Spondias

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Spondias
Starr 071024-0339 Spondias mombin.jpg
Fruiting Spondias mombin
Scientific classification e
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Sapindales
Family: Anacardiaceae
Subfamily: Spondiadoideae
Genus: Spondias
L.
Type species
Spondias mombin
Species

See Selected species

Synonyms

Allospondias (Pierre) Stapf
Skoliostigma Lauterb.[1]

Spondias is a genus of flowering plants in the cashew family, Anacardiaceae. The genus consists of 17 described species, 7 of which are native to the Neotropics and about 10 are native to tropical Asia. They are commonly named hog plums, Spanish plums, libas in Bikol and in some cases golden apples for their brightly colored fruit which resemble an apple or small plum at a casual glance. They are only distantly related to apple and plum trees, however. A more unequivocal common name is mombins.

Spondias dulcis, fruit, section and seed

A theory regarding the name of the city of Bangkok, Thailand is that the name is derived from Thai: -มะกอกน้ำ; RTGSmakok nam 'water olive', the Thai name for the fruit of Spondias dulcis.[2] In Cambodia, Spondias pinnata is called /pɷːn siː pʰlaɛ/ (ពោនស៊ីផ្លែ) or /məkaʔ prẹj/ (ម្កាក់ព្រៃ),[3] and Spondias dulcis simply /məkaʔ/ (ម្កាក់). Spondias pinnata is called Pulicha kaai in the Tamil language, which means "sour fruit." It is also called "Amate Kaai" in the Kannada language, Ambade in Tulu and Konkani. In Sri Lanka it is called Amberella. In Bangladesh it is known as Aamra (আমড়া) and when served with seasonings it is a very popular street food.

Description[]

They are deciduous or semi-evergreen trees growing to 25 m tall. The leaves are spirally arranged, pinnate, rarely bipinnate or simple. The fruit is a drupe similar to a small mango (in the related genus Mangifera), 4–10 cm long, ripening yellow or orange. It has a single seed.

The Malesian species of Spondias were revised by in 1978.[4] The most recently recognized species, , was described in 1998.[5]

As food[]

Preserved ma-kok, sweet and sour with chili

About 10 species of Spondias bear edible fruits and have been domesticated for fruit production. These fruits are also consumed by herbivorous mammals such as deer.

In the Western Ghats of Karnataka flower buds and tender fruits are used in pickle preparation. In Thai cuisine both the fruits and the tender leaves are eaten. In Odisha its called ambada, the fruit is used as a souring agent in curries.

Selected species[]

As of July 2020, Plants of the World online has 19 accepted species:[6]

  • Blume
  • J.D.Mitch. & Daly
  • P.Carvalho, Van den Berg & M.Machado
  • Airy Shaw & Forman
  • Spondias dulcis ParkinsonTahitian apple, pommecythere (Trinidad & Tobago)
  • J.D.Mitch. & Daly
  • J.D.Mitch. & Daly
  • Engl.
  • Kosterm.
  • Spondias mombin L.Yellow mombin, gully plum, Ashanti plum, "Java plum"
  • Kosterm.
  • Spondias pinnata (L.f.) Kurz
  • Spondias purpurea L.Jocote, purple mombin, red mombin, ciruela, siniguela, sirigwela
  • Spondias radlkoferi Donn.Sm.
  • J.D.Mitch., Daly & Randrian.
  • J.D.Mitch. & Daly
  • Spondias tuberosa ArrudaUmbú, imbu, Brazil plum
  • (Mart. ex Engl.) Engl.
  • Kosterm.

Selected synonyms include:

  • Spondias cytherea Sonn. — synonym of Spondias dulcis
  • Airy Shaw & Forman — synonym of (Roxb.) Meisn.
  • (Wight & Arn.) Airy Shaw & Forman — synonym of Wight & Arn.
  • Pierre — synonym of (Pierre) Stapf

References[]

  1. ^ "Spondias L." Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. 2009-11-23. Retrieved 2010-02-12.
  2. ^ "ชั้นและตำบลที่ตั้งวัด" Archived 2011-06-23 at the Wayback Machine, watarun.org, accessed March 29, 2011.
  3. ^ LETI, Mathieu, HUL Sovanmoly, Jean-Gabriel FOUCHÉ, CHENG Sun Kaing, Bruno DAVID, Flore photographique du Cambodge, Paris: Privat, 2013, p. 63.
  4. ^ Flora Malesiana series 1, 8(3):395-577.
  5. ^ John D. Mitchell and Douglas C. Daly. 1998. "The "tortoise's cajá" - a new species of Spondias (Anacardiaceae) from southwestern Amazonia" Brittonia 50( ):447-451.
  6. ^ Kew Science Plants of the World Online, retrieved 14 July 2020

External links[]

Media related to Spondias at Wikimedia Commons

Data related to Spondias at Wikispecies

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