Tangsa language

Tangsa
Tase
Native to	Burma, India
Ethnicity	Tangsa people
Native speakers	108,624 (2010-2012)[1][2][3][4]
Language family	Sino-Tibetan Brahmaputran Konyak Tangsa–Nocte Tangsa
Dialects	Muklom Pangwa Naga Ponthai Tikhak
Writing system	Latin alphabet, Tangsa alphabet
Language codes
ISO 639-3	Variously: nst – Tangsa (multiple varieties) nqq – Kyan-Karyaw nlq – Lao Naga
Glottolog	tang1379  Tangsa

Tangsa, also Tase and Tase Naga, is a Sino-Tibetan language or language cluster spoken by the Tangsa people of Burma and north-eastern India. Some varieties, such as Shangge, are likely distinct languages. There are about 60,000 speakers in Burma and 40,000 speakers in India.

Geographical distribution[]

Tangsa is spoken in the following locations of Myanmar (Ethnologue).

• Hkamti District, Sagaing Division: Nanyun, , Lahe, and Hkamti townships
• Myitkyina District, Kachin State: Shinbwiyan and Tanai townships

In India, Tangsa is spoken in Arunachal Pradesh and Assam. Below are locations for some varieties of Tangsa.

• Jugli: Kantang, Longlung, and Rangran villages, central Tirap District, Arunachal (Rekhung 1988)^[5]
• Lungchang: Changlang, Rangkatu, and Kengkhu villages, eastern Tirap District, Arunachal (Rekhung 1988)^[6]
• Tutsa: Sabban area, Changlang Subdivision, western Changlang District (also in southeastern Tirap District), Arunachal (Rekhung 1992)^[7]
• Chamchang (Kimsing):Nongtham, Jotinkaikhe, Kharsang, Songking, Injan of Miao Sub-division and Nampong-Jairampur-Nampong sub-division of Changlang district. Chamchang dialect is adopted as lingua-franca by many sub-tribes in Sagaing Division of Myanmar. In India, Nagamese or Nefamese are typically used as a lingua-franca. The first complete Bible of the Tangsas has been translated in Chamchang(Kimsing) by the Bible Society of India.^{[citation needed]}
• Mungshang: Nayang village, Miao area & Theremkan village, Nampong circle, Changlang District, Arunachal (Rekhung 1999)^[8]

Ethnologue also lists the following languages.

• Lao Naga (Law, Loh) (ISO 639 nlq): 1,000 speakers (as of 2012) in Lahe Township. Most similar to Chen-Kayu Naga and the Chuyo and Gakat dialects of Tase Naga.
• Chen-Kayu Naga (Kyan-Karyaw Naga) (ISO 639 nqq): 9,000 speakers (as of 2012) in 13 villages of Lahe Township. Dialects are Chen (Kyan) and Kayu (Kahyu, Kaiyaw, Karyaw, Kayaw). Most similar to the Chuyo and Gakat dialects of Tase Naga.

Dialects[]

There are four principal varieties,

• Muklom
• Pangwa Naga
• Ponthai
• Tikhak

Morey (2017)[]

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Within Tangsa, the Pangwa group has about 20 subgroups in India. The Pangwa had migrated from Myanmar to India in the 20th century (Morey 2017). Pangwa subgroups are listed below, with autonyms listed in parentheses.^[9]

The Tikhak group consists of:^[9]

• Longchang
• Tikhak
• Nokjah
• Yongkuk
• Kato (currently extinct)

Other subgroups that do not belong to either the Pangwa or Tikhak groups are:^[9]

• Moklum
• Ponthai (Nukta)
• Havi (Hawoi)
• Hakhun (haˀkʰun)
• Thamphang (ʨampaŋ, Champang)
• Thamkok (Chamkok)
• Halang (Hehle)

Besides Pangwa and Tikhak, other Tangsa groups are:^[10]

• Muklom (Muklom, Hawoi)
• Phong (also known as Ponthai)

Lann (2018)[]

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Lann (2018:8) classifies the Tangsa language varieties as follows, and recognizes 11 subgroups.^[11] IPA transcriptions for dialect names are also provided (Lann 2018:4-6).^[12] Note: the superscript digits are language-specific tone marks.

• Upland Pangva: Shecyü (ɕe².ȶɯ²), Chamchang (ȶəm².ȶəŋ²), Mungre (muŋ².ɹe²), Mueshaungx (mɯ³.ɕaoŋ³), Lochang (lo³.ȶʰaŋ³), Haqcyeng (haʔ.ȶeŋ²), Ngaimong (ŋaj².moŋ²), Shangvan (ɕəŋ².van²), Joglei (juk.li²), Cholim (ȶo².lim²), Longri (loŋ³.ɹi²), Jöngi (dʒɵ².ŋi³), Maitai (maj³.taj³)
• Eastern Pangva
  • Eastern Pangva A: Lungkhi (luŋ².kʰi³), Khalak (kʰ.lək), Gachai (ɡ.ȶʰaj²)
  • Eastern Pangva B: Rinkhu (ɹin².kʰu²), Näkkhi (nək.kʰi²), Rasi (ɹa².si²), Rasa (ɹa².sa²), Rera (ɹe².ɹa²), Kochung (ko².ȶʰuŋ²), Shokra (ɕok.ɹa²), Shangthi (ɕəŋ².tʰi²), Shanchin (ɕan².ȶʰin²), Khangchin, Khangdu, Lawnyung (lon².juŋ²), Yangbaivang (jəŋ².ban².vəŋ²), Gaqha (ɡaʔ.ha²), Raraq (ɹa².ɹaʔ), Raqnu (ɹaʔ.nu²), Kotlum (kot.lum²), Assen (a.sen²), Hasa (ha².sa³)
• Yungkuk-Tikhak: Yungkuk (joŋ².kuk), Tikhak (ti².kʰak), Longchang (loŋ³.ȶaŋ²), Muklum (mok.lum²), Havi (ha².vi), Kato (ka².to³), Nukyaq
• Ole: Nahen (na³.hen³), Lumnu (lum².nu³), Yangno (jɐŋ².no³), Kumgaq, Haqpo (haʔ.po²), Chamkok (ȶəm².kok), Champang (ȶəm².pəŋ²), Haqcyum (haʔ.ȶum), Tawke (to².ke³), Hokuq (ho³.kuʔ)
• Kon-Pingnan: Yongkon (kon³), Chawang, Nukvuk, Miku (mi².ku²), Pingku (piŋ².ku²), Nansa (nan³.sa³, Nyinshao)
• Haqte: Haqkhii (haʔ.kʰɤ²), Haqman (haʔ.man²), Bote (bo.te²), Lama (ku³.ku²), Haqkhun (haʔ.kʰun²), Nocte (nok.te²), Phong (pʰoŋ, Ponthai), Tutsa (tup.sa³)
• Olo: Haqsik (haʔ.tsik), Lajo (la².jo²)
• Ola: Kaishan (kaj².ɕan³)
• Sandzik (san².ðik)
• Cyokat: Chuyo (ȶu³.jo²), Gaqkat (ɡ.kaʔ), Wancho (vən³.ȶo²)
• Kunyon: Kuku (ku³.ku²), Makyam (poŋ².ɲon³, Pongnyuan)

Lann (2018:4) lists the Aktung, Angsü-Angsa, Giiyii, Gawngkaq, Khangcyu, Khangdo, Kumgaq, Punlam, Nukyaq, and Vangtak-Vangkaq dialects as being extinct or nearly extinct.^[13]

Orthography[]

Tangsa
Script type	Alphabet
Creator	Lakhum Mossang
Published	1990
Languages	Tangsa
ISO 15924
ISO 15924	Tnsa, , ​Tangsa
Unicode
Unicode alias	Tangsa
Unicode range	U+16A70–U+16ACF

In 1990, Mr. Lakhum Mossang from Namphai Nong, Arunchal Pradesh in India created an alphabet for the Tangsa language. He taught the alphabet in public events and festivals, and promoted the script with community organisations and schools. In 2021, there were about 100 people who are using the script.^[14] The Tangsa Script Development Committee was founded in 2019 and continues development of the script after the passing of Lakhum Mossang in order ensure accommodation to the wide range of Tangsa varieties spoken in the region. The script has not yet gained widespread adoption.

Beyond the use of Lakhum Mossang's script, Tangsa varieties are generally written in the Latin alphabet with multiple different spelling conventions in use. One such Roman orthography is that for Mossang, designed by Reverend Gam Win and used in the Mossang translation of the Bible. Different Roman orthographies are in use among different subtribes, often with considerable variation. These differences tend to follow Christian denominational divisions.

The Gam Win Romanization for Mossang is as follows:

Vowels[]

• a - [a]
• aw - [ɔ]
• e - [e]
• i - [i]
• o - [o]
• u - [u]
• ue/ü - [ɤ]
• ui - [ɯ]
• uiu - [ɯu]
• v - [ə]^[15]

Consonants[]

• b - [b]
• c - [t͡ɕ]
• ch - [t͡ɕʰ]
• d - [d]
• dh - [d̪]
• f - [f]
• g - [g]
• gh - [ɣ]
• h - [h]
• k - [k]
• kh - [kʰ]
• l - [l]
• m - [m]
• n - [n]
• ng - [ŋ]
• nh - [n̪]
• ny - [ɲ]
• p - [p]
• ph - [pʰ]
• r - [r]
• s - [s]
• sh - [ʃ]
• t - [t]
• th - [t̪]
• ht - [tʰ]
• htt - [t̪ʰ]
• ts - [t͡s]
• w - [w]
• x - [x]
• y - [j]
• z - [z]^[16]

Tone letters[]

• -c - thuic tsanz (voice-hard) - mid-high level or rising
• -x - thuic hvlz (voice-middle) - mid-high falling
• -z - thuic nyenz (voice-soft) - low falling with creaky phonation
• -q - thuic htaq (voice-break/cut) - short, final glottal stop^[17]

Unicode[]

The Tangsa alphabet was added to the Unicode Standard in September, 2021 with the release of version 14.0.

The Unicode block for Tangsa is U+16A70–U+16ACF:

Tangsa[1][2] Official Unicode Consortium code chart (PDF)
	0	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	A	B	C	D	E	F
U+16A7x