Supreme Council of Antiquities

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The Museum of Egyptian Antiquities: at the main entrance, the Supreme Council of Antiquities flag can be seen either side of the Egyptian flag

The Supreme Council of Antiquities (SCA) was a department of the Egyptian Ministry of Culture from 1994 to 2011. It was the government body responsible for the conservation, protection and regulation of all antiquities and archaeological excavations in Egypt, and was a reorganization of the Egyptian Antiquities Organisation, under Presidential Decree No. 82 of Hosni Mubarak.[1]

In January 2011, it became an independent ministry: the Ministry of State for Antiquities (MSA).[1]

The first government body was the Department of Antiquities, established in 1859. This became the Egyptian Antiquities Organisation in 1971.[2]

Role[]

The Secretary-General directed the SCA through the Administrative Council. He answered to the Minister of Culture.[3]

The SCA was the only agent permitted to restore or preserve Egyptian monuments.[4] It defined the boundaries around archaeological sites and required foreign archaeologists working in Egypt to report all discoveries and finds to the SCA before publication.[5] This somewhat controversial rule led to the expulsion of some archaeologists from Egypt, but reduced the theft of archaeological finds dramatically and notified the authorities to set up security around new finds.[citation needed]

The SCA was also responsible for the recovery of antiquities previously stolen or illegally exported from Egypt: between 2002 and 2008, it retrieved 3,000 artefacts.[6] It became embroiled in a dispute with the Egyptian Museum of Berlin over the bust of Nefertiti, which it claimed was removed from the country by deceit;[7] previously it had asked for the return of the Rosetta Stone from the British Museum and the Dendara Zodiac from the Louvre.[8]

Antiquities service[]

Those who serve to preserve antiquities are in charge of the conservation and preservation of antiquities, as well as research and often give interviews and report on discoveries and work being done.[9] In the 21st century they also face the difficult task of keeping monuments safe from a fringe of Islamist radicals who want the destruction of pharanoic monuments.[10][11] Their official titles, depending on the years they served, have ranged from Director, to Director-General, to Chairman to Minister.[12][1] The position may entail also, as was done by Zahi Hawass for many years, to stimulate tourism to Egypt, with charm and charisma.[13] Sayed Tawfik was an Egyptologist who served from 1989–1990, when the body was called the Egyptian Antiquities Organization.[14] At the end of 2011, Dr. Mohamed Ibrahim Aly was named antiquities minister and he promised to give new life to the body, by bringing in young archeologists and restarting projects which had been put on hold.[15]

History[]

Department of Antiquities

In the 1850s, Auguste Mariette made discoveries at Saqqara and revived an interest in Egyptology. The government of Egypt was keen to tap the skills and the publicity Mariette could bring to the country and created the post of Conservator for him. Mariette needed little persuasion in any case, and brought his family with him. The following year, in 1859, the Department of Antiquities was created, a respected body that would endure for more than a century. Mariette's organisation did not always place the welfare of Egypt and the Egyptians at the top of its priorities; the prestige of France, if not of Mariette himself, could seem equally important to him. Nevertheless, he did provide the infrastructure that was required and his energy and determination gave the body the strong foundation of an identity and a credibility.

Mariette was followed by Gaston Maspero "as Director General of the Excavations and Antiquities of Egypt, and his big achievement was his examination of the mummy of Ramses II, found in 1884, in the presence of the Khédive and other high dignitaries. The mummy of this great conqueror was well preserved, revealing a giant frame and a face expressive of sovereign majesty, indomitable will, and the pride of the Egyptian king of kings. He then unbandaged the mummy of Nofritari, wife of King Ahmosis I. of the eighteenth dynasty, beside which, in the same sarcophagus, had been discovered the mummy of Ramses III. The physiognomy of this monarch is more refined and intellectual than that of his warlike predecessor; nor was his frame built upon the same colossal plan. The height of the body was less, and the shoulders not so wide. In the same season Maspero also discovered an ancient Egyptian romance inscribed on limestone near the tomb of Sinûhît at Thebes. A fragment on papyrus had been preserved at the Egyptian Museum of Berlin, but the whole romance was now decipherable."[16]

"Professor Maspero resigned his office of directorship on June 5, 1886, and was succeeded in the superintendency of excavations and Egyptian archaeology by M. Eugène Grébaut. In the same month Grébaut started upon the work of unbandaging the mummy of the Theban King Sekenenra Ta-aken, of the eighteenth dynasty. It was under this monarch that a revolt against the Hyksôs, or Shepherd Kings, had originated, in the course of which the Asiatics were expelled from Egypt. The history of this king has always been considered legendary, but from the signs of wounds present in the mummy, it is certain that he had died in battle. In the same season the mummy of Seti I. was unbandaged, and also that of an anonymous prince."[16]

"The next season the work of clearing away the sand from around the Great Sphinx was vigorously prosecuted by Grébaut. In the beginning of the year 1887, the chest, the paws, the altar, and plateau were all made visible. Flights of steps were unearthed, and finally accurate measurements were taken of the great figures. The height from the lowest of the steps was found to be one hundred feet, and the space between the paws was found to be thirty-five feet long and ten feet wide. Here there was formerly an altar; and a stele of Thûtmosis IV. was discovered, recording a dream in which he was ordered to clear away the sand that even then was gathering round the site of the Sphinx."[16]

Egyptian Antiquities Organization

By the 1970s, the value of Antiquities to Egypt was well-understood: both as a permanent advertisement for its tourist industry, and as an instrument of cultural prestige, imbuing a sense of pride in the post-colonial era, and maintaining morale during the numerous internal and external conflicts affecting Egypt since its independence. After more than a century of existence, the Department of Antiquities was therefore renamed in 1971.The new title sounded less bureaucratic, and suggested a dynamic agency: reflecting the value of the past to the present.

The concept appeared sound, but the value, both metaphorical and literal, of the antiquities 'industry' to Egypt indicated that, if anything, even more support and protection should be given. This led to the upgrade, firstly to a Supreme Council in 1994, then - in 2011 - to a full Ministry of State, devoted exclusively to a judicious development of the nation's heritage.

Heads of Antiquities[]

Department of Antiquities[]

Director:

Egyptian Antiquities Organization[]

Director:

  • Gamal Mokhtar (1971–1977)
  • Mohammed Abd el-Qader Mohammed (1977–1978)
  • Shehata Adam (1978–1981)
  • Fuad el-Oraby (1981)
  • Ahmed Khadry (1982–1988)
  • Mohammed Abdel Halim Nur el-Din (1988)
  • Sayed Tawfik (1989–1990)
  • Mohammed Ibrahim Bakr (1990–1993)

Supreme Council of Antiquities[]

Secretary-General:

  • Mohammed Abdel Halim Nur el-Din (1993–1996)
  • Ali Hassan (1996–1997)
  • Gaballa Ali Gaballa (1997–2002)
  • Zahi Hawass (2002–2011)
  • (July–September 2011)[17]
  • (29 September 2011–2013)[18]
  • (2013–?)
  • Mostafa Waziri (since September 2017)

Ministry of State of Antiquities[]

Minister of State:

See also: Ministry of State of Antiquities

References[]

  1. ^ Jump up to: a b c "SCA History". Supreme Council of Antiquities. Archived from the original on 17 October 2016. Retrieved 23 October 2016.
  2. ^ "The Egyptian Antiquities Organization" (PDF). Penn Museum. Archived (PDF) from the original on 7 September 2015. Retrieved 25 October 2016.
  3. ^ "CyArk - Egypt's Supreme Council of Antiquities". Archive.cyark.org. 9 January 2006. Archived from the original on 3 January 2012. Retrieved 4 February 2012.
  4. ^ "Al-Ahram Weekly | Egypt | Hands off, and we mean it". Weekly.ahram.org.eg. 18 March 2009. Archived from the original on 15 December 2011. Retrieved 4 February 2012.
  5. ^ Marchant, Jo (23 November 2011). "Archaeology Research in Egypt Struggles to Restart: As the country struggles to refashion its government, archaeologists are looking warily towards the future". Scientific American. Nature. Retrieved 5 June 2002.
  6. ^ "Al-Ahram Weekly | Heritage | Wrapping up smuggled goods". Weekly.ahram.org.eg. 9 July 2008. Archived from the original on 6 February 2012. Retrieved 4 February 2012.
  7. ^ Hawass, Zahi (16 July 2003). "Al-Ahram Weekly | Heritage | Dig Days Tampering with Nefertiti". Weekly.ahram.org.eg. Archived from the original on 18 October 2012. Retrieved 4 February 2012.
  8. ^ "Al-Ahram Weekly | Egypt | Antiquities wish list". Weekly.ahram.org.eg. 20 July 2005. Archived from the original on 16 September 2010. Retrieved 4 February 2012.
  9. ^ Brock, Lyla Pinch; Hawass, Zahi A. (2003). Egyptology at the Dawn of the Twenty-first Century: Archaeology. American University in Cairo. ISBN 9789774246746. Retrieved 25 October 2016.
  10. ^ Hartley, Aidan (November 9, 2013). "The only people thriving in post-revolution Egypt — tomb raiders". The Spectator. Archived from the original on 23 October 2016. Retrieved 1 November 2016.
  11. ^ Perry, Tom (February 15, 2013). "Top Egypt archaeologist sees hope for future in past". Reuters. Archived from the original on 23 October 2016. Retrieved 23 October 2016.
  12. ^ Bauval, Robert (October 9, 2014). Secret Chamber Revisited: The Quest for the Lost Knowledge of Ancient Egypt. Inner Traditions / Bear & Co. ISBN 9781591437741. Retrieved 25 October 2016.
  13. ^ Hammer, Joshua. "The Rise and Fall and Rise of Zahi Hawass". Smithsonian Magazine. Retrieved 25 October 2016.
  14. ^ "Sayed Tawfik, 54, Dies; Archeologist of Egypt". New York Times. December 24, 1990. Archived from the original on 26 October 2016. Retrieved 25 October 2016.
  15. ^ El-Aref, Nevine (December 8, 2011). "New minister of antiquities, new strategy". Ahram. Archived from the original on 26 October 2016. Retrieved 26 October 2016.
  16. ^ Jump up to: a b c Rappoport, S. History Of Egypt From 330 B.C. To The Present Time, Volume 12 (of 12). The Grolier Society Publishers, London. Archived from the original on 2016-03-04.
  17. ^ "Après le départ de Zahid Hawass, nomination d'un nouveau chef du Conseil suprême des antiquités en Egypte - Site Artclair - 26 août 2011". Artclair.com. Archived from the original on 2 December 2011. Retrieved 4 February 2012.
  18. ^ "Moustapha Amine nommé nouveau chef du Conseil Suprême des antiquités égyptiennes - Site Artclair - 03 octobre 2011". Artclair.com. Archived from the original on 2 December 2011. Retrieved 4 February 2012.
  19. ^ Russeth, Andrew (July 20, 2011). "Egyptian Antiquities Mayhem Continues: Minister Zahi Hawass Returns". Observer. Archived from the original on 25 April 2016. Retrieved 25 October 2016.
  20. ^ Vergano, Dan (May 5, 2011). "Egyptology: Zahi Hawass confirms resignation". USA Today. Archived from the original on 3 October 2015. Retrieved 25 October 2016.
  21. ^ "Egypt's Zahi Hawass resigns". Bikya Masr. 17 July 2011. Archived from the original on 7 April 2013. Retrieved 5 February 2012.

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