split (Unix)
![]() | This article is written like a manual or guidebook. (June 2013) |
Original author(s) | AT&T Bell Laboratories |
---|---|
Developer(s) | Various open-source and commercial developers |
Initial release | February 1973 |
Operating system | Unix, Unix-like, Plan 9, IBM i |
Platform | Cross-platform |
Type | Command |
License | coreutils: GPLv3+ |
split
is a utility on Unix, Plan 9, and Unix-like operating systems most commonly used to split a computer file into two or more smaller files.
History[]
The split
command first appeared in Version 3 Unix[1] and is part of the X/Open Portability Guide since issue 2 of 1987. It was inherited into the first version of POSIX.1 and the Single Unix Specification.[2] The version of split
bundled in GNU coreutils was written by Torbjorn Granlund and Richard Stallman.[3] The split command has also been ported to the IBM i operating system.[4]
Usage[]
The command-syntax is:
split [OPTION] [INPUT [PREFIX]]
The default behavior of split
is to generate output files of a fixed size, default 1000 lines. The files are named by appending aa, ab, ac, etc. to output filename. If output filename is not given, the default filename of x is used, for example, xaa, xab, etc. When a hyphen (-) is used instead of input filename, data is derived from standard input. The files are typically rejoined using a utility such as cat.
Additional program options permit a maximum character count (instead of a line count), a maximum line length, how many incrementing characters in generated filenames, and whether to use letters or digits.
Split file into pieces[]
Create a file named "myfile.txt
" with exactly 3,000 lines of data:
$ head -3000 < /dev/urandom > myfile.txt
Now, use the split
command to break this file into pieces (note: unless otherwise specified, split
will break the file into 1,000-line files):
$ split myfile.txt
$ ls -l
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 761K Jun 16 18:17 myfile.txt
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 242K Jun 16 18:17 xaa
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 263K Jun 16 18:17 xab
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 256K Jun 16 18:17 xac
$ wc --lines xa*
1000 xaa
1000 xab
1000 xac
3000 total
As seen above, the split
command has broken the original file (keeping the original intact) into three, equal in number of lines (i.e., 1,000), files: xaa
, xab
, and xac
.
See also[]
- csplit – splits by content rather than by size
- File spanning
- List of Unix commands
References[]
- ^ FreeBSD General Commands Manual –
- ^ The Single UNIX Specification, Issue 7 from The Open Group – Commands & Utilities Reference,
- ^ "split(1): split file into pieces - Linux man page". linux.die.net.
- ^ IBM. "IBM System i Version 7.2 Programming Qshell" (PDF). Retrieved 2020-09-05.
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External links[]
![]() |
The Wikibook Guide to Unix has a page on the topic of: Commands |
- The Single UNIX Specification, Issue 7 from The Open Group – Commands & Utilities Reference,
- Standard Unix programs
- Unix SUS2008 utilities
- Plan 9 commands
- Unix stubs