 125 54.13 54.52 62.65 45.21
 Malawi[140] 126 54.07 53.60 59.58 49.02
 Lesotho[141] 127 53.80 44.33 60.05 57.02
 Ivory Coast[142] 128 53.59 55.36 61.52 43.89
 Togo[143] 129 53.05 50.80 60.51 47.84
 Uganda[144] 130 52.98 53.67 59.20 46.08
 Eswatini[145] 131 52.92 60.25 59.03 39.48
 Zimbabwe[146] 132 52.26 51.40 64.48 40.88
 Laos[147] 133 51.80 62.64 55.18 37.58
 Sierra Leone[148] 134 51.74 47.00 58.15 50.07
 Liberia[149] 135 51.37 47.75 52.42 53.94
 Nigeria[150] 136 51.31 50.82 57.47 45.64
 Cameroon[151] 137 51.29 56.31 54.20 43.36
 Equatorial Guinea[152] 138 50.08 62.97 50.82 36.45
 North Korea[153] 139 50.01 63.94 52.79 33.30
 Burkina Faso[154] 140 49.87 47.93 54.74 46.95
 Pakistan[155] 141 49.25 59.49 46.88 41.39
 Mozambique[156] 142 49.00 46.93 56.22 43.85
 Mauritania[157] 143 48.95 56.63 52.69 37.52
 Haiti[158] 144 48.79 50.21 54.50 41.65
 Ethiopia[159] 145 48.59 51.65 53.38 40.74
 Djibouti[160] 146 48.53 58.14 45.43 42.03
 Sudan[161] 147 48.51 59.44 50.10 35.99
 Madagascar[162] 148 48.46 43.54 54.67 47.17
 Republic of the Congo[163] 149 48.45 52.57 56.29 36.48
 Mali[164] 150 48.29 51.99 51.69 41.19
 Angola[165] 151 48.16 52.60 52.20 39.69
 Guinea-Bissau[166] 152 46.69 46.79 47.50 45.79
 Papua New Guinea[167] 153 44.91 43.16 44.34 47.23
 Guinea[168] 154 43.41 44.61 52.88 32.76
 Afghanistan[169] 155 42.29 52.90 39.50 34.47
 Democratic Republic of the Congo[170] 156 42.25 41.30 52.21 33.23
 Niger[171] 157 42.21 42.20 42.81 41.63
 Burundi[172] 158 41.20 40.33 50.08 33.21
 Somalia[173] 159 35.58 36.87 43.98 25.90
 Eritrea[174] 160 35.20 43.03 38.42 24.16
 Central African Republic[175] 161 31.62 21.31 38.68 34.85
 Chad[176] 162 31.29 30.87 37.89 25.10
 South Sudan[177] 163 31.06 35.74 36.69 20.73

Criticism[]

The index's measure of good governance has been criticized for using data biased against the Global South, and some critics have noted that much of the criteria are based on European values. There has also been debate on the relevance or accuracy of many of the measurements for gender equality.[178] A 2016 survey of online users browsing the SPI website indicated that as one of the index's flaws, 34% of respondents found the data incomplete and/or inaccurate, primarily referencing environmental hazards, energy usage, specific health issues, employment availability and quality, income inequality, gender inequality, and corruption as areas not sufficiently taken into account.[179]

From an econometric stand point, the Index appears to be similar to other efforts aimed at overcoming the limitation of traditional economic measures such as the gross domestic product (GDP). A notable criticism is that although the Social Progress Index can be seen as a superset of indicators used by earlier econometric models such as Gross National Well-being Index 2005, Bhutan Gross National Happiness Index of 2012, and World Happiness Report of 2012, unlike them, it ignores measures of subjective life satisfaction and psychological well-being. Other critics point out that "there remain certain dimensions that are currently not included in the SPI. These are the concentration of wealth in the top 1 percent of the population, efficiency of the judicial system, and quality of the transportation infrastructure."[180]

Some critics argue for caution. Though words such as "inclusive capitalism" are now bandied around increasingly to signal a new age, free from ideological battlegrounds between public and private, much of what the organization's founders say about it confirms that the index is about more "business inclusive" than "inclusive capitalism".[181]

See also[]

References[]

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  2. ^ a b "Home". socialprogressimperative.org. Social Progress Imperitive. Retrieved October 30, 2015.
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  5. ^ Vieira, Helena (August 10, 2017). "Beyond GDP: How social progress and competitiveness are closely related". LSE Business Review. Retrieved September 13, 2020.
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  9. ^ Zweynert, Astrid (August 23, 2014). "EXCLUSIVE: Conservation of Amazon threatened by poor social conditions of its people - study". Thomson Reuters Foundation News. Retrieved May 22, 2015.
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  11. ^ Confino, Jo (April 9, 2015). "European Commission agrees to investigate using social progress tool alongside GDP". The Guardian. Retrieved May 22, 2015.
  12. ^ Social Progress Index: US States – Methodology Summary (PDF). Social Progress Imperative. 2018. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 17, 2018. Retrieved April 16, 2018.
  13. ^ "State Progress Reports". socialprogressimperative.org. Social Progress Imperative. 2018. Archived from the original on April 17, 2018. Retrieved April 16, 2018.
  14. ^ "Home". socialprogress.org. Social Progress Imperative. Retrieved September 5, 2021.
  15. ^ "Social Progress Index: Norway". socialprogress.org. Social Progress Imperative. Retrieved November 6, 2020.
  16. ^ "Social Progress Index: Denmark". socialprogress.org. Social Progress Imperative. Retrieved November 6, 2020.
  17. ^ "Social Progress Index: Finland". socialprogress.org. Social Progress Imperative. Retrieved November 6, 2020.
  18. ^ "Social Progress Index: New Zealand". socialprogress.org. Social Progress Imperative. Retrieved November 6, 2020.
  19. ^ "Social Progress Index: Sweden". socialprogress.org. Social Progress Imperative. Retrieved November 6, 2020.
  20. ^ "Social Progress Index: Switzerland". socialprogress.org. Social Progress Imperative. Retrieved September 5, 2021.
  21. ^ "Social Progress Index: Canada". socialprogress.org. Social Progress Imperative. Retrieved September 5, 2021.
  22. ^ "Social Progress Index: Australia". socialprogress.org. Social Progress Imperative. Retrieved September 5, 2021.
  23. ^ "Social Progress Index: Iceland". socialprogress.org. Social Progress Imperative. Retrieved September 5, 2021.
  24. ^ "Social Progress Index: Netherlands". socialprogress.org. Social Progress Imperative. Retrieved September 5, 2021.
  25. ^ "Social Progress Index: Germany". socialprogress.org. Social Progress Imperative. Retrieved September 5, 2021.
  26. ^ "Social Progress Index: Ireland". socialprogress.org. Social Progress Imperative. Retrieved September 5, 2021.
  27. ^ "Social Progress Index: Japan". socialprogress.org. Social Progress Imperative. Retrieved September 5, 2021.
  28. ^ "Social Progress Index: Luxembourg". socialprogress.org. Social Progress Imperative. Retrieved September 5, 2021.
  29. ^ "Social Progress Index: Austria". socialprogress.org. Social Progress Imperative. Retrieved September 5, 2021.
  30. ^ "Social Progress Index: Belgium". socialprogress.org. Social Progress Imperative. Retrieved September 5, 2021.
  31. ^ "Social Progress Index: Korea, Republic of". socialprogress.org. Social Progress Imperative. Retrieved September 5, 2021.
  32. ^ "Social Progress Index: France". socialprogress.org. Social Progress Imperative. Retrieved September 5, 2021.
  33. ^ "Social Progress Index: Spain". socialprogress.org. Social Progress Imperative. Retrieved September 5, 2021.
  34. ^ "Social Progress Index: United Kingdom". socialprogress.org. Social Progress Imperative. Retrieved September 5, 2021.
  35. ^ "Social Progress Index: Portugal". socialprogress.org. Social Progress Imperative. Retrieved September 5, 2021.
  36. ^ "Social Progress Index: Slovenia". socialprogress.org. Social Progress Imperative. Retrieved September 5, 2021.
  37. ^ "Social Progress Index: Italy". socialprogress.org. Social Progress Imperative. Retrieved September 5, 2021.
  38. ^ "Social Progress Index: Estonia". socialprogress.org. Social Progress Imperative. Retrieved September 5, 2021.
  39. ^ "Social Progress Index: Czech Republic". socialprogress.org. Social Progress Imperative. Retrieved September 5, 2021.
  40. ^ "Social Progress Index: Cyprus". socialprogress.org. Social Progress Imperative. Retrieved September 5, 2021.
  41. ^ "Social Progress Index: Greece". socialprogress.org. Social Progress Imperative. Retrieved September 5, 2021.
  42. ^ "Social Progress Index: United States". socialprogress.org. Social Progress Imperative. Retrieved September 5, 2021.
  43. ^ "Social Progress Index: Singapore". socialprogress.org. Social Progress Imperative. Retrieved September 5, 2021.
  44. ^ "Social Progress Index: Malta". socialprogress.org. Social Progress Imperative. Retrieved September 5, 2021.
  45. ^ "Social Progress Index: Poland". socialprogress.org. Social Progress Imperative. Retrieved September 5, 2021.
  46. ^ "Social Progress Index: Lithuania". socialprogress.org. Social Progress Imperative. Retrieved September 5, 2021.
  47. ^ "Social Progress Index: Israel". socialprogress.org. Social Progress Imperative. Retrieved September 5, 2021.
  48. ^ "Social Progress Index: Chile". socialprogress.org. Social Progress Imperative. Retrieved September 5, 2021.
  49. ^ "Social Progress Index: Latvia". socialprogress.org. Social Progress Imperative. Retrieved September 5, 2021.
  50. ^ "Social Progress Index: Slovakia". socialprogress.org. Social Progress Imperative. Retrieved September 5, 2021.
  51. ^ "Social Progress Index: Costa Rica". socialprogress.org. Social Progress Imperative. Retrieved September 5, 2021.
  52. ^ "Social Progress Index: Uruguay". socialprogress.org. Social Progress Imperative. Retrieved September 5, 2021.
  53. ^ "Social Progress Index: Croatia". socialprogress.org. Social Progress Imperative. Retrieved September 5, 2021.
  54. ^ "Social Progress Index: Hungary". socialprogress.org. Social Progress Imperative. Retrieved September 5, 2021.
  55. ^ "Social Progress Index: Argentina". socialprogress.org. Social Progress Imperative. Retrieved September 5, 2021.
  56. ^ "Social Progress Index: Barbados". socialprogress.org. Social Progress Imperative. Retrieved September 5, 2021.
  57. ^ "Social Progress Index: Bulgaria". socialprogress.org. Social Progress Imperative. Retrieved September 5, 2021.
  58. ^ "Social Progress Index: Mauritius". socialprogress.org. Social Progress Imperative. Retrieved September 5, 2021.
  59. ^ "Social Progress Index: Romania". socialprogress.org. Social Progress Imperative. Retrieved September 5, 2021.
  60. ^ "Social Progress Index: Kuwait". socialprogress.org. Social Progress Imperative. Retrieved September 5, 2021.
  61. ^ "Social Progress Index: Belarus". socialprogress.org. Social Progress Imperative. Retrieved September 5, 2021.
  62. ^ "Social Progress Index: Malaysia". socialprogress.org. Social Progress Imperative. Retrieved September 5, 2021.
  63. ^ "Social Progress Index: Panama". socialprogress.org. Social Progress Imperative. Retrieved September 5, 2021.
  64. ^ "Social Progress Index: Armenia". socialprogress.org. Social Progress Imperative. Retrieved September 5, 2021.
  65. ^ "Social Progress Index: Trinidad and Tobago". socialprogress.org. Social Progress Imperative. Retrieved September 5, 2021.
  66. ^ "Social Progress Index: Serbia". socialprogress.org. Social Progress Imperative. Retrieved September 5, 2021.
  67. ^ "Social Progress Index: Ecuador". socialprogress.org. Social Progress Imperative. Retrieved September 5, 2021.
  68. ^ "Social Progress Index: Albania". socialprogress.org. Social Progress Imperative. Retrieved September 5, 2021.
  69. ^ "Social Progress Index: Tunisia". socialprogress.org. Social Progress Imperative. Retrieved September 5, 2021.
  70. ^ "Social Progress Index: Georgia". socialprogress.org. Social Progress Imperative. Retrieved September 5, 2021.
  71. ^ "Social Progress Index: Jamaica". socialprogress.org. Social Progress Imperative. Retrieved September 5, 2021.
  72. ^ "Social Progress Index: Montenegro". socialprogress.org. Social Progress Imperative. Retrieved September 5, 2021.
  73. ^ "Social Progress Index: Peru". socialprogress.org. Social Progress Imperative. Retrieved September 5, 2021.
  74. ^ "Social Progress Index: Colombia". socialprogress.org. Social Progress Imperative. Retrieved September 5, 2021.
  75. ^ "Social Progress Index: Brazil". socialprogress.org. Social Progress Imperative. Retrieved September 5, 2021.
  76. ^ "Social Progress Index: Mexico". socialprogress.org. Social Progress Imperative. Retrieved September 5, 2021.
  77. ^ "Social Progress Index: Ukraine". socialprogress.org. Social Progress Imperative. Retrieved September 5, 2021.
  78. ^ "Social Progress Index: Sri Lanka". socialprogress.org. Social Progress Imperative. Retrieved September 5, 2021.
  79. ^ "Social Progress Index: Republic of North Macedonia". socialprogress.org. Social Progress Imperative. Retrieved September 5, 2021.
  80. ^ "Social Progress Index: Bosnia and Herzegovina". socialprogress.org. Social Progress Imperative. Retrieved September 5, 2021.
  81. ^ "Social Progress Index: Kazakhstan". socialprogress.org. Social Progress Imperative. Retrieved September 5, 2021.
  82. ^ "Social Progress Index: Moldova". socialprogress.org. Social Progress Imperative. Retrieved September 5, 2021.
  83. ^ "Social Progress Index: Russia". socialprogress.org. Social Progress Imperative. Retrieved September 5, 2021.
  84. ^ "Social Progress Index: Paraguay". socialprogress.org. Social Progress Imperative. Retrieved September 5, 2021.
  85. ^ "Social Progress Index: Cabo Verde". socialprogress.org. Social Progress Imperative. Retrieved September 5, 2021.
  86. ^ "Social Progress Index: Cuba". socialprogress.org. Social Progress Imperative. Retrieved September 5, 2021.
  87. ^ "Social Progress Index: Jordan". socialprogress.org. Social Progress Imperative. Retrieved September 5, 2021.
  88. ^ "Social Progress Index: Oman". socialprogress.org. Social Progress Imperative. Retrieved September 5, 2021.
  89. ^ "Social Progress Index: Suriname". socialprogress.org. Social Progress Imperative. Retrieved September 5, 2021.
  90. ^ "Social Progress Index: Mongolia". socialprogress.org. Social Progress Imperative. Retrieved September 5, 2021.
  91. ^ "Social Progress Index: Dominican Republic". socialprogress.org. Social Progress Imperative. Retrieved September 5, 2021.
  92. ^ "Social Progress Index: Maldives". socialprogress.org. Social Progress Imperative. Retrieved September 5, 2021.
  93. ^ "Social Progress Index: Thailand". socialprogress.org. Social Progress Imperative. Retrieved September 5, 2021.
  94. ^ "Social Progress Index: United Arab Emirates". socialprogress.org. Social Progress Imperative. Retrieved September 5, 2021.
  95. ^ "Social Progress Index: Qatar". socialprogress.org. Social Progress Imperative. Retrieved September 5, 2021.
  96. ^ "Social Progress Index: South Africa". socialprogress.org. Social Progress Imperative. Retrieved September 5, 2021.
  97. ^ "Social Progress Index: Algeria". socialprogress.org. Social Progress Imperative. Retrieved September 5, 2021.
  98. ^ "Social Progress Index: Indonesia". socialprogress.org. Social Progress Imperative. Retrieved September 5, 2021.
  99. ^ "Social Progress Index: Lebanon". socialprogress.org. Social Progress Imperative. Retrieved September 5, 2021.
  100. ^ "Social Progress Index: Botswana". socialprogress.org. Social Progress Imperative. Retrieved September 5, 2021.
  101. ^ "Social Progress Index: Bolivia". socialprogress.org. Social Progress Imperative. Retrieved September 5, 2021.
  102. ^ "Social Progress Index: Vietnam". socialprogress.org. Social Progress Imperative. Retrieved September 5, 2021.
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  128. ^ "Social Progress Index: Nepal". socialprogress.org. Social Progress Imperative. Retrieved September 5, 2021.
  129. ^ "Social Progress Index: Kenya". socialprogress.org. Social Progress Imperative. Retrieved September 5, 2021.
  130. ^ "Social Progress Index: Tajikistan". socialprogress.org. Social Progress Imperative. Retrieved September 5, 2021.
  131. ^ "Social Progress Index: India". socialprogress.org. Social Progress Imperative. Retrieved September 5, 2021.
  132. ^ "Social Progress Index: Cambodia". socialprogress.org. Social Progress Imperative. Retrieved September 5, 2021.
  133. ^ "Social Progress Index: Tanzania". socialprogress.org. Social Progress Imperative. Retrieved September 5, 2021.
  134. ^ "Social Progress Index: Myanmar". socialprogress.org. Social Progress Imperative. Retrieved September 5, 2021.
  135. ^ "Social Progress Index: Benin". socialprogress.org. Social Progress Imperative. Retrieved September 5, 2021.
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  137. ^ "Social Progress Index: Bangladesh". socialprogress.org. Social Progress Imperative. Retrieved September 5, 2021.
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  139. ^ "Social Progress Index: Rwanda". socialprogress.org. Social Progress Imperative. Retrieved September 5, 2021.
  140. ^ "Social Progress Index: Malawi". socialprogress.org. Social Progress Imperative. Retrieved September 5, 2021.
  141. ^ "Social Progress Index: Lesotho". socialprogress.org. Social Progress Imperative. Retrieved September 5, 2021.
  142. ^ "Social Progress Index: Côte d'Ivoire". socialprogress.org. Social Progress Imperative. Retrieved September 5, 2021.
  143. ^ "Social Progress Index: Togo". socialprogress.org. Social Progress Imperative. Retrieved September 5, 2021.
  144. ^ "Social Progress Index: Uganda". socialprogress.org. Social Progress Imperative. Retrieved September 5, 2021.
  145. ^ "Social Progress Index: Eswatini". socialprogress.org. Social Progress Imperative. Retrieved September 5, 2021.
  146. ^ "Social Progress Index: Zimbabwe". socialprogress.org. Social Progress Imperative. Retrieved September 5, 2021.
  147. ^ "Social Progress Index: Laos". socialprogress.org. Social Progress Imperative. Retrieved September 5, 2021.
  148. ^ "Social Progress Index: Sierra Leone". socialprogress.org. Social Progress Imperative. Retrieved September 5, 2021.
  149. ^ "Social Progress Index: Liberia". socialprogress.org. Social Progress Imperative. Retrieved September 5, 2021.
  150. ^ "Social Progress Index: Nigeria". socialprogress.org. Social Progress Imperative. Retrieved September 5, 2021.
  151. ^ "Social Progress Index: Cameroon". socialprogress.org. Social Progress Imperative. Retrieved September 5, 2021.
  152. ^ "Social Progress Index: Equatorial Guinea". socialprogress.org. Social Progress Imperative. Retrieved September 5, 2021.
  153. ^ "Social Progress Index: Korea, Democratic Republic of". socialprogress.org. Social Progress Imperative. Retrieved September 5, 2021.
  154. ^ "Social Progress Index: Burkina Faso". socialprogress.org. Social Progress Imperative. Retrieved September 5, 2021.
  155. ^ "Social Progress Index: Pakistan". socialprogress.org. Social Progress Imperative. Retrieved September 5, 2021.
  156. ^ "Social Progress Index: Mozambique". socialprogress.org. Social Progress Imperative. Retrieved September 5, 2021.
  157. ^ "Social Progress Index: Mauritania". socialprogress.org. Social Progress Imperative. Retrieved September 5, 2021.
  158. ^ "Social Progress Index: Haiti". socialprogress.org. Social Progress Imperative. Retrieved September 5, 2021.
  159. ^ "Social Progress Index: Ethiopia". socialprogress.org. Social Progress Imperative. Retrieved September 5, 2021.
  160. ^ "Social Progress Index: Djibouti". socialprogress.org. Social Progress Imperative. Retrieved September 5, 2021.
  161. ^ "Social Progress Index: Sudan". socialprogress.org. Social Progress Imperative. Retrieved September 5, 2021.
  162. ^ "Social Progress Index: Madagascar". socialprogress.org. Social Progress Imperative. Retrieved September 5, 2021.
  163. ^ "Social Progress Index: Congo, Republic of". socialprogress.org. Social Progress Imperative. Retrieved September 5, 2021.
  164. ^ "Social Progress Index: Mali". socialprogress.org. Social Progress Imperative. Retrieved September 5, 2021.
  165. ^ "Social Progress Index: Angola". socialprogress.org. Social Progress Imperative. Retrieved September 5, 2021.
  166. ^ "Social Progress Index: Guinea-Bissau". socialprogress.org. Social Progress Imperative. Retrieved September 5, 2021.
  167. ^ "Social Progress Index: Papua New Guinea". socialprogress.org. Social Progress Imperative. Retrieved September 5, 2021.
  168. ^ "Social Progress Index: Guinea". socialprogress.org. Social Progress Imperative. Retrieved September 5, 2021.
  169. ^ "Social Progress Index: Afghanistan". socialprogress.org. Social Progress Imperative. Retrieved September 5, 2021.
  170. ^ "Social Progress Index: Congo, Democratic Republic of". socialprogress.org. Social Progress Imperative. Retrieved September 5, 2021.
  171. ^ "Social Progress Index: Niger". socialprogress.org. Social Progress Imperative. Retrieved September 5, 2021.
  172. ^ "Social Progress Index: Burundi". socialprogress.org. Social Progress Imperative. Retrieved September 5, 2021.
  173. ^ "Social Progress Index: Somalia". socialprogress.org. Social Progress Imperative. Retrieved September 5, 2021.
  174. ^ "Social Progress Index: Eritrea". socialprogress.org. Social Progress Imperative. Retrieved September 5, 2021.
  175. ^ "Social Progress Index: Central African Republic". socialprogress.org. Social Progress Imperative. Retrieved September 5, 2021.
  176. ^ "Social Progress Index: Chad". socialprogress.org. Social Progress Imperative. Retrieved September 5, 2021.
  177. ^ "Social Progress Index: South Sudan". socialprogress.org. Social Progress Imperative. Retrieved September 5, 2021.
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