Species Survival Plan
The American Species Survival Plan or SSP program was developed in 1981 by the (American) Association of Zoos and Aquariums to help ensure the survival of selected species in zoos and aquariums,[1] most of which are threatened or endangered in the wild.
SSP Program[]
SSP programs focus on animals that are near threatened, threatened, endangered, or otherwise in danger of extinction in the wild, when zoo and zoology conservationists believe captive breeding programs will aid in their chances of survive.[2] These programs help maintain healthy and genetically diverse animal populations within the AZA accredited zoo community.[3] AZA accredited zoos and AZA conservation partners that are involved in SSP programs engage in cooperative population management and conservation efforts that include research, conservation genetics, public education, reintroduction, and in situ or field conservation projects.[1] There are currently 172 species covered by 116 SSP programs throughout North America.[4] The SSP has been met with widespread success in ensuring that, should a species population become functionally extinct in its natural habitat, a viable population still exists within a zoological setting. This has also led to AZA species reintroduction programs, examples of which include the black-footed ferret, the California condor, the northern riffleshell, the golden lion tamarin, the Karner blue butterfly, the Oregon spotted frog, the palila finch, the red wolf, and the Wyoming toad.[5]
SSP Master Plan[]
An SSP Master Plan is a document produced by the SSP coordinator (generally a zoo professional under the guidance of an elected management committee)[1] for a certain species. This document sets ex situ population goals and other management recommendations to achieve the maximum genetic diversity and demographic stability for a species, given transfer and space constraints.[2]
See also[]
- Association of Zoos and Aquariums (AZA)
- Captive breeding
- European Endangered Species Programme or EEP
- Zoo
List of SSP Programs[]
There are currently 478 species and subspecies that have an SSP program.[6][note 1]
- Aardvark
- Addax
- Agouti, Brazilian
- Alligator, Chinese
- Anteater, Giant
- Antelope, Roan
- Antelope, Sable
- Aracari, Curl-Crested
- Aracari, Green
- Argus, Great
- Armadillo, Screaming
- Armadillo, Six Banded
- Armadillo, Southern Three-Banded
- Ass, Somali Wild
- Aye-aye
- Baboon, Hamadryas
- Barasingha
- Barbet, Bearded
- Barbet, Red and Yellow
- Bat, Egyptian Fruit
- Bat, Rodrigues Fruit
- Bat, Straw-Colored Fruit
- Bear, Andean Spectacled
- Bear, Polar
- Bear, Sloth
- Beaver, American
- Beetle, American Burying
- Bettong, Brush-Tailed
- Binturong
- Bird-of-paradise
- Bird-of-Paradise, Superb
- Bluebird, Fairy
- Boa, Jamaican
- Bongo, Eastern
- Bonobo
- Bontebok
- Bulbul, Collared Finch-billed
- Bushbaby, Moholi
- Bushmaster, South American
- Cacique, Yellow-Rumped
- Callimico
- Capuchin, Brown
- Capuchin, Crested
- Capuchin, White-Throated
- Capybara
- Cardinal, Red-Capped
- Cardinal, Red-Crested
- Cassowary, Southern (Double-wattled)
- Cat, Black-Footed
- Cat, Fishing
- Cat, Pallas
- Cat, Sand
- Chat, Snowy-Headed Robin
- Cheetah
- Chevrotain, Greater Malayan
- Chicken, Attwater's Prairie
- Chimpanzee
- Chuckwalla, San Esteban
- Cichlid, Lake Victoria - Argens
- Cichlid, Lake Victoria - Degeni
- Cichlid, Lake Victoria - Esculentus
- Cichlid, Lake Victoria - Lip, Two Stripe White
- Cichlid, Lake Victoria - Melanopterus
- Cichlid, Lake Victoria - Perrieri
- Cichlid, Lake Victoria - Piceatus
- Coatimundi, White-Nosed
- Cobra, King
- Cockatoo, Palm
- Colobus, Angolan
- Colobus, Guereza
- Condor, Andean
- Condor, California
- Conure, Golden
- Coua, Crested
- Crane, Black Crowned
- Crane, Demoiselle
- Crane, Grey-Crowned
- Crane, Red-Crowned
- Crane, Wattled
- Crane, White-Naped
- Crane, Whooping
- Crocodile, Cuban
- Crocodile, Orinoco
- Crocodile, Siamese
- Crocodile, Slender-Snouted
- Curassow, Blue-Billed
- Curassow, Helmeted
- Curassow, Wattled
- Cuttlefish, Flamboyant
- Deer, Eld's
- Deer, Père David's
- Deer, Western Tufted
- Dikkop, Spotted
- Dog, African Painted
- Dove, Beautiful Fruit
- Dove, Black-Naped Fruit
- Dove, Grey-Capped Emerald
- Dove, Jambu Fruit
- Dove, Luzon Bleeding Heart
- Dove, Mariana Fruit
- Dove, Mindanao Bleeding Heart
- Dove, Pink-Necked (Temminck's) Fruit
- Dove, White-Throated Ground
- Dragon, Komodo
- Duck, Spotted Whistling
- Duck, West Indian Whistling
- Duck, White-Winged Wood
- Duiker, Blue
- Duiker, Red-Flanked
- Duiker, Yellow-Backed
- Echidna, Short-Beaked
- Eland, Common
- Elephant, African
- Elephant, Asian
- Falcon, African Pygmy
- Ferret, Black-Footed
- Flamingo, Caribbean
- Flamingo, Chilean
- Flamingo, Greater
- Flamingo, Lesser
- Flying Fox, Indian
- Flying Fox, Island
- Flying Fox, Large
- Fossa
- Fox, Bat-Eared
- Fox, Fennec
- Fox, Swift
- Frog, Dusky Gopher
- Frog, Panamanian Golden (Ahogado)
- Frog, Panamanian Golden (Marta)
- Frog, Panamanian Golden (Sora)
- Frogmouth, Tawny
- Galago, Northern Greater
- Galliwasp, Hispaniolan Giant
- Gazelle, Addra
- Gazelle, Nubian Soemmerring's
- Gazelle, Slender-Horned
- Gazelle, Speke's
- Gazelle, Thomson's
- Gecko, Giant Leaf-Tailed
- Gecko, Henkel's Leaf-Tailed
- Gecko, Mossy Leaf-Tailed
- Gecko, Satanic Leaf-Tailed
- Gemsbok
- Gerenuk, Southern
- Gharial, Indian
- Gharial, Sunda
- Gibbon, Lar (White-Handed)
- Gibbon, White-Cheeked
- Giraffe, Generic
- Giraffe, Masai
- Goose, African Pygmy
- Goose, Indian Pygmy
- Goose, Nene
- Goose, Orinoco
- Goose, Red-Breasted
- Goose, Swan
- Goral, Chinese
- Gorilla, Western
- Guineafowl, Crested
- Guitarfish, Bowmouth
- Hamerkop
- Heron, Boat-Billed
- Hippopotamus, Pygmy
- Hippopotamus, River
- Hog, Red River
- Honeyeater, Blue-Faced
- Hornbill, Abyssinian Ground
- Hornbill, Great
- Hornbill, Red-Billed
- Hornbill, Rhinoceros
- Hornbill, Southern Ground
- Hornbill, Trumpeter
- Hornbill, Wrinkled
- Horse, Asian Wild
- Hwamei, Chinese
- Hyena, Spotted
- Hyrax, Rock
- Ibex, Nubian
- Ibis, African Sacred
- Ibis, Hadada
- Ibis, Madagascar Crested
- Ibis, Scarlet
- Ibis, Southern Bald (Cape)
- Ibis, Straw-Necked
- Ibis, Waldrapp
- Iguana, Fiji Banded
- Iguana, Grand Cayman Blue
- Iguana, Jamaican
- Impala
- Jaguar
- Jay, Plush Crested
- Kangaroo, Eastern Gray
- Kangaroo, Red
- Kangaroo, Western Gray
- Kea
- Kingfisher, Guam
- Kinkajou
- Kiwi, North Island Brown
- Klipspringer
- Koala, Queensland
- Kookaburra, Laughing
- Kudu, Greater
- Kudu, Lesser
- Langur, Francois'
- Langur, Silvered Leaf
- Lapwing, Masked
- Lapwing, Spur-Winged
- Laughingthrush, White-Crested
- Lechwe, Nile
- Leiothrix, Red-Billed
- Lemur, Black and White Ruffed
- Lemur, Blue-Eyed Black
- Lemur, Collared
- Lemur, Crowned
- Lemur, Gray Mouse
- Lemur, Mongoose
- Lemur, Red Ruffed
- Lemur, Ring-Tailed
- Leopard, Clouded
- Leopard, Snow
- Liocichla, Scarlet-faced
- Lion
- Lizard, Caiman
- Lizard, Chinese Crocodile
- Lizard, Rio Fuerte Beaded
- Loris, Pygmy Slow
- Lynx, Canada
- Macaque, Japanese
- Macaw, Blue-Throated
- Macaw, Hyacinth
- Macaw, Red-Fronted
- Magpie, Azure-Winged
- Magpie, Red-Billed Blue
- Mandrill
- Mangabey, Black
- Mara, Patagonian
- Markhor, Turkmenian
- Marmoset, Geoffroy's
- Marmoset, Pygmy
- Meerkat
- Merganser, Scaly-Sided
- Mongoose, Banded
- Mongoose, Dwarf
- Monitor, Black Tree
- Monitor, Crocodile
- Monkey, Allen's Swamp
- Monkey, Bolivian Gray Titi
- Monkey, Central American Spider
- Monkey, Common Squirrel
- Monkey, DeBrazza's
- Monkey, Diana
- Monkey, Mexican Spider
- Monkey, Patas
- Monkey, Robust Black Spider
- Monkey, Schmidt's Red-Tailed
- Monkey, Southern Black Howler
- Motmot, Blue-Crowned
- Mouse, Perdido Key Beach
- Muntjac, Reeves'
- Murre, Common
- Myna, Bali
- Mynah, Golden-Crested
- Nyala, Lowland
- Ocelot
- Okapi
- Onager, Persian
- Orangutan, Bornean
- Orangutan, Sumatran
- Oropendola, Crested
- Oryx, Arabian
- Oryx, Scimitar-Horned
- Otter, Asian Small-Clawed
- Otter, Giant
- Otter, North American River
- Otter, Sea (northern spp.)
- Otter, Sea (southern spp.)
- Otter, Spotted-Necked
- Owl, Burrowing
- Owl, Eurasian Eagle
- Owl, Snowy
- Owl, Spectacled
- Owl, Verreaux's Eagle
- Panda, Giant
- Panda, Red (fulgens)
- Panda, Red (refulgens)
- Parrot, Hawk-Headed
- Parrot, Thick-billed
- Partridge, Crested Wood
- Peafowl, Congo
- Peccary, Chacoan
- Pelican, Dalmatian
- Pelican, Great White
- Pelican, Pink-Backed
- Penguin, African
- Penguin, Chinstrap
- Penguin, Gentoo (ellsworthi)
- Penguin, Gentoo (papua)
- Penguin, Humboldt
- Penguin, King
- Penguin, Little Blue
- Penguin, Macaroni
- Penguin, Magellanic
- Penguin, Southern Rockhopper
- Pheasant, Palawan Peacock
- Pheasant, Vietnam
- Pig, Visayan Warty
- Pigeon, Green-Naped Pheasant
- Pigeon, Nicobar
- Pigeon, Victoria Crowned
- Pigeon, Western (Blue) Crowned
- Pitta, Hooded
- Pochard, Baer's
- Porcupine, Cape and Crested[note 2]
- Porcupine, North American
- Porcupine, Prehensile-Tailed
- Pronghorn, Peninsular
- Pudu, Chilean
- Puffin, Atlantic
- Puffin, Horned
- Puffin, Tufted
- Rattlesnake, Aruba Island
- Rattlesnake, Eastern Massasauga
- Rattlesnake, Mexican Lance-Headed
- Rattlesnake, Santa Catalina Island
- Ray, Spotted Eagle
- Rhinoceros, Eastern Black
- Rhinoceros, Greater One-Horned
- Rhinoceros, Southern White
- Ringtail
- Roadrunner, Greater
- Roller, Blue-Bellied
- Saki, White-Faced
- Sawfish, Largetooth
- Sawfish, Longcomb
- Sawfish, Smalltooth
- Screamer, Southern
- Sea Lion, California
- Sea-eagle, Steller's
- Seahorse, Big Bellied
- Seahorse, Lined
- Seal, Grey
- Seal, Harbor
- Secretarybird
- Seriema, Red-Legged
- Serval
- Shama, White-rumped
- Shark, Blacktip Reef
- Shark, Sand Tiger
- Shark, Zebra
- Sheep, Desert Bighorn
- Siamang
- Sifaka, Coquerel's
- Sitatunga
- Skink, Prehensile-Tailed
- Sloth, Hoffman's Two-Toed
- Sloth, Linne's Two-Toed
- Snail, Partula
- Snake, Eastern Indigo
- Snake, Louisiana Pine
- Spider, Gooty Sapphire Ornamental
- Spoonbill, African
- Spoonbill, Roseate
- Springbok, South African
- Squirrel, Prevost's
- Starling, Emerald
- Starling, Golden-Breasted
- Starling, Grosbeak
- Starling, Violet-Backed (Amethyst)
- Stilt, Black-Necked
- Stingray, Bigtooth River
- Stingray, Ocellated River
- Stingray, Tiger River
- Stingray, White-Blotched River
- Stork, Abdim's (White-Bellied)
- Stork, Marabou
- Stork, Milky
- Stork, Saddle-Billed
- Stork, White
- Stork, Yellow-Billed
- Sunbittern
- Swan, Coscoroba
- Swan, Trumpeter
- Takin, Sichuan
- Tamandua, Southern
- Tamarin, Bearded Emperor
- Tamarin, Cotton-Top
- Tamarin, Golden Lion
- Tamarin, Golden-Headed Lion
- Tamarin, Pied
- Tanager, Blue-Grey
- Tanager, Silver-Beaked
- Tanager, Turquoise
- Tapir, Baird's (Central American)
- Tapir, Malayan (Asian)
- Teal, Marbled
- Teal, Madagascar
- Tenrec, Lesser Madagascar Hedgehog
- Tern, Inca
- Terrapin, Painted
- Thrush, Chestnut-backed
- Tiger, Amur
- Tiger, Generic
- Tiger, Malayan
- Tiger, Sumatran
- Tinamou, Elegant Crested
- Toad, Houston
- Toad, Wyoming
- Tortoise, African Pancake
- Tortoise, Brown Forest
- Tortoise, Burmese Black
- Tortoise, Burmese Star
- Tortoise, Egyptian
- Tortoise, Forsten's
- Tortoise, Galapagos (microphyes)
- Tortoise, Galapagos (porteri)
- Tortoise, Galapagos (vicina)
- Tortoise, Home's Hinge-back
- Tortoise, Madagascar Flat-Tailed
- Tortoise, Madagascar Spider (Common)
- Tortoise, Madagascar Spider (Northern)
- Tortoise, Madagascar Spider (Southern)
- Tortoise, Radiated
- Toucan, Keel-Billed
- Toucan, Toco
- Tragopan, Cabot's
- Tree Kangaroo, Matschie's
- Tree Shrew, Northern
- Troupial
- Turaco, Great Blue
- Turaco, Lady Ross'
- Turaco, Red-Crested
- Turaco, Violaceous
- Turaco, White-Cheeked
- Turtle, Arakan Forest
- Turtle, Black-Breasted Leaf
- Turtle, Blanding's
- Turtle, Bog
- Turtle, Coahuilan Box
- Turtle, Four Eyed
- Turtle, Indochinese Box
- Turtle, Keeled Box
- Turtle, Malaysian Giant
- Turtle, McCord's Box
- Turtle, Northwestern Pond
- Turtle, Pan's Box
- Turtle, Rote Island Snake-Necked
- Turtle, Southwestern Pond
- Turtle, Spiny
- Turtle, Spotted
- Turtle, Sulawesi Forest
- Turtle, Vietnamese Pond
- Turtle, Wood
- Turtle, Yellow-Blotched Map
- Turtle, Yellow-headed Temple
- Urial, Transcaspian
- Vulture, African White-Backed
- Vulture, Cape
- Vulture, Eurasian Black
- Vulture, Hooded
- Vulture, King
- Vulture, Lappet-Faced
- Vulture, Ruppell's Griffon
- Wallaby, Bennett's
- Wallaby, Tammar
- Wallaroo, Common
- Warthog, Common
- Waterbuck, Common
- Weaver, White-Headed Buffalo
- Whale, Beluga
- Wildebeest
- Wolf, Maned
- Wolf, Mexican Gray
- Wolf, Red
- Woodhoopoe, Green
- Zebra, Grevy's
- Zebra, Hartmann's Mountain
- Zebra, Plains
Notes[]
- ^ While these are called Species Survival Plan Programs, some animals on this list are subspecies. Other animal names on this list are not the commonly used name, however they are the official name of their respective SSP program.
- ^ Currently this is the Species Survival Program that contains more than one species.
References[]
- ^ a b c Association of Zoos and Aquariums (2007). "Species Survival Plan Program - SSP Fact Sheet". Association of Zoos and Aquariums website. Association of Zoos and Aquariums. Archived from the original on 2007-09-26. Retrieved 2007-09-13.
- ^ a b "Species Survival Plans help preserve wildlife" on the Central Florida Zoo website.
- ^ "Species Survival Plan" on PBS NOVA Online.
- ^ AZA Conservation Program Statistics on the AZA website.
- ^ "Reintroduction Programs". www.aza.org. Retrieved 2020-09-12.
- ^ Association of Zoos and Aquariums. "Animal Program Search Result". Association of Zoos and Aquariums. Retrieved 2021-08-13.
External links[]
Many AZA-accredited zoos engage in SSP programs and discuss them on their websites. The following links are to a small selection of those sites:
- Endangered Wolf Center
- Central Florida Zoo
- Saint Louis Zoo
- San Francisco Zoo
- Fossil Rim Wildlife Center
- Animal breeding organizations
- Wildlife conservation
- Zoology
- Zoos
- Zoo stubs