Tetramorium
| Tetramorium | |
|---|---|
| |
| Tetramorium caespitum worker | |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Hymenoptera |
| Family: | Formicidae |
| Subfamily: | Myrmicinae |
| Tribe: | Crematogastrini |
| Genus: | Tetramorium Mayr, 1855 |
| Diversity | |
| > 520 species | |
| Synonyms | |
|
Apomyrmex Calilung, 2000 | |
Tetramorium is a genus of ants in the subfamily Myrmicinae that includes more than 520 species.[1][2] These ants are also known as pavement ants.
Taxonomy and phylogeny[]
Tetramorium was first described by Gustav Mayr in 1855 in the same publication as Monomorium.[3]
Revision within the genus by Wagner et al. in 2017 recognized a complex of 10 cryptic species, 3 of which were raised from subspecies classifications and 2 of which were newly described. This revision also elevated the pavement ant introduced to North America as the species T. immigrans rather than the previous designation as a subspecies of T. caespitum. These 10 species within in the T. caespitum complex are as follows:[4]
- Steiner, Schlick-Steiner & Seifert, 2010
- Wagner et al., 2017
- Tetramorium caespitum (Linnaeus, 1758)
- Wagner et al., 2017
- Consani & Zangheri, 1952
- Tetramorium hungaricum Röszler, 1935
- Tetramorium immigrans Santschi, 1927
- (Foerster, 1850)
- Santschi, 1927
- Kratochvíl, 1944
Description[]
Workers of most species have a ridged clypeus, an appendaged stinger, mandibles with 3 or 4 teeth, and antennae with 11 or 12 segments or with 3-segmented clubs on the tips.[2] The genus is divided into several species groups defined by various characters.[2]
Distribution[]
Most species are distributed throughout the Afrotropical and Oriental regions. Ten species have been recorded from Japan. One species of pavement ant, T. immigrans, is native to Europe and was probably introduced to North America starting in the 18th century.[5][4]
Biology[]
Most known species nest in the soil, in decaying wood, or in leaf litter. Some live in trees or in termite nests.[2]
Species[]
- (Mayr, 1866)
- Bolton, 1979
- (Bolton, 1976)
- Radchenko, 1992
- (Mayr, 1866)
- Arnold, 1960
- (Santschi, 1935)
- Arnold, 1926
- Santschi, 1914
- Steiner, Schlick-Steiner & Seifert, 2010
- Sharaf & Aldawood, 2012[2]
- Bolton, 1980
- Bolton, 1980
- Bolton, 1980
- Bolton, 1980
- Forel, 1912
- Forel, 1892
- Bolton, 1977
- Santschi, 1910
- Bolton, 1979
- (Mann, 1919)
- Wheeler, 1927
- (Bolton, 1976)
- Santschi, 1914
- Bolton, 1977
- Arnold, 1926
- Santschi, 1927
- (Forel, 1913)
- Thome, 1969
- Bolton, 1980
- (Smith, 1865)
- Bolton, 1980
- Bolton, 1980
- Bernard, 1983
- Bolton, 1980
- Mathew, 1981
- Bolton, 1977
- (Bolton, 1976)
- Forel, 1902
- Bolton, 1980
- Forel, 1913
- Bolton, 1980
- Forel, 1891
- Arnold, 1958
- Tetramorium bicarinatum (Nylander, 1846)
- Viehmeyer, 1914
- Forel, 1904
- Forel, 1910
- Bondroit, 1918
- (Kutter, 1932)
- Wagner et al., 2017
- (Stitz, 1910)
- Bolton, 1980
- Forel, 1913
- Radchenko, 1992
- Bolton, 1980
- Tetramorium caespitum (Linnaeus, 1758)
- (Roger, 1857)
- Forel, 1907
- Bolton, 1980
- Mayr, 1895
- Bolton, 1980
- Mayr, 1865
- Bolton, 1980
- (McAreavey, 1949)
- (Smith, 1859)
- Wagner et al., 2017
- Bolton, 1977
- Bolton, 1977
- Forel, 1911
- (Bolton, 1976)
- (Santschi, 1920)
- Forel, 1902
- Bolton, 1977
- Forel, 1913
- Bolton, 1979
- Bolton, 1979
- Mayr, 1901
- Bursakov, 1984
- Radchenko & Arakelian, 1990
- Bolton, 1977
- Arnold, 1917
- Bolton, 1980
- Forel, 1902
- Wang & Wu, 1988
- Stitz, 1910
- (Bolton, 1976)
- Bolton, 1977
- Emery, 1895
- Tetramorium curvispinosum Mayr, 1897
- Bolton, 1977
- Forel, 1911
- (Forel, 1902)
- Bolton, 1977
- (Bolton, 1976)
- Santschi, 1911
- Forel, 1894
- Radchenko & Arakelian, 1990
- Menozzi, 1933
- (Forel, 1910)
- Santschi, 1932
- Bolton, 1977
- (Smith, 1865)
- Bolton, 1980
- (Bolton, 1976)
- Forel, 1914
- Karavaiev, 1931
- Bolton, 1980
- Bolton, 1980
- Emery, 1881
- Menozzi, 1942
- Bolton, 1979
- Bolton, 1980
- Forel, 1894
- Forel, 1913
- Bolton, 1979
- Bolton, 1980
- Forel, 1904
- Mayr, 1901
- (Forel, 1894)
- Emery, 1895
- Arnold, 1917
- Bolton, 1977
- Emery, 1891
- Forel, 1902
- Ruzsky, 1903
- Dlussky & Zabelin, 1985
- Bernard, 1948
- Bolton, 1980
- Bolton, 1977
- Arnold, 1960
- Emery, 1893
- (Santschi, 1914)
- Forel, 1904
- Forel, 1914
- Arnold, 1926
- (Emery, 1897)
- (Arnold, 1956)
- Consani & Zangheri, 1952
- (Viehmeyer, 1925)
- (Andre, 1892)
- Santschi, 1910
- (Donisthorpe, 1941)
- Arnold, 1958
- Forel, 1916
- Bolton, 1980
- (Menozzi, 1933)
- Forel, 1910
- Stitz, 1923
- Forel, 1913
- Poldi, 1979
- Forel, 1894
- Santschi, 1913
- Bolton, 1980
- Emery, 1895
- (Bernard, 1953)
- Bolton, 1980
- Agosti & Collingwood, 1987
- Tetramorium hispidum (Wheeler, 1915)
- Arnold, 1958
- Forel, 1891
- Tetramorium hungaricum Röszler, 1935
- Bolton, 1979
- Bolton, 1980
- (Emery, 1915)
- Tetramorium immigrans Santschi, 1927
- (Viehmeyer, 1925)
- (Foerster, 1850)
- Arnold, 1926
- Forel, 1913
- Santschi, 1927
- Wheeler, 1927
- Mayr, 1877
- (Forel, 1914)
- Karavaiev, 1935
- Forel, 1905
- Forel, 1902
- Tetramorium insolens (Smith, 1861)
- Santschi, 1914
- Bolton, 1980
- Bolton, 1980
- Bolton, 1979
- Forel, 1914
- Forel, 1914
- Arnold, 1926
- Wang & Xiao, 1988
- Collingwood, 1985
- Santschi, 1937
- Collingwood, 1985
- Bolton, 1980
- Pisarski, 1967
- Dlussky & Zabelin, 1985
- (Bolton, 1976)
- Forel, 1887
- Bolton, 1980
- (Bolton, 1976)
- Bolton, 1977
- Bolton, 1980
- Dlussky, 1990
- Forel, 1905
- Bolton, 1980
- Bolton, 1979
- Emery, 1895
- Mayr, 1870
- Bolton, 1977
- Bolton, 1977
- Forel, 1895
- Bolton, 1980
- Santschi, 1916
- Forel, 1907
- Forel, 1915
- Wheeler, 1905
- Menozzi, 1933
- Santschi, 1910
- Arnold, 1926
- Bolton, 1980
- Wang, 1993
- Bolton, 1985
- Forel, 1895
- Arnold, 1926
- Santschi, 1918
- Tetramorium mayri (Mann, 1919)
- Bolton, 1977
- Mann, 1919
- (Bolton, 1976)
- Forel, 1916
- Emery, 1870
- Bolton, 1976
- Bolton, 1980
- Bolton, 1979
- Tetramorium microgyna Santschi, 1918
- (Mayr, 1901)
- (Bolton, 1976)
- (Santschi, 1914)
- Santschi, 1918
- Forel, 1902
- (Santschi, 1937)
- Forel, 1901
- Forel, 1910
- Arnold, 1926
- Bolton, 1985
- Bolton, 1977
- (Bolton, 1976)
- Bolton, 1979
- Santschi, 1918
- Bolton, 1977
- Tetramorium nazgul Hita Garcia & Fisher, 2012
- Forel, 1910
- Forel, 1907
- Wheeler, 1928
- Pisarski, 1967
- (Emery, 1901)
- Bolton, 1977
- Bolton, 1980
- Weber, 1943
- Bingham, 1903
- Andre, 1887
- Viehmeyer, 1916
- (Santschi, 1916)
- Bolton, 1979
- Forel, 1913
- Emery, 1897
- (Bolton, 1976)
- Tetramorium pacificum Mayr, 1870
- Bolton, 1979
- Tetramorium parasiticum Bolton, 1980
- (Emery, 1893)
- Bolton, 1977
- Forel, 1907
- Arnold, 1926
- Santschi, 1923
- Bolton, 1995
- Forel, 1910
- Forel, 1916
- Forel, 1914
- Bolton, 1980
- Tetramorium pilosum Emery, 1893
- Bolton, 1980
- Bolton, 1979
- Bolton, 1980
- Bolton, 1979
- Bolton, 1979
- Tetramorium plumosum Bolton, 1980
- Bolton, 1976
- Bolton, 1980
- Emery, 1897
- Santschi, 1919
- Forel, 1914
- Bolton, 1980
- Bolton, 1979
- Bolton, 1980
- Emery, 1897
- (Donisthorpe, 1945)
- Santschi, 1924
- Emery, 1887
- (Smith, 1861)
- Emery, 1895
- Bolton, 1980
- Roeszler, 1937
- Stitz, 1910
- Emery, 1886
- Bolton, 1980
- Bolton, 1979
- Forel, 1895
- Bolton, 1980
- Bolton, 1979
- Arnold, 1926
- Wang & Xiao, 1988
- Bolton, 1976
- Bursakov, 1984
- Bolton, 1980
- Bolton, 1977
- Bolton, 1980
- Bolton, 1977
- Forel, 1892
- Bolton, 1980
- (Bolton, 1976)
- (Forel, 1907)
- (Santschi, 1924)
- (Stitz, 1923)
- Bolton, 1977
- Stitz, 1917
- Bolton, 1980
- Finzi, 1936
- Mann, 1919
- Forel, 1902
- (Smith, 1859)
- Forel, 1891
- Forel, 1904
- Emery, 1898
- Santschi, 1924
- Bolton, 1977
- Bolton, 1979
- Andre, 1883
- Arnold, 1917
- Bolton, 1977
- Santschi, 1918
- Tetramorium sepultum Bolton, 1980
- Emery, 1877
- Arnold, 1926
- Mayr, 1901
- Emery, 1895
- (Emery, 1895)
- Bolton, 1977
- Forel, 1913
- Bolton, 1980
- Emery, 1895
- Forel, 1892
- Tetramorium simillimum (Smith, 1851)
- Arnold, 1917
- Bolton, 1980
- Forel, 1915
- Tetramorium smaug Hita Garcia & Fisher, 2012
- Mayr, 1879
- Emery, 1886
- Arnold, 1926
- Bolton, 1977
- (Pergande, 1896)
- Ruzsky, 1902
- (Viehmeyer, 1925)
- Santschi, 1911
- Kratochvíl, 1944
- Forel, 1892
- Mayr, 1877
- Bolton, 1977
- Viehmeyer, 1914
- Forel, 1907
- (Weber, 1943)
- Bolton, 1985
- Emery, 1922
- Bolton, 1980
- (Bolton, 1976)
- Bolton, 1977
- Bolton, 1979
- Bolton, 1995
- Bolton, 1985
- Arnold, 1926
- (Emery, 1914)
- Emery, 1908
- Santschi, 1911
- Bolton, 1977
- (Bolton, 1976)
- Forel, 1910
- Tetramorium tonganum Mayr, 1870
- Tetramorium tortuosum Roger, 1863
- Emery, 1899
- Santschi, 1914
- Tetramorium transversarium Roger, 1863
- Viehmeyer, 1914
- (Emery, 1895)
- Tetramorium tsushimae Emery, 1925
- Santschi, 1921
- Forel, 1902
- Bolton, 1980
- Bolton, 1977
- Bolton, 1980
- Santschi, 1937
- Arnold, 1926
- Bolton, 1980
- Bolton, 1977
- Emery, 1897
- Bolton, 1977
- Radchenko, 1992
- Bolton, 1980
- Bolton, 1977
- Arnold, 1926
- Forel, 1907
- Weber, 1943
- (Bolton, 1976)
- Bolton, 1980
- Viehmeyer, 1914
- (Forel, 1890)
- Arnold, 1926
- Emery, 1895
- Santschi, 1911
- Bolton, 1980
- Bolton, 1976
- Tetramorium yerburyi Forel, 1902
- Bolton, 1980
- Santschi, 1923
- Santschi, 1939
- Bolton, 1980
- Bolton, 1979
- (Weber, 1943)
- Bolton, 1977
Gallery[]
Tetramorium ant tending a mealybug
References[]
- ^ Bolton, B. (2014). "Tetramorium". AntCat. Retrieved 3 July 2014.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d e Sharaf, Aldawood, Taylor (2012). "A New Ant Species of the Genus Tetramorium Mayr, 1855 (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) from Saudi Arabia, with a Revised Key to the Arabian Species". PLOS ONE. 7 (2): e30811. Bibcode:2012PLoSO...730811S. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0030811. PMC 3289629. PMID 22389667.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
- ^ Mayr, G. (1855): Formicina austriaca. Beschreibung der bisher im österreichischen Kaiserstaate aufgefundenen Ameisen nebst Hinzufügung jener in Deutschland, in der Schweiz und in Italien vorkommenden Ameisen. Verhandlungen des Zoologisch-Botanischen Vereins in Wien 5: 273-478.
- ^ Jump up to: a b Wagner, Herbert; Seifert, Bernhard; Muster, Christoph; Schlick-Steiner, Birgit; et al. (2017). "Light at the end of the tunnel: Integrative taxonomy delimits cryptic species in the Tetramorium caespitum complex (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)" (PDF). Myrmecological News. 25. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2020-02-25.
- ^ Jacobs, S. Pavement Ant. Penn State Extension. 2014.
External links[]
- Japanese Ant Image Database: Genus Tetramorium
- AntWeb: Pictures of some Tetramorium species
Further reading[]
- Garcia, F. H. and B. L. Fisher. (2012). The ant genus Tetramorium Mayr (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in the Malagasy region—taxonomy of the T. bessonii, T. bonibony, T. dysalum, T. marginatum, T. tsingy, and T. weitzeckeri species groups. Zootaxa 3365.
Categories:
- Tetramorium
- Ant genera
- Taxa named by Gustav Mayr