Symphurus
Symphurus | |
---|---|
Symphurus arawak | |
Symphurus ommaspilus | |
Scientific classification | |
Kingdom: | Animalia |
Phylum: | Chordata |
Class: | Actinopterygii |
Order: | Pleuronectiformes |
Family: | Cynoglossidae |
Subfamily: | |
Genus: | Symphurus Rafinesque, 1810 |
Type species | |
Symphurus nigrescens Rafinesque, 1810
| |
Synonyms | |
Ammopleurops Günther, 1862 |
Symphurus is a genus of fish in the family Cynoglossidae found in the Atlantic, Indian and Pacific Ocean. Most species mainly occur in relatively shallow water, including estuaries. Some species are also found in deeper water, including S. thermophilus that lives at hydrothermal vents (the only flatfish known from this habitat).[1][2] These species are distinguished by merged dorsal, caudal and anal fins, the absence of a lateral line and pectoral fins, and the presence of only one pelvic fin. They are sinistral flatfishes, meaning that as adults, their crania are asymmetrical, with both eyes on the left side. The largest species grows to about 32 cm (1 ft) long.
Species[]
There are currently 78 recognized species in this genus:
- C. R. Robins & J. E. Randall, 1965 (Caribbean tonguefish)
- D. S. Jordan & Bollman, 1890 (Ink-spot tonguefish)
- (D. S. Jordan & C. H. Gilbert, 1880) (California tonguefish)
- McCulloch, 1907
- & , 2003
- , 1998 (Kriete's tonguefish)
- & , 1989 (Chocolate tonguefish)
- , 1991
- & , 1990 (Chabanaud's tonguefish)
- Ginsburg, 1951 (Offshore tonguefish)
- & , 1990 (Devil's tonguefish)
- (Goode & T. H. Bean, 1885) (Spotted-fin tonguefish)
- (Günther, 1868) (Elongated tonguefish)
- C. H. Gilbert, 1892 (Banded tonguefish)
- A. B. Brauer, 1906
- (Alcock, 1889)
- & , 1976 (Ginsburg's tonguefish)
- Chabanaud, 1948 (Gorgonian tonguefish)
- Chabanaud, 1948 [3]
- C. L. Hubbs, 1915
- , & , 2000
- Evermann & , 1906 (Jenyn's tonguefish)
- & , 1976
- D. S. Jordan & Bollman, 1890 (Lee's tonguefish)
- , & , 2014 [4]
- (Cocco, 1844)
- , & , 2016 (Long-snout tonguefish) [3]
- , 1990
- Chabanaud, 1955
- Norman, 1939
- , & Tunnicliffe, 2011 [5]
- Chabanaud, 1955
- (Goode & T. H. Bean, 1886) (Margined tonguefish)
- Fowler, 1934
- , & , 2009 (Giant tonguefish)
- , 1936 (Drab tonguefish)
- & , 1990 (Black-stripe tonguefish)
- Garman, 1899 (Small-fin tonguefish)
- (M. C. W. Weber, 1913)
- Ginsburg, 1951 (Large-scale tonguefish)
- , 2006
- , & , 2009 (Pepper-dot tonguefish)
- (Goode & T. H. Bean, 1883) (Freckled tonguefish)
- Rafinesque, 1810 (Tonguefish)
- Chabanaud, 1950 (Norman's tonguefish)
- & , 1984
- & , 2005 (Ring-tail tonguefish)
- von Bonde, 1922 (Double-spot tonguefish)
- , 1991
- & , 1990 (Spot-fin tonguefish)
- J. E. Böhlke, 1961 (Ocellated tonguefish)
- (Bleeker, 1879)
- Ginsburg, 1951 (Pygmy tonguefish)
- Ginsburg, 1951 (Long-tail tonguefish)
- (Goode & T. H. Bean, 1886) (Deep-water tonguefish)
- (Linnaeus, 1766) (Black-cheek tonguefish)
- (Bloch & J. G. Schneider, 1801) (Dusky-cheek tonguefish)
- , & , 1991 (Half-striped tonguefish)
- Symphurus pusillus (Goode & T. H. Bean, 1885) (Northern tonguefish)
- M. C. W. Weber & de Beaufort, 1929
- , 1990
- J. E. Böhlke, 1961 (Patch-tail tonguefish)
- Chabanaud, 1955
- (Alcock, 1891) (Seven-band tonguefish)
- , 1998 (Blotch-fin tonguefish)
- C. H. Gilbert, 1905 (Black-belly tonguefish)
- (Quoy & Gaimard, 1824)
- Symphurus thermophilus & , 2008 (Western Pacific tonguefish)
- Chabanaud, 1948 (Trewavas' tonguefish)
- (Alcock, 1894) (Three-band tonguefish)
- C. H. Gilbert, 1905
- & , 1990 (Dark-cheek tonguefish)
- Ginsburg, 1951 (Spot-tail tonguefish)
- Chabanaud, 1952 (Vanmelle's tonguefish)
- (Gilchrist, 1903)
- Garman, 1899 (Mottled tonguefish)
- D. S. Jordan & , 1895 (William's tonguefish)
- (Alcock, 1889)
References[]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Symphurus. |
- ^ Tyler, J. (2005): Distribution, population characteristics and trophic ecology of a sulphophilic hydrothermal vent tonguefish (Pleuronectiformes: Cynoglossidae). Master of Science. Thesis. University of Victoria: Canada.
- ^ Munroe, T.A. & Hashimoto, J. (2008): A new Western Pacific Tonguefish (Pleuronectiformes: Cynoglossidae): The first Pleuronectiform discovered at active Hydrothermal Vents. Zootaxa, 1839: 43–59.
- ^ a b Lee, M.-Y., Munroe, T.A. & Kai, Y. (2016): Description of a new cryptic species of tonguefish (Pleuronectiformes: Cynoglossidae: Symphurus) from shallow waters off Japan. Ichthyological Research, 64 (1): 71–83.
- ^ Lee, M.-Y., Munroe, T.A. & Shao, K.-T. (2014): Description of a new cryptic, shallow-water tonguefish (Pleuronectiformes: Cynoglossidae: Symphurus) from the western North Pacific Ocean. Journal of Fish Biology, 85 (3): 563–585.
- ^ Munroe, T.A., Tyler, J. & Tunnicliffe, V. (2011): Description and biological observations on a new species of deepwater symphurine tonguefish (Pleuronectiformes: Cynoglossidae: Symphurus) collected at Volcano–19, Tonga Arc, West Pacific Ocean. Zootaxa, 3061: 53-66.
- Cynoglossidae
- Taxa named by Constantine Samuel Rafinesque
- Marine fish genera