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The Million Dollar Homepage

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The Million Dollar Homepage
The Million Dollar Homepage.png
The Million Dollar Homepage (as of January 2021)
Type of site
Pixel advertising
OwnerAlex Tew
Revenue$1,037,100
URLMillionDollarHomepage.com
CommercialYes
RegistrationNone
Launched26 August 2005; 16 years ago (2005-08-26)
Current statusPartly active

The Million Dollar Homepage is a website conceived in 2005 by Alex Tew, a student from Wiltshire, England, to raise money for his university education. The home page consisted of a million pixels arranged in a 1000 × 1000 pixel grid; the image-based links on it were sold for $1 per pixel in 10 × 10 blocks. The purchasers of these pixel blocks provided tiny images to be displayed on them, a URL to which the images were linked, and a slogan to be displayed when hovering a cursor over the link. The aim of the website was to sell all of the pixels in the image, thus generating a million dollars of income for the creator. The Wall Street Journal has commented that the site inspired other websites that sell pixels.[1][2]

Launched on 26 August 2005, the website became an Internet phenomenon, with copycat websites emerging in response. The Alexa ranking of web traffic peaked at around 127; as of 9 May 2009, it was 40,044.[3] On 1 January 2006, the final 1,000 pixels were put up for auction on eBay. The auction closed on 11 January with a winning bid of $38,100 that brought the final tally to $1,037,100 in gross.

During the January 2006 auction, the website was subject to a distributed denial-of-service attack (DDoS) and ransom demand, which left it inaccessible to visitors for a week while its security system was upgraded. The Federal Bureau of Investigation and Wiltshire Constabulary investigated the attack and extortion attempt.[4][5]

Tew dropped out of the business degree the site was set up to fund after one term. The Million Dollar Homepage was still receiving thousands of daily viewers in 2019, although by 2017, many of the website's links suffered from link rot, which has caused the URLs to no longer function as originally intended.

History

Development

From the outset I knew the idea had potential, but it was one of those things that could have gone either way. My thinking was I had nothing to lose (apart from the 50 Euros or so it cost to register the domain and setup the hosting). I knew that the idea was quirky enough to create interest ... The Internet is a very powerful medium.

Alex Tew, 22 February 2006.[6]

Alex Tew, a student from Cricklade in Wiltshire, England, conceived The Million Dollar Homepage in August 2005 when he was 21 years old.[7] He was about to begin a three-year Business Management course at the University of Nottingham, and was concerned that he would be left with a student loan that could take years to repay.[7] As a money-raising idea, Tew decided to sell a million pixels on a website for $1 each; purchasers would add their own image, logo or advertisement, and have the option of including a hyperlink to their website. Pixels were sold for US dollars rather than UK pounds; the US has a larger online population than the UK, and Tew believed more people would relate to the concept if the pixels were sold in US currency.[8] In 2005, the pound was strong against the dollar: £1 was worth approximately $1.80,[9] and that cost per pixel may have been too expensive for many potential buyers.[8] Tew's setup costs were €50, which paid for the registration of the domain name and a basic web-hosting package. The website went live on 26 August 2005.[10]

The homepage featured a Web banner with the site's name and a pixel counter displaying the number of pixels sold, a navigation bar containing nine small links to the site's internal web pages, and an empty square grid of 1,000,000 pixels divided into 10,000 100-pixel blocks.[11] Tew promised customers that the site would remain online for at least five years – that is, until at least 26 August 2010.[12]

Pixel sales

Because individual pixels are too small to be seen easily, pixels were sold in 100-pixel "blocks" measuring 10 × 10 pixels; the minimum price was thus $100.[13][14] The first sale, three days after the site began operating, was to an online music website operated by a friend of Tew's. He bought 400 pixels in a 20 × 20 block. After two weeks, Tew's friends and family members had purchased a total of 4,700 pixels.[7][15] The site was initially marketed only through word of mouth;[2] however, after the site had made $1,000, a press release was sent out that was picked up by the BBC.[7][15] The technology news website The Register featured two articles on The Million Dollar Homepage in September.[16][17] By the end of the month, The Million Dollar Homepage had received $250,000 and was ranked Number 3 on Alexa Internet's list of "Movers and Shakers" behind the websites for Britney Spears and Photo District News.[18] On 6 October, Tew reported the site received 65,000 unique visitors; it received 1465 Diggs, becoming one of the most Dugg links that week.[19] Eleven days later, the number had increased to 100,000 unique visitors. On 26 October, two months after the Million Dollar Homepage was launched, more than 500,900 pixels had been sold to 1,400 customers.[20] By New Year's Eve, Tew reported that the site was receiving hits from 25,000 unique visitors every hour and had an Alexa Rank of 127,[20] and that 999,000 of the 1,000,000 pixels had been sold.[2]

On 1 January 2006, Tew announced that because the demand was so great for the last 1,000 pixels, "the most fair and logical thing" to do was auction them on eBay rather than lose "the integrity and degree of exclusivity intrinsic to the million-pixel concept" by launching a second Million Dollar Homepage.[20] The auction lasted ten days and received 99 legitimate bids. Although bids were received for amounts as high as $160,109.99, many were either retracted by the bidders or cancelled as hoaxes.[21][22] "I actually contacted the people by phone and turns out they weren't serious, which is fairly frustrating, so I removed those bidders at the last minute", said Tew.[21] The winning bid was $38,100,[23] placed by MillionDollarWeightLoss.com, an online store selling diet-related products.[24] Tew remarked that he had expected the final bid amount to be higher due to the media attention.[21] The Million Dollar Homepage made a gross total of $1,037,100 in five months.[22][25] After costs, taxes and a donation to The Prince's Trust, a charity for young people, Tew expected his net income to be $650,000–$700,000.[2]

Pixel purchasers included Bonanza Gift Shop, Panda Software, the producers of Wal-Mart: The High Cost of Low Price, British Schools Karting Championship, Book of Cool, Orange, The Times, Cheapflights.com, Schiffer Publishing, Rhapsody, Tenacious D, GoldenPalace.com, 888.com and other online casinos, Independiente Records, Yahoo!, small privately owned businesses, and companies offering get-rich-quick schemes, online dating services, personal loans, free samples, website designs and holidays.[26]

DDoS attack

On 7 January 2006, three days before the auction of the final 1,000 pixels was due to end, Tew received an e-mail from an organisation called "The Dark Group", and was told The Million Dollar Homepage would become the victim of a distributed denial-of-service attack (DDoS) if a ransom of $5,000 was not paid by 10 January.[27][28] Believing the threat to be a hoax, he ignored it, but a week later received a second e-mail threat: "Hello u website is under us atack to stop the DDoS send us 50000$."[27] Again, he ignored the threat, and the website was flooded with extra traffic and e-mails, causing it to crash. "I haven't replied to any of them as I don't want to give them the satisfaction and I certainly don't intend to pay them any money. What is happening to my website is like terrorism. If you pay them, new attacks will start," Tew said.[4]

The website was inaccessible to visitors for a week until the host server upgraded the security system, and filtered traffic through anti-DDoS software.[4][28] Wiltshire Constabulary's Hi-Tech Crime Unit and the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) were called to investigate the extortion and attack; they believed it originated in Russia.[4][5]

Reception

The crucial thing in creating the media interest was the idea itself: it was unique and quirky enough to stand out. I only had to push the idea a bit in the first few days by sending out a press release which essentially acted as a catalyst. This interest coupled with traditional word-of-mouth created a real buzz about the homepage, which in turn created more interest.

Alex Tew, 22 February 2006.[6]

Following the September press release that first brought attention to the site, The Million Dollar Homepage was featured in numerous British media articles and programmes.[7][16][29][30] By November 2005, the website had received attention from The Wall Street Journal[1] and media around the world.[31] During a week-long trip to the US, Tew gave several media interviews.[32]

The concept was described as "simple and brilliant",[33] "clever",[34] "ingenious",[15] and "a unique platform [for advertising] which is also a bit of fun".[29] Professor Martin Binks, director of the Nottingham University Institute for Entrepreneurial Innovation, said, "It is brilliant in its simplicity ... advertisers have been attracted to it by its novelty ... the site has become a phenomenon."[15] Popular Mechanics said: "There's no content. No cool graphics, giveaways or steamy Paris Hilton videos for viewers to salivate over. Imagine a TV channel that shows nothing but commercials, a magazine with nothing but ads. That's The Million Dollar Homepage. An astonishing example of the power of viral marketing."[35] Don Oldenburg of the Washington Post was one of the few without praise for the site, calling it a "cheap, mind-bogglingly lucrative marketing monstrosity, an advertising badlands of spam, banner ads and pop-ups."[14] Oldenburg continues, "it looks like a bulletin board on designer steroids, an advertising train wreck you can't not look at. It's like getting every pop-up ad you ever got in your life, at once. It's the Internet equivalent of suddenly feeling like you want to take a shower."[14]

As the final pixels were being auctioned, Tew was interviewed on Richard & Judy,[36] and profiled in the online BBC News Magazine.[10] The Wall Street Journal wrote about The Million Dollar Homepage and its impact on the Internet community. "Mr. Tew himself has taken on celebrity status in the Internet community ... the creative juice ... paints an interesting picture of online entrepreneurship".[2]

Legacy

Tew dropped out of the business degree the site was set up to fund after one term.[37] In 2008, Tew founded Popjam, an Internet aggregation and social networking business.[38][39] On May 4, 2012, Tew co-founded software company Calm with Michael Acton Smith.[40] As of 2016, Tew was working as an entrepreneur in San Francisco.[41]

As of 2017, only the main page of the website was available, with all sub pages returning a 404 Not Found message.[42] A 2017 study by Harvard University found that the links on the still-live main page of the site demonstrated a considerable degree of link rot. Of the 2,816 original links, 547 (342,000 pixels, sold for $342,000) were dead, and 489 (145,000 pixels, sold for $145,000) redirected to a different domain. The report stated that, of the remaining links, that "the majority do not seem to reflect their original purpose".[42] By April 2019, according to the BBC, approximately 40% of the site's links were suffering from link rot.[43] The site was still receiving several thousands of viewers per day.[43]

Similar websites

Many other sites sold advertising by pixels.[2][14] Tew said of the sites, "[they] popped up almost immediately; now there are hundreds of Web sites selling pixels. The copycats are all competing with each other."[1] "...they have very little ads, therefore I guess it’s not going too well for them. The idea only works once and relies on novelty ... any copy-cat sites will only have pure comedy value, whereas mine possibly has a bit of comedy PLUS some actual pull in advertising dollars ... so I say good luck to the imitators!"[44][45]

See also

References

  1. ^ Jump up to: a b c Bounds, Gwendolyn (22 November 2005). "How Selling Pixels May Yield a Million Bucks". Wall Street Journal. p. B1. Archived from the original on 10 August 2018. Retrieved 4 February 2009.
  2. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Bounds, Gwendolyn (10 January 2006). "Pixel-Ad Entrepreneur Closes With an Auction". Wall Street Journal. p. B8. Archived from the original on 6 October 2017. Retrieved 4 February 2009.
  3. ^ "milliondollarhomepage.com Site Information". Alexa Internet. Archived from the original on 3 June 2009. Retrieved 9 May 2009.
  4. ^ Jump up to: a b c d "Blackmailers target $1m website". BBC News. 18 January 2006. Archived from the original on 2 October 2010. Retrieved 5 February 2009.
  5. ^ Jump up to: a b "Million dollar pixel site targeted by hackers". NBC News. Associated Press. 18 January 2006. Archived from the original on 18 March 2014. Retrieved 5 February 2009.
  6. ^ Jump up to: a b "Ask the expert: How to make a million". FT.com. 22 February 2006. Archived from the original on 14 May 2016. Retrieved 2 February 2009.
  7. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e "Student's cash-raising net scheme". BBC News. 22 September 2005. Archived from the original on 23 June 2011. Retrieved 30 January 2009.
  8. ^ Jump up to: a b Jew, Alex (26 August 2005). "The Million Dollar Homepage FAQ". Million Dollar Homepage. Archived from the original on 1 February 2009. Retrieved 30 January 2009.
  9. ^ "Current and Historical Rate Tables". XE.com. Archived from the original on 21 April 2012. Retrieved 30 January 2009.
  10. ^ Jump up to: a b Geoghegan, Tom (6 January 2006). "The million-dollar student". BBC News. Archived from the original on 27 August 2010. Retrieved 4 February 2009.
  11. ^ Jew, Alex (15 September 2005). "The Million Dollar Homepage". The Million Dollar Homepage. Archived from the original on 15 September 2005. Retrieved 30 January 2009.
  12. ^ Kawamoto, Dawn (18 January 2006). "Blackmailers try to black out Million Dollar Homepage". CNET. Archived from the original on 26 May 2012. Retrieved 19 February 2009.
  13. ^ Pierce, Sarah (13 January 2006). "The Million-Dollar Home Page". Entrepreneur Magazine. Archived from the original on 19 February 2009. Retrieved 19 February 2009.
  14. ^ Jump up to: a b c d Oldenburg, Don (11 January 2006). "A Million to One". Washington Post. p. C1. Archived from the original on 27 June 2012. Retrieved 5 February 2009.
  15. ^ Jump up to: a b c d Boggan, Steve (14 October 2005). "Million dollar boy". The Times. London. Archived from the original on 23 June 2011. Retrieved 30 January 2009.
  16. ^ Jump up to: a b Richardson, Tim (8 September 2009). "Student flogs pixels to fund education". The Register. Archived from the original on 11 June 2011. Retrieved 30 January 2009.
  17. ^ Richardson, Tim (20 September 2009). "Million pixel student makes £32k". The Register. Archived from the original on 23 June 2011. Retrieved 30 January 2009.
  18. ^ "Movers & Shakers". Alexa Internet. Archived from the original on 26 September 2005. Retrieved 30 January 2009.
  19. ^ "The Million Dollar Home Page". Digg. 12 October 2009. Archived from the original on 22 January 2009. Retrieved 30 January 2009.
  20. ^ Jump up to: a b c Tew, Alex. "Blog Archive". The Million Dollar Homepage. Archived from the original on 1 February 2009. Retrieved 30 January 2009.
  21. ^ Jump up to: a b c Bounds, Gwendolyn (11 January 2006). "Pixel-Ad Entrepreneur Expected to Reach Goal". Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on 13 January 2006. Retrieved 4 February 2009.
  22. ^ Jump up to: a b Tew, Alex. "Blog". The Million Dollar Homepage. Archived from the original on 1 February 2009. Retrieved 1 February 2009.
  23. ^ Alfano, Sean (11 January 2006). "Pixel Perfect, 21-Year-Old Brit Makes A Million With Simple Sales Plan For Online Ads". CBS Evening News. Archived from the original on 22 February 2011. Retrieved 18 February 2009.
  24. ^ Fontanella, James (19 January 2006). "Student faces legal threat after $1m website crashes". Financial Times. Archived from the original on 21 July 2009. Retrieved 18 February 2009.
  25. ^ Richardson, Tim (12 January 2006). "Pixel-flogging student makes a million". The Register. Archived from the original on 20 November 2010. Retrieved 1 February 2009.
  26. ^ Tew, Alex. "Pixel List". The Million Dollar Homepage. Archived from the original on 1 February 2009. Retrieved 30 January 2009.
  27. ^ Jump up to: a b Fontanella, James (18 January 2006). "Hackers blackmail milliondollar site". FT.com. Archived from the original on 12 August 2010. Retrieved 5 February 2009.
  28. ^ Jump up to: a b Savill, Richard (20 January 2006). "Blackmailers target student's $1m website". The Daily Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on 14 May 2009. Retrieved 5 February 2009.
  29. ^ Jump up to: a b Savill, Richard (24 September 2005). "Student solves debt fear as website earns £56,000 in a month". The Daily Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on 4 March 2010. Retrieved 1 February 2009.
  30. ^ Aughton, Simon (22 September 2005). "UK student makes pixels pay". PC Pro. Archived from the original on 8 May 2008. Retrieved 1 February 2009.
    * Sky News Sunrise. Presenter: Eamonn Holmes. Sky News. 6 October 2005.
    * BBC Breakfast. Presenters: Dermot Murnaghan, Natasha Kaplinsky. BBC One. 20 October 2005.
  31. ^ Media attention worldwide:
    * Financial Times Deutschland in Germany Kwasniewski, Nicolai (29 September 2005). "Der Weg zur ersten Million - Ein Pixel, ein Dollar". Financial Times Deutschland (in German). Archived from the original on 25 May 2012. Retrieved 4 February 2009.
    * TVNZ in New Zealand "Web review: Topical site of the week". Television New Zealand. 21 October 2005. Archived from the original on 10 September 2015. Retrieved 4 February 2009.
    * Terra Networks in Latin America "Estudante quer juntar US$ 1 milhão vendendo pixels" (in Portuguese). Terra Networks. 26 September 2005. Archived from the original on 3 June 2016. Retrieved 4 February 2009.
    * China Daily "Cash pours in for student with $1m Web idea". China Daily. Reuters. 31 December 2005. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 4 February 2009.
    * Adweek in the United States Nudd, Tim (10 October 2005). "The King Of The Pixels". Adweek. Archived from the original on 10 January 2008. Retrieved 4 February 2009..
  32. ^ Media interviews in the United States:
    * ABC News Radio, News interview. Interviewer: Jim Hickey. ABC News Radio. 14 November 2005.
    * Fox News Channel, Your World with Neil Cavuto. Presenter: Neil Cavuto. Fox News Channel. 14 November 2005.
    * Attack of the Show!, Attack of the Show!. Presenter: Kevin Pereira. Fox News Channel. 15 November 2005.
    * Local news programmes, NBC 11 News. Interviewer: . NBC. KNBC, Los Angeles, California. 16 November 2005. "Million Dollar Homepage - Secret of Success". Archived from the original on 12 October 2011. Retrieved 11 October 2011.
  33. ^ Kridler, Chris (4 October 2005). "Student cashes in on brilliant, simple idea". Florida Today. Archived from the original on 10 December 2005. Retrieved 4 February 2009.
  34. ^ Guevin, Jennifer (13 September 2005). "A million-dollar home page". CNET News. Archived from the original on 29 May 2012. Retrieved 1 February 2009.
  35. ^ Ross, James (30 September 2005). "Million-Dollar Brainstorm". Popular Mechanics. Archived from the original on 18 October 2005. Retrieved 1 February 2009.
  36. ^ Richard & Judy. Presenters: Richard Madeley, Judy Finnigan. Channel 4. 9 January 2006.
  37. ^ Winterman, Denise (5 December 2006). "What Alex did next". BBC News. Archived from the original on 16 February 2009. Retrieved 9 April 2010.
  38. ^ Kiss, Jemima (5 January 2009). "The forecast for 2009: PopJam's Alex Tew thinks startups can be cheaper and faster than ever". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on 8 October 2015. Retrieved 23 February 2010.
  39. ^ Yiannopoulos, Milo (28 February 2009). "PopJam: what's all the fuss about?". The Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on 26 July 2009. Retrieved 23 February 2010.
  40. ^ "Calm.com, Inc.: Private Company Information -". Bloomberg L.P. Archived from the original on 16 February 2021. Retrieved 21 February 2017.
  41. ^ Garone, Elizabeth (15 September 2016). "The man behind the million-dollar homepage". BBC News. Archived from the original on 20 February 2017. Retrieved 19 February 2017.
  42. ^ Jump up to: a b "Blog - Library Innovation Lab". Harvard University. 21 July 2017. Archived from the original on 5 November 2017. Retrieved 1 January 2018.
  43. ^ Jump up to: a b Dowling, Stephen (2 April 2019). "BBC - Future - Why there's so little left of the early internet?". BBC. Archived from the original on 4 April 2019. Retrieved 5 April 2019.
  44. ^ Fontanella, James (11 January 2006). "Dollar-per-pixel ad site nets student $1m". FT.com. Archived from the original on 13 November 2010. Retrieved 5 February 2009.
  45. ^ Tew, Alex (26 October 2005). "The Million Dollar Homepage - FAQ". The Million Dollar Homepage. Archived from the original on 17 July 2011. Retrieved 20 July 2011.

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