Syrian Interim Government

Politics of Syrian opposition
Symbols Flag Coat of arms
Constitution Antalya conference (2011) Human rights
Executive Syrian Interim Government Prime Minister: Jawad Abu Hatab President: Anas al-Abdah Syrian Salvation Government Prime Minister: Dep Prime Minister: Riad al-Asaad
Legislature Syrian National Coalition Syrian National Council National Coordination Committee
Administrative divisions Capital Governorates Districts
Political parties Syrian National Coalition Syrian National Council National Coordination Committee
Foreign relations HNC SNC recognition Arab League membership
Other countries
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Syrian Interim Government
الحكومة السورية المؤقتة
Emblem Flag
Overview
Established	18 March 2013
State	Syria
Leader	Salem al-Meslet
Appointed by	President of the Syrian Coalition
Main organ	Cabinet
Ministries	7
Responsible to	Syrian Coalition
Headquarters	Azaz, Syria[1]
Website	syriaig.org

The Syrian Interim Government is an alternative government in Syria, formed by the umbrella opposition group, the National Coalition for Syrian Revolutionary and Opposition Forces. The interim government indirectly controls some areas of the country and claims to be the sole legitimate government on behalf of the Syrian opposition in defiance of the Council of Ministers of the Syrian Arab Republic. The interim government's headquarters in Syria are located in the city of Azaz in Aleppo Governorate.^[2][3]

History[]

At a conference held in Istanbul on 19 March 2013, the Syrian National Coalition (SNC) elected Ghassan Hitto as prime minister of a Syrian interim government. Hitto announced that a technical government would be formed led by 10 to 12 ministers, with the minister of defence to be chosen by the Free Syrian Army.^[4] At first, the SIG was "based in exile and lack[s] an organizational base inside Syria."^[5] It was intended that the new ministries would not be placed in a single location but distributed in regions under the control of the Syrian opposition.^[6]

A Christian, a Kurd and a woman were part of the first cabinet; Ahmad Ramadan of the SNC stated that the cabinet was appointed on a meritocratic basis.^[7] The Assyrian component of the National Coalition said that they were not given any attention in the selection of the cabinet.^[7] Its General Assembly has an administrative function.^[8] The first interim cabinet was dissolved in July 2014.^[9] A new cabinet was formed in October 2014.

The SIG has been the primary civilian authority throughout most of Syria's opposition-held areas. Its system of administrative local councils operate services such as schools and hospitals in these areas.^[10] In December 2015, the SIG founded the Free Aleppo University (FAU), as an alternative to government-run universities; an estimated 7,000 students were enrolled in FAU in early 2018, with campuses in opposition-held territory across five provinces. In January 2018, the SIG moved the University's administration from Idlib to the west Aleppo town of .^[11] In late September 2016, the Syrian interim government minister for local administration was among a dozen people killed by an ISIL suicide bomber in the southern city of Inkhil.^[12][13]

The interim government was based in Turkey and has received direct funding from the United States.^[14] In January 2015, the Syrian interim government received US$6 million from the United States, the first funding of this kind. The funds were to be used for reconstruction efforts and the strengthening of local government in opposition-held parts of Syria such as northern Aleppo and northwestern Idlib, with the interim government planning to expand into northern Latakia and northern Hama in the following months.^[14] By August 2017, the Syrian interim government stopped paying salaries to workers, and work within the interim government became voluntary work.^[15] As the Turkish occupation of northern Syria grew from 2016, the SIG moved into the Turkish-controlled territories and began to exert partial authority there, including providing documents to Syrian citizens.^{[16][17][18][19][20]}

By late 2017, the SIG presided over 12 provincial councils and over 400 elected local councils. It held elections across Idlib Governorate in 2017. It also operates a major border crossing between Syria and Turkey, which generates an estimated $1 million revenue each month.^[10] In opposition areas outside the Turkish-occupied ones, the SIG has been in conflict with the Islamist Syrian Salvation Government for control since September 2017.

On 30 December 2017, at least 30 factions operating under the banner of the Syrian Interim Government merged in a unified armed group after four months of preparations. Jawad Abu Hatab, the SIG's Prime Minister and Defence Minister, announced the formation of the Syrian National Army (SNA) after meeting with rebel commanders in the town of Azaz. The newly formed body claimed to have 22,000 fighters, many of them trained and equipped by Turkey.^[21] The National Front for Liberation is also aligned to the Syrian Interim Government, and eventually became a subgroup of the SNA.

List of presidents[]

No.	Portrait	Name (Birth–Death)	Took office	Left office	Political party		Note(s)
1		Moaz al-Khatib (1960–)	11 November 2012	22 April 2013	Independent		—
—		George Sabra (1947–)	22 April 2013	6 July 2013	Syrian National Council		Acting President.[22]
2		Ahmad Jarba (1969–)	6 July 2013	9 July 2014	Syrian National Council		Re-elected on 5 January 2014.
3		Hadi al-Bahra (1959–)	9 July 2014	4 January 2015[23]	Independent		—
4		Khaled Khoja (1965–)	4 January 2015	5 March 2016[23]	Independent		Re-elected on 3 August 2015.[24]
5		Anas al-Abdah (1967–)	5 March 2016	6 May 2017	Independent
6		Riad Seif	6 May 2017[25]	9 March 2018	Independent
7		Abdurrahman Mustafa[26]	9 March 2018	29 June 2019	Syrian Turkmen Assembly
8		Anas al-Abdah (1967–)	29 June 2019[27]	12 July 2020	Syrian National Council		—
9		Naser al-Hariri (1977–)	12 July 2020	12 July 2021	Independent Revolutionary Movement		—
10		Salem al-Meslet	12 July 2021[28]	Incumbent	Syrian Council of Tribes and Clans		—

Prime ministers[]

No.	Portrait	Name	Took office	Left office	Political party		Note(s)
—		Ghassan Hitto Acting Prime Minister	18 March 2013	14 September 2013	Independent		Failed to form a government; resigned on 8 July.
1		Ahmad Tu'mah	14 September 2013	22 July 2014[9]	Independent		—
(1)		Ahmad Tu'mah	14 October 2014[29]	17 May 2016	Independent		Second term.
2		Jawad Abu Hatab	17 May 2016	10 March 2019[30]	Independent		—
3		Abdurrahman Mustafa	30 June 2019[31]	Incumbent	Syrian National Council		—

List of ministers[]

Population centers[]

This list includes some of the largest cities and towns under the Syrian Interim Government.

See also[]

• Politics of Syria
• Syrian Civil War
• Syrian Salvation Government
• Foreign relations of the Syrian Opposition
• International recognition of the Syrian National Council

References[]