Tijuana Cartel

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Tijuana Cartel
Cartel de Tijuana (mapa).jpg
Areas predominantly controlled by the Tijuana Cartel shown in purple
Founded1987; 34 years ago (1987)[1]
Founded byBenjamin Arellano Felix, Ramon Arellano Felix
Founding locationTijuana, Baja California, Mexico
Years active1987–present[2][3]
TerritoryMexico:
Tijuana, Baja California,
Baja California Sur
United States:
San Diego, Los Angeles
Leader(s)Enedina Arellano Félix
ActivitiesDrug trafficking, money laundering, people smuggling, murder, arms trafficking, bribery[4]
AlliesLogan Heights Gang[5]
Russian mafia[6]
Los Palillos (later became rivals)
Cali Cartel (defunct)
Norte del Valle Cartel (defunct)
RivalsSinaloa Cartel
Gulf Cartel
Los Palillos (in San Diego/Chula Vista)
Juárez Cartel
Jalisco New Generation Cartel

The Tijuana Cartel (Spanish: Cártel de Tijuana) or Arellano-Félix Organization (Spanish: Organización Arellano Félix, AFO) is a Mexican drug cartel based in Tijuana, Baja California, Mexico. Founded by the Arellano-Felix family, the cartel once was described as "one of the biggest and most violent criminal groups in Mexico".[7] However, since the 2006 Sinaloa Cartel incursion in Baja California and the fall of the Arellano-Félix brothers, the Tijuana Cartel has been reduced to a few cells. In 2016, the organization became known as Cartel Tijuana Nueva Generación (New Generation Tijuana Cartel) and began to align itself under the Jalisco New Generation Cartel, along with Beltrán Leyva Organization (BLO) to create an anti-Sinaloa alliance, in which the Jalisco New Generation Cartel heads, are creating a power shift in Mexico.[8]

History[]

Miguel Ángel Félix Gallardo, the founder of the Guadalajara Cartel, was arrested in 1989. While incarcerated, he remained one of Mexico's major traffickers, maintaining his organization via mobile phone until he was transferred to a new maximum security prison in the 1990s. At that point, his old organization broke up into three factions: the Tijuana Cartel led by his nephews, the Arellano Félix brothers, the Juarez Cartel, led by Amado Carrillo Fuentes, and the Sinaloa Cartel, run by former lieutenants Héctor Luis Palma Salazar and Joaquín Guzmán Loera, a.k.a. El Chapo.

Currently, the majority of Mexico's smuggling routes are controlled by three key cartels: Gulf, Sinaloa and Tijuana—though Tijuana is the least powerful. The Tijuana cartel was further weakened in August 2006 when its chief, Javier Arellano Félix, was arrested by the U.S. Coast Guard on a boat off the coast of Baja California.[9] Mexican army troops were sent to Tijuana in January 2007 in an operation to restore order to the border city and root out corrupt police officers, who mostly were cooperating with the Tijuana cartel. As a result of these efforts, the Tijuana cartel is unable to project much power outside of its base in Tijuana.[10] Much of the violence that emerged in 2008 in Tijuana was a result of conflicts within the Tijuana cartel: on one side, the faction led by Teodoro García Simental (a.k.a. El Teo) favored kidnappings. The other faction, led by Luis Fernando Sánchez Arellano (a.k.a. El Ingeniero), focused primarily on drug trafficking.[11] The faction led by Sánchez Arellano demanded the reduction of the kidnappings in Tijuana, but his demands were rejected by García Simental, resulting in high levels of violence.[11] Nonetheless, most of the victims in Tijuana were white-collar entrepreneurs, and the kidnappings were bringing "too much heat on organized crime" and disrupting the criminal enterprises and interests of the cartel.[12]

The Mexican federal government responded by implementing "Operation Tijuana", a coordination carried out between the Mexican military and the municipal police forces in the area. To put down the violence, InSight Crime states that a pact was probably created between military officials and members of the Sánchez Arellano faction to eliminate Simental's group.[11] The U.S. authorities speculated through WikiLeaks in 2009 that Tijuana's former police boss, Julián Leyzaola, had made agreements with Sánchez Arellano to bring relative peace in Tijuana.[13] With the arrest of El Teo in January 2010, much of his faction was eliminated from the city of Tijuana; some of its remains went off and joined with the Sinaloa Cartel. But much of the efforts done between 2008 and 2010 in Tijuana would not have been possible without the coordination of local police forces and the Mexican military – and possibly with a cartel truce – to put down the violence.[11]

The relative peace in the city of Tijuana in 2010–2012 has raised speculations of a possible agreement between the Tijuana Cartel and the Sinaloa Cartel to maintain peace in the area.[14] According to Mexican and U.S. authorities, most of Tijuana is under the dominance of the Sinaloa cartel, while Luis Fernando Sánchez Arellano of the Tijuana cartel remains the "head of that puppet empire".[14] To be exact, experts told InSight Crime that the peace exists because Joaquín Guzmán Loera wants it that way, and argued that his organization—the Sinaloa Cartel—has become spread too thin with its wars with Los Zetas and the Juárez Cartel and that opening a third war would be inconvenient.[14] The Tijuana cartel, however, has something their rivals do not have: a long-time family with business and political connections throughout the city. InSight Crime believes that this could explain why the Sinaloa cartel has left Sánchez Arellano as the figurehead, since it might be too costly for El Chapo financially and politically to make a final push.[14] Moreover, the Tijuana cartel charges a toll ("piso") on the Sinaloa cartel for trafficking drugs in their territory, which serves as an illustration of the Tijuana cartel's continued hegemony as a local group.[15] Despite the series of high-ranking arrests the cartel suffered throughout 2011–2012, its ability to maintain a highly centralized criminal infrastructure shows how difficult it is to uproot cartels who have long-established their presence in a community.[15]

Despite being a shell of what it once was in the early 2000s along with the capture of several top suspected members of the Tijuana Cartel, the group appears to retain significant control in the state of Baja California.[16]

In June 2020, it was reported that the Sinaloa Cartel controlled much of the Tijuana Cartel's former territory and that an alliance with the Jalisco New Generation Cartel, which also resulted in the cartel being rebranded as Tijuana Cartel New Generation (Cartel de Tijuana Nueva Generación), but this alliance disintegrated very quickly when the Jalisco Cartel showed it intended to take the place of the Sinaloa cartel rather than aid in helping the Tijuana Cartel reestablish dominance and independence. As a result the Tijuana Cartel reversed their branding back to Cartel Arellano Félix and arranged the assassination of Cabo 33 the Jalisco Cartel's head of operations in Baja California, after effectively removing the Jalisco Cartel's influence in Baja California the Tijuana Cartel has further engaged the Sinaloa Cartel for control of Tijuana plaza and its surrounding areas. With the imminent release of El Ingeniero and the current consolidations with in Baja California as well as an alliance with Rafa Caro Quintero and the Sonora plaza its speculated the Tijuana Cartel may again rise and surpass both the Gulf and Juarez Cartel's who along with the Sinaloa Cartel are suffering greatly from internal strife.

In November 2020 it was reported emissaries from the Los Chapitos faction of the Sinaloa Cartel had been seen in Tijuana attempting to form an alliance with the now resurgent Tijuana Cartel. Following the defection of El Mayo's head of operations in Tijuana and the reintegration of its Cabo San Lucas branch it is evident that the Arellano Félix Organization has retaken control of its Tijuana hotbed from outside influences as well as other important hubs in Baja California leaving Mexicali and Rosarito as the last known Sinaloa Cartel outposts in Baja California Norte though how long they will remain under Sinaloan control is debatable with the rapid defection of Sinaloa Cartel operators in traditionally Arellano Félix territories. [17]

Organization[]

The Arellano Félix family was initially composed of seven brothers and four sisters, who inherited the organization from Miguel Ángel Félix Gallardo upon his incarceration in Mexico in 1989 for his complicity in the murder of DEA Special Agent Enrique Camarena. The brothers' death and arrests during the 2000s did impact the Arellano Félix cartel, but they did not dismantle the organization.[18][19]

The Tijuana Cartel has infiltrated the Mexican law enforcement and judicial systems and is directly involved in street-level trafficking within the United States. This criminal organization is responsible for the transportation, importation, and distribution of multi-ton quantities of cocaine and marijuana, as well as large quantities of heroin and methamphetamine.[20]

The organization has a reputation for extreme violence. Ramón Arellano Félix ordered a hit which resulted in the mass murder of 18 people in Ensenada, Baja California, on September 17, 1998. Ramón was eventually killed in a gun battle with police at Mazatlán in Sinaloa, on February 10, 2002.

The Arellano Félix family has seven brothers:

They also have four sisters, of whom Alicia and Enedina are most active in the cartel's affairs.

Eduardo Arellano Félix was captured by the Mexican Army after a shootout in Tijuana on October 26, 2008;[18] he had been the last of the Arellano Félix brothers at large. Luis Fernando Sánchez Arellano took over the cartel's operations.[24] His two top lieutenants were Armando Villareal Heredia[25] and Edgardo Leyva Escandon.[26] Fernando Sanchez Arellano was arrested by Mexican police in June 2014.[27] Leyva remains at large and Villareal was captured in July 2011.[28]

On November 5, 2011, Mexican troops arrested cartel lieutenant Francisco Sillas Rocha,[29] who was reported to be the cartel's number two leader,[29] and some of his close associates.[29] Observers argued that Rocha's arrest put the Tijuana Cartel "on the ropes",[30] though some differed on whether or not the arrest put "the final nail in the coffin" for the Tijuana Cartel.[30]

In February 2020, senior cartel operator Octavio Leal Hernandez, also known as “Chapito Leal,” was arrested with seven others by Tijuana police for stealing cars from a used-car dealership at gunpoint and possessing marijuana.[31][32]

Activities[]

The Tijuana cartel is present in at least 15 Mexican states, with important areas of operation in Tijuana, Mexicali, Tecate, and Ensenada in Baja California, in parts of Sinaloa,[33] and in Zacatecas. After the death in 1997 of the Juárez Cartel's Amado Carrillo Fuentes, the Tijuana Cartel attempted to gain a foothold in Sonora.[7] The Oaxaca Cartel reportedly joined forces with the Tijuana Cartel in 2003.

Fourteen Mexican drug gang members were killed and eight others were injured in a gun battle in Tijuana near the U.S. border on Saturday, April 26, 2008, that was one of the bloodiest shootouts in the narco-war between the Tijuana Cartel and the Sinaloa Cartel. On December 1, 2011, William R. Sherman, acting special agent in charge of the Drug Enforcement Administration's office in San Diego, announced that the cartel had been annihilated and that the Sinaloa Cartel now controlled a large number of the drug routes the Tijuana Cartel once had.[34] On December 12, 2011, Tijuana Police Chief Alberto Capella Ibarra announced that captured cartel lieutenant Francisco Sillas Rocha had confessed that the Tijuana Cartel and the Sinaloa Cartel had formed a truce and that the Tijuana Cartel was seeking to merge with the Sinaloa Cartel.[35] After Benjamin Arellano-Felix pleaded guilty to racketeering and conspiracy to launder money on January 4, 2012, it was accepted that the Tijuana Cartel had greatly lost influence.[22] It was also reported that the cartel had lost their former Tijuana hotbed to the Sinaloa Cartel.[22] The clan of the Arellano Felix continues, although diminished after the capture of their leaders.

Captures and trial[]

In October 1997, a retired U.S. Air Force C-130A that was sold to the airline Aeropostal Cargo de México was seized by Mexican federal officials, who alleged that the aircraft had been used to haul drugs for the cartel up from Central and South America, as well as around the Mexican interior. Investigators had linked the airline's owner, Jesús Villegas Covallos, to Ramón Arellano Félix.[7]

On August 14, 2006, Francisco Javier Arellano Félix was apprehended by the United States Coast Guard off the coast of Baja California Sur. On November 5, 2007, Francisco was sentenced to life in prison, at ADX Florence, after pleading guilty in September 2007 to running a criminal enterprise and laundering money.[36][37]

Benjamin Arellano Felix, who was arrested on March 9, 2002, by the Mexican Army in the state of Puebla,[38] was extradited to the United States on April 29, 2011, to face charges of trafficking cocaine into California.[39] He later pleaded guilty to racketeering and conspiracy to launder money, and was sentenced to 25 years in jail on April 2, 2012.[40] Once that is served, he will be sent back to Mexico to finish another 22 years for a conviction there.[41]

On August 31, 2012, Eduardo Arellano Felix was extradited to the United States to face trial for racketeering, money laundering and narcotics trafficking charges in the Southern District of California.[42] He pleaded guilty to money laundering and is serving 15 years.

Los Palillos[]

Los Palillos ("The Toothpicks") was a group operating within Tijuana Cartel, who worked as the armed wing of the Tijuana Cartel in the United States, for the control of the criminal activities in California and Nevada.[43][44]

They were a criminal organization that operated from San Diego to Los Angeles and other California and Nevada cities. To avoid constant confrontations with the police and police interest reducing his wealth, Ramon Arellano Felix began bribing almost any official possible.[citation needed] Felix received money from members of the criminal group and local criminals to "kick up" money from their illegal activities such as kidnapping and contract killing take half of the money and give it to the Tijuana Cartel to laundering it. That was way the Arellano Felix brothers operation included other clans in Tijuana, San Diego and Los Angeles.[44][45]

Presence in Colombia[]

The Tijuana Cartel is believed to have ties with FARC, a Colombia guerrilla group that also has ties with other Mexican drug cartels. In the 1990s, the Tijuana Cartel decided to expand their market opportunities in Colombia, exchanging drugs for weapons. In the 1990s they formed an alliance with the Cali Cartel and Norte del Valle Cartel for the cocaine business.[46]

Current status and new generation[]

The Luis Fernando Sánchez Arellano new generation organization of the cartel is believed to be one of the newest leaders in it to begin shipping cocaine from Colombia, particularly from Los Rastrojos and other Colombian dealers. The cartel was involved in the cultivation and distribution of marijuana in the Baja California area. Operating out of Tijuana, the cartel is now believed to make other activities such as kidnapping, people smuggling and bribery from a network of cells of local members within the Tijuana border region where the drugs are stored prior to shipment. The Tijuana Cartel has lost power but is growing more alliances in foreign countries.[44][47]

In popular culture[]

There are several Mexican-folk (norteño) ballads (narco-corridos) that narrate the Tijuana cartel exploits.

A fictional "Tijuana cartel" headed by a character named Obregon was featured battling a fictional "Juarez cartel" in the 2000 motion picture Traffic.

The cartel was portrayed as the Avendanos brothers in Univision's Netflix series El Chapo.

The cartel and its origins have also been portrayed in the Netflix series Narcos: Mexico.

See also[]

References[]

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  2. ^ Martínez, Julieta (6 January 2012). "El cártel de los Arellano Félix continúa: PGJE". El Universal. Retrieved 7 January 2012.
  3. ^ Beith, Malcolm (2010). The Last Narco. New York, New York: Grove Press. p. 47. ISBN 978-0-8021-1952-0.
  4. ^ McCAUL, MICHAEL T. "Athe Sand: Confronting the Threat at the Southwest Border" (PDF). House Committee on Homeland Security. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 September 2011. Retrieved 12 October 2011.
  5. ^ Roebuck, Jeremy (March 9, 2010). "Violence the result of fractured arrangement between Zetas and Gulf Cartel, authorities say". The Brownsville Herald. Retrieved 2010-03-12.
  6. ^ "Russian Mafia Helping Mexican Cartels".
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  8. ^ "Expert Says Weakened Sinaloa Cartel Under Attack by Rivals". 10 October 2016.
  9. ^ Longmire 2011, p. 144.
  10. ^ Burton, Fred (May 2, 2007). "Mexico: The Price of Peace in the Cartel Wars". The Stratfor Global Intelligence. Retrieved 2009-08-16.
  11. ^ Jump up to: a b c d Nathan, Jones (24 May 2012). "Tijuana's New Calm Shows Benefits of Local Policing in Mexico". InSight Crime. Retrieved 26 May 2012.
  12. ^ Marosi, Richard (3 May 2008). "Diagnosis: irony". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 26 May 2012.
  13. ^ Petrich, Blanche (16 March 2011). "Leyzaola pactó con los rivales de El Teo". La Jornada (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 2013-03-14. Retrieved 26 May 2012.
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  16. ^ "Tijuana Cartel". InSightCrime.org. 13 February 2018.
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  18. ^ Jump up to: a b "Mexico seizes top drugs suspect". BBC News. October 26, 2008. Retrieved 2008-10-27.
  19. ^ Luis Ramirez Vazquez Archived 2010-02-06 at the Wayback Machine
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  24. ^ "Mexican Drug Cartels: Government Progress and Growing Violence". STRATFOR Global Intelligence. December 11, 2008. Archived from the original on January 20, 2012. Retrieved 2009-08-25.
  25. ^ Marosi, Rich (July 23, 2010). "U.S. charges top leaders of Tijuana-based drug cartel". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2010-09-17.
  26. ^ Longmire, Sylvia (2010). "DTO 101: The Arellano Felix Organization". Border Violence Analysis. Archived from the original on 2011-09-03. Retrieved 2010-09-06.
  27. ^ Mexican drug cartel boss Luis Fernando Sanchez Arellano nabbed – CBC, 24 June 2014
  28. ^ "Mexico captures US-born Tijuana drug lieutenant (July 11, 2011)".
  29. ^ Jump up to: a b c EFE (November 7, 2011). "Mexican troops arrest Tijuana drug cartel boss". Fox News Latino. Archived from the original on November 11, 2011. Retrieved November 10, 2011.
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  31. ^ https://www.eluniversal.com.mx/english/arellano-felix-cartel-operator-el-chapito-leal-arrested-tijuana
  32. ^ https://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/news/border-baja-california/story/2020-02-24/tension-in-tijuana-following-the-arrest-of-el-chapito-leal
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  43. ^ Webster, Michael (May 23, 2008). "Mexican officials warn Americans to stay away". Los Angeles Independent Media Center. Retrieved 2010-03-08.
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  45. ^ Conroy, Bill (December 6, 2008). "Juarez murders shine light on an emerging 'Cartel in California'". NarcoSphere. Retrieved 2010-03-08.[permanent dead link]
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  47. ^ "Tijuana new Generation of Cartel 'New Tijuana Cartel'". NarcoSphere. December 6, 2008.

Bibliography[]

Further reading[]

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