Spongilla

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Spongilla
Spongilla lacustris.jpg
Spongilla lacustris in the Hanford Reach of the Columbia River, Washington, USA.
Scientific classification e
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Porifera
Class: Demospongiae
Order: Spongillida
Family: Spongillidae
Genus: Spongilla
Lamarck, 1816[1]
Species

See text

Synonyms
  • Crelloxea Hechtel, 1983
  • Euspongilla Vejdovsky, 1883
  • Spongilla (Euspongilla) Vejdovsky, 1883

Overview[]

Spongilla is a genus of freshwater sponges with over 200 different species. Spongilla was first publicly recognized in 1696 by Leonard Plukenet and can be found in lakes, ponds and slow streams[2].Spongilla have a leuconoid body form with a skeleton composed of siliceous spicules. They are sessile organisms, attaching themselves to hard substrate like rocks, logs and sometimes to ground.[3] Using their ostia and osculum these sponges filter the water for various small aquatic organisms such as protozoans, bacteria, and other free-floating pond life.[4] Sponges of the genus Spongilla partake in symbiotic relationships with green algae, zoochlorellae. The symbiotic zoochlorellae give the sponges a green appearance and without them they would appear white.[4]

Spongilla was used by John Hogg in the 19th century to attempt to justify a fourth kingdom of life.[5]

Reproduction[]

Sponges are hermaphroditic organisms, producing both egg and sperm. Sperm is released from one sponge and brought in through the ostia of another sponge. Once the sperm reaches the body cavity it is fertilized and develops into a free-swimming larvae. The free-swimming larvae is released out the osculum and will eventually settle and attach elsewhere.[6] Since the larvae are developed inside the spongilla it is viviparous.

Unlike marine sponges, freshwater sponges are exposed to far more variable environmental conditions, so they have developed gemmules as an overwintering mechanism. When exposed to excessively cold or other harsh conditions, the sponges form gemmules. Gemmules are highly resistant buds that can live dormant for extended periods of time. When conditions improve, the gemmules "germinate" and a new sponge is born.

Species[]

  • Carter, 1849
  • Annandale, 1915
  • Penney & Racek, 1968
  • Cheng, 1991
  • Müller, Zahn & Maidhof, 1982
  • Annandale, 1909
  • Cheng, 1991
  • Spongilla lacustris Linnaeus, 1758
  • Topsent, 1932
  • Weltner, 1895
  • Spongilla prespensis Hadzische, 1953
  • Weltner, 1901
  • Sasaki, 1934
  • Arndt, 1938
  • Potts, 1889

References[]

Footnotes
  1. ^ van Soest, R. (2014). Van Soest RW, Boury-Esnault N, Hooper JN, Rützler K, de Voogd NJ, de Glasby BA, Hajdu E, Pisera AB, Manconi R, Schoenberg C, Janussen D, Tabachnick KR, Klautau M, Picton B, Kelly M, Vacelet J (eds.). "Spongilla Lamarck, 1816". World Porifera database. World Register of Marine Species. Retrieved 2014-05-22.
  2. ^ Gunther, A (1881). The Annals and Magazine of natural history, zoology, botany, and geology. London Taylor and Francis, Ltd.
  3. ^ Brusca, R (2016). Invertebrates third edition. Sunderland, MA: Sinauer Associates. p. 222. ISBN 9781605353753.
  4. ^ a b Skelton, J; Strand, M (2013). "Trophic ecology of a freshwater sponge ( Spongilla lacustris) revealed by stable isotope analysis". Hydrobiologia. 709 (1): 227–235. doi:10.1007/s10750-013-1452-6 – via ECBHost.
  5. ^ Hogg, John (1860), "On the distinctions of a plant and an animal and on a fourth kingdom of Nature", Edinb N Phil J (N Ser), 12: 216–225
  6. ^ Baldacconi, R.; Nonnis-Marzano, C.; Gaino, E.; Corriero, G. (2007-09-15). "Sexual reproduction, larval development and release in Spongia officinalis L. (Porifera, Demospongiae) from the Apulian coast". Marine Biology. 152 (4): 969–979. doi:10.1007/s00227-007-0747-4.
Bibliography

External links[]

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