Thomas Alexander Souter

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Thomas Alexander Souter (11 December 1796 – 10 June 1848) was the sole surviving officer of the last stand of the British Army, composed mostly of men from the 44th (East Essex) Regiment of Foot, near Gandamak, Afghanistan, at the close of the first Anglo-Afghan War in 1842. Camp Souter, a former major military base near Kabul, was named after him.^[1]

Life[]

Souter was born in Guildford, Surrey, to a career army officer father, Major Thomas Souter of Derbyshire. The younger Souter was promoted to the 44th Foot Regiment as a lieutenant in 1835 after serving in the 57th Foot.^[2] The 1842 retreat from Kabul occurred when the British withdrew their forces at the end of the first Anglo-Afghan War. Rather than being allowed to leave peacefully for the British garrison at Jalalabad, the army, its followers, and families of British and Indian soldiers were continually harassed by Afghan snipers before the army made its last stand.^[3] During the march, Souter lost two horses and sustained a serious shoulder wound. He and a sergeant had donned the somewhat bedraggled colours of the 44th under their coats to protect them from further deterioration; the sergeant was killed^[4] before the remnants of the British army, a force of only 65-80 officers and men with 20 muskets between them,^[5][6] arrived near Gandamak on the morning of 13 January. According to Souter's account in a five-page letter to his wife written in captivity, only he, a mess sergeant, and seven men were spared while the rest were slaughtered after a day's fighting: "In the conflict my posteen flew open and exposed the colour: thinking I was some great man from looking so flash, I was seized by two fellows who. . .took my clothes from me, except my trousers and cap, led me to a village, . . .and I was made over to the head man".^[4] After a month, Souter was handed over to Akbar Khan, a son of Dost Mohammad Khan, whom the British had deposed in 1839 but who was later restored to power.^[7] Souter and the other prisoners were finally released in September 1842.^[3] Back in England, Souter served as a captain in the 22nd Regiment. He resigned on 26 May 1848 and died two weeks later.^[8] The regiment's colour endured a complicated fate: It was returned to Souter by one of his original captors, though stripped of its tinsel and tassels,^[4] then was in the individual possession of various men and officers of the 44th.^[9] In recent times, it has been displayed at the National Army Museum, London, England, along with a life-sized mannequin of Souter and the painting depicting the last stand at Gandamak, by William Barnes Wollen (1898), in which Souter is prominently positioned wearing the colour.^[10] Currently, the regiment's colour is housed at the Regimental Chapel of the Royal Anglian Regiment and the Essex Regiment at Warley, Essex. Wollen's painting is displayed, along with Souter's effigy with a replica of the colour wrapped around it, at the Essex Regiment Museum in Oaklands Park, Chelmsford, Essex^[11]

Cultural Reference[]

In the first episode of season two of the BBC series Victoria, the Queen is told of the massacre of the British army in Afghanistan. Dr. William Brydon quit the march before Gandamak and, escaping many perils, arrived safely in Jalalabad, the original destination of the retreating army; he was the only person to reach the garrison. In his audience with Victoria, Brydon mentions the loss of his "dear friend, Captain Souter." The scene briefly switches to a snowy hilltop where a bloodied soldier, apparently Souter, lies dead. However, Souter did not die in Afghanistan, and there is no evidence that he and Brydon were friends.

Descendants[]

Thomas and his wife Hannah (née Harpur) had eight children who survived to adulthood. One son, Frank Souter, was the first police commissioner of Bombay. Their daughter Emma married Colonel Edward Penfold Arthur, the son of Sir George Arthur, 1st Baronet, and had a daughter, Isabella Fanny, who married William James Wemyss Muir, the oldest son of Sir William Muir and Elizabeth Huntly Wemyss.^[12] Other notable descendants include Gavyn Farr Arthur, a judge and the Lord Mayor of London (2002-2003), and Gerald Hamilton.

References[]