Theridion

Theridion; Temporal range: Cretaceous–present PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N
	male T. grallator
	T. pictum
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Arthropoda
Subphylum:	Chelicerata
Class:	Arachnida
Order:	Araneae
Infraorder:	Araneomorphae
Family:	Theridiidae
Genus:	Theridion; Walckenaer, 1805
Type species
	Aranea picta; Walckenaer, 1802
Species
	T. attritum; T. grallator; ; T. strepitus; hundreds more, see text.
Diversity
	nearly 600 species
Synonyms
	Allotheridion; Billima; Liger; Phaetoticus;

Theridion is a genus of tangle-web spiders with almost 600 described species around the world. Notable species are the Hawaiian happy face spider (T. grallator), named for the iconic symbol on its abdomen, and , one of few spider species that lives in social groups, attacking prey en masse to overwhelm them as a team.

Spiders in this genus are about as long or longer then they are wide. Their chelicerae have two or less teeth on the front edge and none on the back edge. The front leg is the longest in both genders, but the next longest is the second leg in males and the fourth leg in females. The epigyne can vary, but the pedipalp has a median apophysis and a colulus is absent from both genders.^[6]

The running crab spider Philodromus cespitum preys on Theridion spiders in European fruit orchards.^[7]

Species[]

Simon, 1884 — North Africa
Levy, 1985 — Israel
Simon, 1900 — Hawaii
(O. P.-Cambridge, 1896) — Mexico to Panama
Drensky, 1915 — Bulgaria, Greece, Crete, Turkey
Levi, 1963 — USA
Levi, 1963 — Brazil
Nicolet, 1849 — Chile
Levi, 1957 — USA, Canada
Levi, 1959 — Panama
Levi, 1959 — Panama
Strand, 1909 — South Africa
T. albidum Banks, 1895 — USA, Canada
Zhu, 1998 — China
L. Koch, 1878 — Russia, Georgia
Urquhart, 1892 — New Zealand
Rainbow, 1916 — Queensland
Nicolet, 1849 — Chile
Caporiacco, 1940 — Ethiopia
T. albomaculosum O. P.-Cambridge, 1869 — Sri Lanka
Thorell, 1898 — Myanmar
(L. Koch, 1867) — New Guinea, Queensland, Tonga, Norfolk Islands
O. P.-Cambridge, 1898 — Panama
Levi, 1963 — Paraguay
Levi, 1967 — Chile, Argentina
Levi, 1963 — Guatemala
Nicolet, 1849 — Chile
Mello-Leitão, 1941 — Argentina
Urquhart, 1892 — New Zealand
Caporiacco, 1949 — Kenya
Caporiacco, 1934 — Karakorum
O. P.-Cambridge, 1869 — Sri Lanka
Levi, 1967 — Juan Fernandez Islands
Simon, 1894 — West Indies
Levi, 1963 — Brazil
Roewer, 1942 — Queensland
Levi, 1963 — Brazil
Mello-Leitão, 1945 — Argentina
Levi, 1959 — Mexico
Levi, 1963 — Venezuela
Levi, 1959 — Cuba
Roewer, 1942 — New Zealand
Levi, 1957 — USA
Levi, 1959 — Panama, Trinidad
Strand, 1911 — Aru Islands
Caporiacco, 1947 — Tanzania
Rainbow, 1917 — South Australia
Thorell, 1895 — Myanmar
Thorell, 1877 — Sulawesi
T. attritum (Simon, 1908) — Western Australia
Simon, 1904 — South Africa
Levi, 1963 — Brazil
Banks, 1899 — USA, Mexico, West Indies
Thorell, 1887 — Myanmar
Levi, 1963 — Windward Islands
Berland, 1920 — East Africa
Levi, 1959 — Mexico
Levi, 1963 — Venezuela
Levi, 1963 — Brazil
Levi, 1963 — Brazil, Paraguay, Argentina
Roewer, 1942 — Samoa
Wiehle, 1960 — Palearctic
Roewer, 1961 — Senegal
Yin, Peng & Zhang, 2005 — China
Levi, 1963 — Brazil
Gao & Zhu, 1993 — China
Banks, 1909 — Costa Rica
Thorell, 1890 — Sumatra
Barrion & Litsinger, 1995 — Philippines
O. P.-Cambridge, 1871 — Europe, Russia, Ukraine, North Africa
Simon, 1909 — Vietnam
Strand, 1904 — Europe, Russia, Ukraine
Levi, 1959 — Mexico
Levi, 1963 — Brazil
Schmidt, 1957 — Congo
Levi, 1963 — Venezuela
Thorell, 1887 — Myanmar
Strand, 1907 — South Africa
Caporiacco, 1940 — Ethiopia
Caporiacco, 1949 — Kenya
Roewer, 1951 — Mexico
Tullgren, 1910 — Tanzania
Berland, 1929 — Samoa, Henderson Islands, Tuamotu Arch.
Holmberg, 1876 — Venezuela to Argentina
T. californicum Banks, 1904 — USA, Canada
Marples, 1955 — Samoa
Levi, 1957 — USA, Mexico
Simon, 1900 — Hawaii
Strand, 1907 — South Africa
Yin, Peng & Zhang, 2005 — China
Brignoli, 1984 — Greece
Simon, 1907 — Guinea-Bissau
Franganillo, 1931 — Cuba
Marples, 1955 — Samoa
(F. O. P.-Cambridge, 1902) — Guatemala
Levi, 1959 — Bahama Islands
Levi, 1959 — Panama
Levi, 1963 — Bolivia
Wunderlich, 1995 — Turkmenistan
Caporiacco, 1949 — Kenya
Caporiacco, 1949 — Kenya
T. cheimatos Gertsch & Archer, 1942 — USA
Zhu, 1998 — China
Levi, 1959 — Mexico
Levi, 1959 — Panama
Zhu, 1998 — China
Levi, 1963 — Venezuela
Banks, 1898 — USA, Mexico
Thorell, 1875 — Russia, Ukraine
Simon, 1907 — Guinea-Bissau
Thorell, 1898 — Myanmar
Zhu, 1998 — China
Roberts, 1983 — Aldabra
Tullgren, 1910 — East Africa
Levi, 1963 — USA
Levi, 1963 — Brazil
Strand, 1906 — Costa Rica
Thorell, 1887 — Myanmar
Levi, 1963 — Brazil
Baert & Maelfait, 1986 — Galapagos Islands
Berland, 1920 — East Africa
O. P.-Cambridge, 1885 — Yarkand
Simon, 1914 — Europe, Russia
Levi, 1959 — Mexico
Roewer, 1942 — Queensland, New South Wales
Caporiacco, 1949 — Kenya
Brignoli, 1984 — Corfu
Levi, 1963 — Costa Rica to Venezuela
Levi, 1957 — USA
Levi, 1959 — Mexico
Simon, 1881 — Corsica, Italy, Morocco, Algeria
Urquhart, 1886 — New Zealand
Levi, 1959 — Mexico
T. cuspulatum Schmidt & Krause, 1998 — Cape Verde Islands
Levi, 1963 — Mexico
Gertsch & Mulaik, 1936 — USA, Mexico
Levy & Amitai, 1982 — Israel
Strand, 1906 — Ethiopia
Levi, 1959 — Mexico
Zhu, 1998 — China
Thorell, 1890 — Sumatra
(Simon, 1889) — Madagascar
O. P.-Cambridge, 1904 — South Africa
O. P.-Cambridge, 1904 — South Africa
Simon, 1895 — Sierra Leone, Gabon, Bioko
Chrysanthus, 1963 — New Guinea
Rainbow, 1916 — Queensland
T. differens Emerton, 1882 — USA, Canada
Simon, 1897 — Costa Rica to Venezuela, West Indies
T. dilutum Levi, 1957 — USA, Mexico
Gertsch & Archer, 1942 — USA
Levi, 1963 — Dominica
Levi, 1959 — Mexico
Bradley, 1877 — New Guinea
Zhu, 1998 — China
Gertsch & Archer, 1942 — USA
Lawrence, 1947 — South Africa
Levi, 1963 — Ecuador
Fawzy & El Erksousy, 2002 — Egypt
(O. P.-Cambridge, 1896) — Mexico
T. elegantissimum Roewer, 1942 — Taiwan
Thorell, 1881 — Queensland
L. Koch, 1882 — Mallorca
Roewer, 1951 — Mexico
Sedgwick, 1973 — Chile
Dobyns & Bond, 1996 — USA
Berland, 1920 — East Africa
Berland, 1938 — New Hebrides
Levi, 1963 — Brazil
Roewer, 1942 — Bioko
Keyserling, 1884 — Mexico, West Indies to Brazil
F. O. P.-Cambridge, 1902 — Guatemala
Levi, 1963 — Ecuador, Peru
O. P.-Cambridge, 1885 — Yarkand
O. P.-Cambridge, 1871 — Palearctic
Keyserling, 1884 — Ecuador, Peru
Berland, 1933 — Marquesas Islands
Thorell, 1881 — Queensland
Caporiacco, 1949 — Kenya
Simon, 1907 — Bioko
Levi, 1963 — Brazil
Urquhart, 1887 — New Zealand
T. flavonotatum Becker, 1879 — USA, Cuba
Thorell, 1898 — Myanmar
Simon, 1884 — Sudan
Levi, 1959 — Mexico
Levi, 1963 — Colombia, Ecuador, Venezuela
T. frondeum Hentz, 1850 — USA, Bahama Islands
Simon, 1890 — Yemen
Keyserling, 1886 — Ecuador, Peru
Simon, 1914 — France, Algeria, Syria
Rainbow, 1916 — Queensland
Rainbow, 1916 — Queensland
Franganillo, 1930 — Cuba
T. gabardi Simon, 1895 — Sri Lanka
Levi, 1959 — Panama
Levy & Amitai, 1982 — Israel
Chamberlin, 1924 — USA, Mexico
Simon, 1873 — Western Mediterranean to Uzbekistan
- T. genistae turanicum Charitonov, 1946 — Uzbekistan
Simon, 1881 — Corsica, Algeria
Levi, 1959 — USA, Mexico
Rainbow, 1916 — Queensland
Keyserling, 1890 — New South Wales, Victoria
Rainbow, 1916 — Queensland
Caporiacco, 1934 — Karakorum
T. glaucescens Becker, 1879 — USA, Canada
Simon, 1881 — France
Levi, 1957 — USA, Mexico
Urquhart, 1889 — New Zealand
T. grallator Simon, 1900 — Hawaii
Zhu, 1998 — China
Simon, 1909 — Vietnam
Wunderlich, 1987 — Canary Islands
Levi, 1963 — Peru
Levi, 1959 — Mexico to Venezuela
Hu & Li, 1987 — China
Zhu, 1998 — China
Simon, 1900 — Hawaii
Denis, 1944 — Europe, North Africa, Madeira, Canary Islands
Simon, 1908 — Western Australia
Levi, 1963 — Hispaniola
Berland, 1938 — New Hebrides
Thorell, 1895 — Java
Simon, 1914 — USA, Canada, Europe
Levy, 1991 — Israel
Caporiacco, 1949 — Ethiopia
Levi, 1957 — USA, Mexico
Levy & Amitai, 1982 — Israel
O. P.-Cambridge, 1898 — Mexico, West Indies to Paraguay
Thorell, 1875 — Balkans
Levi, 1959 — Honduras
Berland, 1929 — Samoa
Zhu & Zhou, 1993 — China
Levi, 1963 — Peru
Tang, Yin & Peng, 2005 — China
Zhu, 1998 — China
Levi, 1967 — Peru
Schenkel, 1936 — China
Rainbow, 1917 — South Australia
Simon, 1886 — Senegal
Keyserling, 1886 — Brazil
Simon, 1895 — Philippines
Simon, 1890 — Yemen
T. incertissimum (Caporiacco, 1954) — French Guiana, Brazil
O. P.-Cambridge, 1885 — India
(O. P.-Cambridge, 1896) — Guatemala
Thorell, 1898 — Myanmar
Tikader, 1977 — Andaman Islands
Thorell, 1875 — Russia, Ukraine
Thorell, 1878 — Myanmar, Singapore, Amboina
- T. inquinatum continentale Strand, 1907 — China
Simon, 1907 — Gabon
(Bishop & Crosby, 1926) — USA
Levi, 1963 — Colombia, Ecuador
Barrion & Litsinger, 1995 — Philippines
Levi, 1963 — Peru
Levi, 1957 — USA to Panama
Wunderlich, 1995 — Italy
Levy & Amitai, 1982 — Israel
Barrion & Litsinger, 1995 — Philippines
Zhu, 1998 — China
Simon, 1900 — Hawaii
T. kawea Levi, 1957 — USA, Mexico
Tullgren, 1910 — East Africa
Müller & Heimer, 1990 — Colombia
Strand, 1911 — Aru Islands
Roewer, 1942 — Samoa
Doleschall, 1852 — Austria
Simon, 1905 — Java
Marples, 1957 — Fiji
Berland, 1920 — Kenya, Yemen, Madagascar
Blackwall, 1870 — Italy
Levi, 1963 — Ecuador
Strand, 1906 — Ethiopia
Zhang & Zhu, 2007 — China
Kulczynski, 1887 — Italy
Caporiacco, 1934 — Karakorum
T. lawrencei Gertsch & Archer, 1942 — USA
T. leechi Gertsch & Archer, 1942 — USA, Canada
Chamberlin, 1916 — Colombia, Peru
Strand, 1907 — South Africa
Levi, 1959 — Mexico
Simon, 1905 — India
Blackwall, 1877 — Seychelles
Gertsch & Riechert, 1976 — USA
(Zhu & Yu, 1982) — China
Tullgren, 1910 — Tanzania
L. Koch, 1872 — Queensland, New South Wales
Levi, 1963 — Chile
Hu, 2001 — China
T. llano Levi, 1957 — USA
Roewer, 1938 — New Guinea
T. logan Levi and Patrick, 2013 — USA
Marples, 1956 — New Zealand
Strand, 1907 — China
Zhu, 1998 — China, Korea
Roewer, 1942 — Colombia
Thorell, 1890 — Java
Simon, 1880 — Malaysia to Australia, New Caledonia
Barrion & Litsinger, 1995 — Philippines
T. luteitarse Schmidt & Krause, 1995 — Cape Verde Islands
Simon, 1895 — Congo
Levi, 1963 — Peru
Tang, Yin & Peng, 2006 — China
Levi, 1963 — Ecuador
Roewer, 1942 — Zanzibar
Müller & Heimer, 1990 — Colombia
Simon, 1905 — India
Tikader, 1970 — India
Marples, 1955 — Samoa
Levi, 1963 — Venezuela
Levi, 1963 — Paraguay
Levi, 1959 — Mexico
Marples, 1955 — Samoa
Caporiacco, 1949 — Kenya
Simon, 1900 — Hawaii
Roberts, 1983 — Aldabra
Schmidt & Krause, 1996 — Canary Islands
Thorell, 1895 — Myanmar
- T. melanoprorum orientale Simon, 1909 — Vietnam
Mello-Leitão, 1947 — Brazil
O. P.-Cambridge, 1876 — Mediterranean, Aldabra, Seychelles, China, Japan, USA, Hispaniola
T. melanurum Hahn, 1831 — Holarctic, Azores
Simon, 1900 — Hawaii
Berland, 1933 — Marquesas Islands
Caporiacco, 1949 — Kenya
Chamberlin & Ivie, 1936 — Panama
Simon, 1907 — Guinea-Bissau
T. michelbacheri Levi, 1957 — USA
Levi, 1963 — Panama
Keyserling, 1884 — Panama, Peru
Thorell, 1895 — Myanmar
Thorell, 1898 — Myanmar
T. modestum (Simon, 1894) — Sri Lanka
Thorell, 1899 — Cameroon
L. Koch, 1872 — Australia, Samoa
Emerton, 1882 — USA, Canada, Alaska, Norway, Finland, Russia
Levi, 1963 — Peru
Simon, 1908 — Western Australia
O. P.-Cambridge, 1898 — USA, Mexico
T. murarium Emerton, 1882 — North America
Schmidt & Krause, 1995 — Cape Verde Islands
Schmidt, 1956 — Canary Islands
Simon, 1873 — Mediterranean
Levi, 1957 — USA, Mexico, Jamaica
L. Koch, 1870 — Palearctic
Schmidt, 1971 — Ecuador
Levi, 1959 — Trinidad
Roberts, 1983 — Aldabra
Caporiacco, 1949 — Kenya
Wunderlich, 1995 — Sardinia
Barrion & Litsinger, 1995 — Philippines
Levy & Amitai, 1982 — Israel
T. neomexicanum Banks, 1901 — USA, Canada
T. neshamini Levi, 1957 — USA
Levi, 1963 — Trinidad
Keyserling, 1891 — Brazil
Keyserling, 1884 — Ecuador, Peru
Caporiacco, 1949 — Kenya
Lucas, 1846 — Mediterranean
Thorell, 1898 — Myanmar
Tullgren, 1910 — Tanzania
Simon, 1873 — Palearctic
Levi and Patrick, 2013 — USA
Simon, 1905 — India
Rainbow, 1916 — Queensland
Thorell, 1898 — Myanmar
O. P.-Cambridge, 1898 — Mexico
Rainbow, 1916 — Queensland
T. nodiferum Simon, 1895 — Sri Lanka
Yoshida, 1999 — Japan
Levi, 1959 — Mexico, Panama
Thorell, 1895 — Myanmar
Zhu, 1998 — China
Levy & Amitai, 1982 — Israel
Strand, 1909 — South Africa
Zhu, 1998 — China
Thorell, 1870 — Holarctic
- T. ohlerti lundbecki Sørensen, 1898 — Greenland
Levi, 1963 — Brazil
Levi, 1959 — Mexico, Guatemala
Levi, 1963 — Peru
Levi, 1963 — Brazil
Levi, 1963 — Mexico
(Levi, 1967) — Brazil
(Archer, 1950) — USA
Levi, 1963 — Venezuela
Levi, 1963 — Brazil
Barrion & Litsinger, 1995 — Philippines
Roberts, 1983 — Aldabra
Paik, 1996 — Korea
Roewer, 1942 — East Africa
Marusik & Tsellarius, 1986 — Finland, Poland, Estonia, Russia
Simon, 1895 — Cambodia
Caporiacco, 1947 — Tanzania
Levi, 1963 — Brazil
Blackwall, 1870 — Sicily
Keyserling, 1884 — Peru
Caporiacco, 1933 — Libya
Levi, 1963 — Mexico
T. pennsylvanicum Emerton, 1913 — USA, Canada
Simon, 1900 — Hawaii
Levi, 1963 — Brazil
Simon, 1885 — Malaysia
L. Koch, 1872 — Holarctic
Berland, 1920 — East Africa
Simon, 1909 — Vietnam
T. pictum (Walckenaer, 1802) — Holarctic
Keyserling, 1886 — Brazil
Urquhart, 1893 — Tasmania
Frauenfeld, 1867 — Nicobar Islands
Strand, 1907 — South Africa
L. Koch, 1872 — Palearctic
Simon, 1909 — Vietnam
Simon, 1873 — Corsica
Levi, 1963 — Brazil
Berland, 1938 — New Hebrides
Levi, 1963 — Venezuela, Brazil
Simon, 1909 — Vietnam
Hasselt, 1882 — Sumatra
Tullgren, 1910 — Tanzania
Zhu, 1998 — China
Urquhart, 1889 — New Zealand
Chamberlin, 1924 — USA, West Indies to Paraguay
Simon, 1900 — Hawaii
Tullgren, 1910 — Tanzania
Tullgren, 1910 — Tanzania
Simon, 1907 — Sierra Leone
Simon, 1900 — Hawaii
- T. praetextum concolor Simon, 1900 — Hawaii
Blackwall, 1870 — Italy
Lawrence, 1964 — South Africa
Locket, 1980 — Comoro Islands
Hu, 2001 — China
Urquhart, 1886 — New Zealand
T. punctipes Emerton, 1924 — USA, Mexico
Urquhart, 1891 — New Zealand
Barrion & Litsinger, 1995 — Philippines
O. P.-Cambridge, 1904 — St. Helena, South Africa
L. Koch, 1867 — Queensland, New South Wales
Denis, 1944 — Spain, Andorra
Hu, 2001 — China
T. quadratum (O. P.-Cambridge, 1882) — Sri Lanka, Sumatra
Lenz, 1886 — Madagascar
Thorell, 1895 — Myanmar
Keyserling, 1891 — Brazil
T. rabuni Chamberlin & Ivie, 1944 — USA, Bahama Islands
Simon, 1899 — Sumatra
Levi, 1963 — Peru, Venezuela
Levi, 1963 — Venezuela
Drensky, 1929 — Austria, Balkans, Bulgaria, Greece, Russia
Charitonov, 1946 — Uzbekistan
Levi, 1959 — Panama
Strand, 1909 — South Africa
Simon, 1909 — Vietnam
Simon, 1909 — Vietnam
Levi, 1959 — Puerto Rico
Levi, 1963 — Peru
Simon, 1895 — West Africa
Levi, 1959 — Mexico
Keyserling, 1884 — Brazil
(Keyserling, 1886) — Brazil
Levi, 1963 — Bolivia
Strand, 1913 — Central Africa
Chamberlin & Ivie, 1947 — USA, Canada, Alaska
Strand, 1913 — Central Africa
Monga & Singh, 1989 — India
Berland, 1929 — Samoa
Levi, 1959 — Mexico
Zhu, 1998 — China
Chamberlin & Ivie, 1944 — USA
Thorell, 1887 — Myanmar
Levi, 1963 — Peru
Levi, 1963 — Mexico
Benoit, 1977 — St. Helena
Simon, 1914 — Spain, France, Balearic is.
Levi, 1963 — Venezuela
Berland, 1933 — Marquesas Islands
Guan & Zhu, 1993 — China
Simon, 1909 — Vietnam
Roewer, 1942 — Myanmar
L. Koch, 1872 — Queensland, New Hebrides, Samoa, New Caledonia
Zhu, 1998 — China
Zhu, 1998 — China
Marusik, 1988 — Russia, Mongolia
Levi, 1959 — Mexico
(Clerck, 1757) — Palearctic
- T. sisyphium foliiferum Thorell, 1875 — Spain
- T. sisyphium torandae Strand, 1917 — Yarkand, Karakorum
Levi, 1963 — Brazil
Berland, 1934 — Tahiti
Benoit, 1977 — St. Helena
Rainbow, 1916 — Queensland
O. P.-Cambridge, 1876 — North Africa
Caporiacco, 1934 — Karakorum
Urquhart, 1886 — New Zealand
Levi, 1963 — Venezuela
Levi, 1963 — Mexico
T. strepitus Peck & Shear, 1987 — Galapagos Islands
Keyserling, 1884 — Brazil
F. O. P.-Cambridge, 1902 — Mexico, Guatemala
O. P.-Cambridge, 1885 — India
Zhu & Song, 1993 — China, Korea
T. submissum Gertsch & Davis, 1936 — USA, Mexico, Bahama Islands, Jamaica
Simon, 1908 — Western Australia
Simon, 1901 — Malaysia
Keyserling, 1891 — Brazil
Simon, 1889 — India
Marusik & Penney, 2005 — Sulawesi
Wierzbicki, 1902 — Azerbaijan
Paik, 1996 — Korea
Berland, 1934 — Tahiti
Roewer, 1942 — Myanmar
Müller & Heimer, 1990 — Colombia
Levi, 1963 — Venezuela
T. teliferum Simon, 1895 — Sri Lanka
C. L. Koch, 1841 — Greece
Thorell, 1898 — Myanmar
Levi, 1963 — Brazil
Thorell, 1899 — Cameroon
Caporiacco, 1949 — Kenya
Marusik, 1988 — Russia
Workman, 1878 — Myanmar
(Keyserling, 1890) — China, Queensland, New South Wales
L. Koch, 1865 — New South Wales
Esyunin & Efimik, 1996 — Russia
Patel, 1973 — India
Levi, 1957 — USA
Keyserling, 1891 — Brazil
Thorell, 1895 — Myanmar, Singapore
Simon, 1880 — New Caledonia
Levi, 1963 — Ecuador
Keyserling, 1884 — Peru
Blackwall, 1866 — Africa
Petrunkevitch, 1911 — USA, Mexico
O. P.-Cambridge, 1898 — Mexico to Panama
Franganillo, 1936 — Cuba
Simon, 1907 — West, East Africa
Thorell, 1890 — Sumatra, Java
Levi, 1959 — Costa Rica
Thorell, 1881 — Australia
Caporiacco, 1949 — Kenya
Doleschall, 1859 — Java, Moluccas, New Guinea
Levi, 1963 — Venezuela, Ecuador, Brazil
Levi, 1959 — Costa Rica
Keyserling, 1884 — Brazil
Martin, 1974 — Europe
Levi, 1963 — Brazil
F. O. P.-Cambridge, 1902 — Mexico
Zhu, 1998 — China
Roewer, 1942 — New Hebrides
Thorell, 1898 — Myanmar
Caporiacco, 1947 — Ethiopia
Levi, 1963 — Brazil
Strand, 1913 — Central Africa
Levi, 1963 — Peru
Levi, 1959 — Panama
Levy & Amitai, 1982 — Israel
Strand, 1909 — South Africa
T. varians Hahn, 1833 — Holarctic
- T. varians cyrenaicum Caporiacco, 1933 — Libya
- T. varians melanotum Strand, 1907 — Germany
- T. varians rusticum Simon, 1873 — Western Mediterranean
Rainbow, 1916 — Queensland
Levy, 1985 — Israel
Urquhart, 1887 — New Zealand
Keyserling, 1884 — Venezuela, Ecuador, Peru
Strand, 1907 — East Africa
Strand, 1907 — Cameroon
Simon, 1884 — Sudan
Levi, 1959 — Panama
Thorell, 1892 — Singapore
Levi, 1963 — Peru
Sedgwick, 1973 — Chile
Schenkel, 1938 — Spain, France, Algeria
Thorell, 1887 — Myanmar
Zhu & Song, 1992 — China, Taiwan
(Hu & Wu, 1989) — China
Zhu, 1998 — China
Levi, 1963 — USA
Schenkel, 1963 — China
Urquhart, 1886 — New Zealand
Caporiacco, 1949 — Kenya
Zhu, 1998 — China
Levy, 2007 — Israel
Hu, 2001 — China
Zhu, 1998 — China
Zhu, 1998 — China
Keyserling, 1884 — Peru
Eydoux & Souleyet, 1841 — Unknown
Thorell, 1890 — Sumatra

References[]

^ "Theridion pictum (Walckenaer, 1802)". World Spider Catalog. 20.0. Natural History Museum Bern. 2019. Retrieved 14 April 2019.
^ Levi, H. W. (1957). "The spider genera Enoplognatha, Theridion, and Paidisca in America north of Mexico (Araneae, Theridiidae)". Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. 112: 1–124.
^ Levi, H. W. (1967d). The spider genus Billima Simon. Psyche, Cambridge 74: 340-341
^ Miller, J. A. (2007). "Review of erigonine spider genera in the Neotropics (Araneae: Linyphiidae, Erigoninae)". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 149: 1–263. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2007.00233.x.
^ Levi, H. W.; Levi, L. R. (1962). "The genera of the spider family Theridiidae". Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology. 127.
^ Levi, H. W. (1963). "American spiders of the genus Theridion (Araneae, Theridiidae)". Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology. 129.
^ Michalko, Radek; Dvoryankina, Viktoriya (1 June 2019). "Intraspecific phenotypic variation in functional traits of a generalist predator in an agricultural landscape". Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment. 278: 35–42. doi:10.1016/j.agee.2019.03.018.

External links[]

Society-focused spiders live and hunt together - NewScientist.com

[WSC-1] "Theridion pictum (Walckenaer, 1802)". World Spider Catalog. 20.0. Natural History Museum Bern. 2019. Retrieved 14 April 2019.

[2] Levi, H. W. (1957). "The spider genera Enoplognatha, Theridion, and Paidisca in America north of Mexico (Araneae, Theridiidae)". Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. 112: 1–124.

[3] Levi, H. W. (1967d). The spider genus Billima Simon. Psyche, Cambridge 74: 340-341

[4] Miller, J. A. (2007). "Review of erigonine spider genera in the Neotropics (Araneae: Linyphiidae, Erigoninae)". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 149: 1–263. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2007.00233.x.

[5] Levi, H. W.; Levi, L. R. (1962). "The genera of the spider family Theridiidae". Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology. 127.

[6] Levi, H. W. (1963). "American spiders of the genus Theridion (Araneae, Theridiidae)". Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology. 129.

[7] Michalko, Radek; Dvoryankina, Viktoriya (1 June 2019). "Intraspecific phenotypic variation in functional traits of a generalist predator in an agricultural landscape". Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment. 278: 35–42. doi:10.1016/j.agee.2019.03.018.

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Theridion Temporal range: Cretaceous–present PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N

male T. grallator

T. pictum
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Arthropoda
Subphylum:	Chelicerata
Class:	Arachnida
Order:	Araneae
Infraorder:	Araneomorphae
Family:	Theridiidae
Genus:	Theridion Walckenaer, 1805
Type species
Aranea picta Walckenaer, 1802^[1]
Species
T. attritum T. grallator T. strepitus hundreds more, see text.
Diversity
nearly 600 species
Synonyms
Allotheridion^[2] Billima^[3] Liger^[4] Phaetoticus^[5]