Timeline of Baghdad

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The following is a timeline of the history of the city of Baghdad, Iraq.

This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by with reliable sources.
  1. 2000 BCE – Babylonian city of Baghdadu in existence (approximate date).[1][failed verification]
  2. 762 CE
    • Round City construction begins per Abbasid Caliph al-Mansur.[2][3]
    • Al-Khassakiyya mosque built.[4]
  3. 767 – Al-Mansur Mosque built.[4]
  4. 775 – (gate) built.[5]
  5. 786 – Harun al-Rashid in power.[6]
  6. 794 – Paper mill in operation.[6][7]
  7. 799 – Mashhad al-Kazimiyya built.[4]
  8. 812-813 Siege of Baghdad, Fourth Fitna (Islamic Civil War)
  9. 814 – City captured by al-Ma'mun.[6]
  10. 827 – Tomb of Zobeide built.[8]
  11. 836 – Abbasid Caliphate of Al-Mu'tasim relocated from Baghdad to Samarra.[9]
  12. 850 – Book of Ingenious Devices published.[10]
  13. 855 – Funeral of Ahmad ibn Hanbal.[11]
  14. 861 – 11 December: Caliph Al-Mutawakkil assassinated.[6]
  15. 865 – City wall built.[12]
  16. 865-866 Caliphal Civil War, was an armed conflict during the "Anarchy at Samarra" between the rival caliphs al-Musta'in and al-Mu'tazz.
  17. 892 – Abbasid Caliphate of Al-Mu'tamid relocated to Baghdad from Samarra.[9]
  18. 901 – Jami al-Qasr (mosque) built.[13]
  19. 908 – Khulafa Mosque built.[4]
  20. 946 – Battle of Baghdad; Shia Buyids in power.[9]
  21. 993 – Dar al-'Ilm (educational institution) founded.[14]
  22. 1055 – Seljuq Nizam al-Mulk in power.[6]
  23. 1157 - Siege of Baghdad, Abbasid–Seljuq Wars
  24. 1060 – Dar al-Kutub (library) founded.[14]
  25. 1066 – Abu Hanifa Mosque restored.[citation needed]
  26. 1067 – Al-Nizamiyya of Baghdad (college) established.[9][15]
  27. 1095 – City wall rebuilt.[12]
  28. 1180 – Caliph Al-Nasir in power.
  29. 1193 – Jami' Zumurrud Khatun (mosque) and Turbat Zumurrud Khatun (tomb) built.[4]
  30. 1202 – Minaret of Jami' al-Khaffafin built (approximate date).[4]
  31. 1215 – Tomb of Maruf el-Kerkhi built.[8]
  32. 1221 – Bab al-Talsim (Talisman gate) built.[4]
  33. 1226 - al-Baghdadi compiles  [ar] (cookbook).
  34. 1228 – Jami' al-Qumriyya Mosque built.[4]
  35. 1230 – Al-Qasr al-Abbasi fi al-Qal'a built (approximate date).[4]
  36. 1232 – Mustansiriya Madrasah established.[4][13]
  37. 1252 – Shrine of Abdul-Kadir built.[8]
  38. 1258 – January–February: City destroyed by forces of Mongol Hulagu Khan during the Siege of Baghdad; most of population killed.[9]
  39. 1272 – Marco Polo visits city (approximate date).[9]
  40. 1326 – Ibn Battuta visits city.[16]
  41. 1357 – Al-Madrasah al-Mirjaniyya built.[4]
  42. 1358 – Khan al-Mirjan built.[4]
  43. 1393 – City captured by Timur.[9]
  44. 1401 – by Timur again.[9]
  45. 1405 – Sultan Ahmed Jalayir in power.[9]
  46. 1417 – City taken by Qara Yusuf.[8]
  47. 1468 – Aq Qoyunlu in power.[6]

16th–19th centuries[]

  1. 1508 - City taken by Persian Ismail I.[17]
  2. 1534
  3. 1535 – City becomes capital of the Baghdad Eyalet of the Ottoman Empire.
  4. 1544 – City taken by forces of Suleiman I.[8]
  5. 1578 – Jami' Murad Basha built.[4]
  6. 1601 – Coffeehouse built.[18]
  7. 1602 – City taken by forces of Abbas I of Persia.[8]
  8. 1623 – 23 January: Capture of Baghdad by Safavids.[9]
  9. 1625 - , Ottoman–Safavid Wars
  10. 1638 – Capture of Baghdad by forces of Ottoman Murad IV.[19]
  11. 1682 – Khaseki mosque built.[1]
  12. 1683 – City besieged.[9]
  13. 1780 – Mamluk Sulayman Pasha the Great in power.[9]
  14. 1795 – Jami al-Maydan built.[4]
  15. 1799 – City besieged by Wahhabi-Saudi forces.[9]
  16. 1816 – Mamluk Dawud Pasha in power.[9]
  17. 1823 – Population: 80,000 (estimate).[20]
  18. 1826 – Jami' Haydar Khanah built.[4]
  19. 1830
    • British East Indian Company in residence (approximate date).[9]
    • Plague.[21]
  20. 1831 – Flood, then famine.[9]
  21. 1841 – Lynch Brothers in business.[22]
  22. 1848 – Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Baghdad established.
  23. 1849 – Remnants discovered of quay of Nebuchadrezzar, from Babylonian city of Baghdadu.[1]
  24. 1861 – Istanbul-Baghdad telegraph line installed.[23]
  25. 1865
  26. 1869 – Midhat Pasha in power.[9]
  27. 1870
    • Municipal council established.[9]
    • City walls demolished.[13]
  28. 1871 – Population: 65,000.[21]
  29. 1880 – Turkish camel post begins operating (approximate date).[1]
  30. 1895 – Population: 100,000 (estimate).[8]
  31. 1899 – Alliance Israélite girls' school established.[1]

20th century[]

1900s–1940s[]

  1. 1908 – Population: 140,000 (estimate).[24]
  2. 1909 – Cinema built.[25]
  3. 1911 – Ottoman XIII Corps headquartered in Baghdad.
  4. 1912 – Population: 200,000 (estimate).[26]
  5. 1914 – October: Samarra-Baghdad railway begins operating.[9]
  6. 1915
  7. 1917
    • March: Fall of Baghdad (1917); British in power.[27][28]
    • Cinema opens.[9]
  8. 1919 – Guardians of Independence organized.
  9. 1920
    • City becomes capital of the British Mandate of Iraq.
    • Iraqi revolt against the British.
    • Maktabat al-Salam (library) established.
  10. 1926 – Baghdad Antiquities Museum founded.
  11. 1927 – British Imperial Airways begins operating Cairo-Baghdad-Basrah flights.[9]
  12. 1929 – Al-Maktabatil Aammah (public library) active.
  13. 1931 – Strike.[29]
  14. 1936 – Military coup.[9]
  15. 1940 – Iraqi Music Institute inaugurated.[30]
  16. 1941 - Iraqi coup d'état in Baghdad, World War II
  17. 1941
    • May: Anglo-Iraqi War.[31]
    • June: Farhud (pogrom against Jews).
  18. 1944 – Baghdad Symphony Orchestra founded.
  19. 1946 – Al-Sarafiya bridge built.
  20. 1947 - Population: 352,137.[32]
  21. 1948
    • Uprising.[9]
    • Popular Theatre Company[30] and filmmaking Studio of Baghdad formed.[25]

22. 1948 - Jewish exodus from Arab and Muslim countries

1950s–1990s[]

  1. 1952
    • Uprising.[9]
    • Modern Theatre Company formed.[30]
  2. 1953 – Baghdad Central Station built.
  3. 1956
    • Samarra Barrage constructed on the Tigris River near the city.[33]
    • May: Government television begins broadcasting.[34]
    • Uprising.[35]
    • Iraqi Artists Society formed.[36]
  4. 1957
    • University of Baghdad established.
    • Demonstration.[35]
  5. 1958
    • 14 July: Iraqi coup d'état against king Faisal II at Royal Palace.[35]
    • City becomes capital of the Republic of Iraq.
  6. 1959
  7. 1960 – September: OPEC founded at Baghdad Conference (Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, Venezuela).
  8. 1961 – Iraq National Library and Archive established.
  9. 1963
    • 8–10 February: Iraqi coup d'état.
    • Khulafa Central Mosque built.
    • Al-Mustansiriya University and Al-Rasheed Sport Club established.
  10. 1964 – Al-Yarmouk Teaching Hospital established.
  11. 1965 - Population: 1,490,759 city; 1,657,424 urban agglomeration.[37]
  12. 1966
  13. 1967 – Firqat Ittahaad al-Fannaaneed theatre group formed.[30]
  14. 1968 – National Theatre Company established.[30]
  15. 1970 - Population: 1,984,142 (estimate).[39]
  16. 1971 – Baghdad Zoo opens.
  17. 1975 – Central Post Office built.[4]
  18. 1978 – November: Arab League summit.
  19. 1980
  20. 1981 – National Film Center and Saddam Hussein Gymnasium (now Baghdad Gymnasium) built.[4]
  21. 1982
    • Saddam International Airport, Al Rasheed Hotel, Palestine Meridien Hotel, and Baghdad Conference Palace[4] built.
    • Ishtar Sheraton Hotel opens.
    • The Monument to the Unknown Soldier inaugurated.[33]
  22. 1983 – Al-Shaheed Monument built.[4]
  23. 1985
    • Baghdad Festival of Arab theatre begins.[30]
    • Amanat Al Assima Housing complex and Central Bank of Iraq building constructed.[4]
  24. 1987 - Population: 3,841,268.[40]
  25. 1988 – Saddam University established.
  26. 1989 – Victory Arch erected.[33]
  27. 1991
  28. 1993 – 26 June: Missile strikes by United States.
  29. 1994 – Baghdad Tower constructed.

21st century[]

2000s[]

  • 2002 – April: Statue of Saddam Hussein erected in Firdos Square.
  • 2003
    • 3–12 April: Battle of Baghdad (2003); United States in power; Green Zone established.
    • 9 April: Firdos Square statue destruction.
    • 7 August: Jordanian embassy bombing.
    • 19 August: Canal Hotel bombing.
    • 27 October: Bombings.
  • 2005
    • 8 August: Municipal coup d'état.[41]
    • 31 August: 2005 Baghdad bridge stampede.
    • Baghdad International Film Festival begins.[42]
  • 2009
    • 1 January: Control of Green Zone transferred from US to Iraq.
    • Dismantling of war-time blast walls begins.[45]
    • 19 August: Bombings.

2010s[]

See also: Iraqi insurgency (2011–2013), War in Iraq (2013–2017), ISIL insurgency in Iraq (2017–present), and 2019–2021 Iraqi protests
  • 2010
    • 17 August: Bombings.
    • Baghdad FC Stadium opens.
  • 2018 - 10 June: Election ballot warehouse catches fire.[48]
  • 2019
    • 1 October: Protests erupted in Baghdad in Liberation Square[49]
    • 7 October: Dozens of protesters were killed and hundreds were injured in Sadr City.[50]
    • 28 October: Safaa Al Sarai killed [51]
    • 14 November: Four people were killed and 62 injured in Baghdad in clashes between security forces and protesters.[52]

2020s[]

  • 2020
    • 3 January: Qasem Soleimani was assassinated by a U.S. drone strike near Baghdad International Airport.[53][54]
  • 2021
    • 21 January: Bombings.[55]
    • 24 April: Hospital fire.
    • 25 May: anti-government protests.[56]
    • 19 July: Bombing.[57]

See also[]

References[]

  1. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f "Bagdad", Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.), New York, 1910, OCLC 14782424
  2. ^ Charles Wendell (1971). "Baghdad: Imago Mundi, and Other Foundation-Lore". International Journal of Middle East Studies. 2 (2): 99–128. doi:10.1017/S0020743800000994. JSTOR 162258.
  3. ^ Clifford Edmund Bosworth, ed. (2007). "Baghdad". Historic Cities of the Islamic World. Leiden: Koninklijke Brill.
  4. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v ArchNet. "Baghdad". Archived from the original on December 2012.
  5. ^ Jacob Lassner (1966). "Massignon and Baghdad: The Complexities of Growth in an Imperial City". Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient. 9 (1/2): 1–27. JSTOR 3596170.
  6. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h Jacqueline Griffin (1996), "Baghdad", in Trudy Ring (ed.), Middle East and Africa, International Dictionary of Historic Places, Routledge, ISBN 9781884964039
  7. ^ History of Printing Timeline, American Printing History Association, retrieved 6 May 2016
  8. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Charles Wilson, ed. (1895), "Baghdad", Handbook for Travellers in Asia Minor, Transcaucasia, Persia, etc., London: John Murray, OCLC 8979039
  9. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z Michael R.T. Dumper; Bruce E. Stanley, eds. (2008), "Baghdad", Cities of the Middle East and North Africa, Santa Barbara, USA: ABC-CLIO
  10. ^ Jim Al-Khalili (2010), Pathfinders: the golden age of Arabic science, London: Allen Lane, ISBN 9781846141614
  11. ^ Felix Jones (1856). "Brief Observations, Forming an Appendix to the Map of Baghdad". Transactions of the Bombay Geographical Society. Bombay. 12.
  12. ^ Jump up to: a b George Makdisi (1959). "Topography of Eleventh Century Baġdād: Materials and Notes". Arabica. 6 (2): 178–197. doi:10.1163/157005859X00334. JSTOR 4055493.
  13. ^ Jump up to: a b c Francoise Micheau (2008). "Baghdad in the Abbasid Era". The City in the Islamic World. Leiden: Koninklijke Brill. ISBN 9789004162402.
  14. ^ Jump up to: a b George Makdisi (1961). "Muslim Institutions of Learning in Eleventh-Century Baghdad". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London. 24 (1): 1–56. doi:10.1017/s0041977x0014039x. JSTOR 610293.
  15. ^ "West Asia: Iraq, 1000–1400 A.D.: Key Events". Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art. Retrieved 3 October 2014.
  16. ^ Michael Cooperson (1996). "Baghdad in Rhetoric and Narrative". Muqarnas. 13. Archived from the original on 23 October 2012.
  17. ^ Justin Marozzi (2014). Baghdad: City of Peace, City of Blood. Penguin Books Limited. ISBN 978-0-14-194804-1.
  18. ^ Markman Ellis (2004). The Coffee-House: a Cultural History. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. ISBN 0297843192.
  19. ^ "Bagdad". Edinburgh Gazetteer (2nd ed.). Edinburgh: Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown, and Green. 1829.
  20. ^ Jedidiah Morse; Richard C. Morse (1823), "Bagdad", A New Universal Gazetteer (4th ed.), New Haven: S. Converse
  21. ^ Jump up to: a b Edward Balfour, ed. (1871). "Baghdad". Cyclopaedia of India and of Eastern and Southern Asia (2nd ed.). Madras.
  22. ^ Fertile Crescent, 1800-1914 : A Documentary Economic History. Oxford University Press. 1988.
  23. ^ Jump up to: a b Soli Shahvar (2003). "Tribes and Telegraphs in Lower Iraq: The Muntafiq and the Baghdad-Basrah Telegraph Line of 1863-65". Middle Eastern Studies. 39 (1): 89–116. doi:10.1080/00263200412331301607. JSTOR 4284278.
  24. ^ Lorimer (1908). "City of Baghdad". Gazetteer of the Persian Gulf. Calcutta.
  25. ^ Jump up to: a b Oliver Leaman, ed. (2001), Companion Encyclopedia of Middle Eastern and North African Film, Routledge, ISBN 9780415187039
  26. ^ "Baghdad", Palestine and Syria (5th ed.), Leipzig: Karl Baedeker, 1912
  27. ^ "Iraq Profile: Timeline". BBC News. Retrieved 11 April 2013.
  28. ^ Stephen Pope; Elizabeth-Anne Wheal (1995). "Select Chronology". Dictionary of the First World War. Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-85052-979-1.
  29. ^ Peter Sluglett (2007), Britain in Iraq: Contriving King and Country 1914-1932, NY: Columbia University Press, ISBN 9780231142007
  30. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Don Rubin, ed. (1999), World Encyclopedia of Contemporary Theatre, London: Routledge, ISBN 0415059321
  31. ^ Richard Overy, ed. (2013). New York Times Book of World War II 1939-1945. USA: Black Dog & Leventhal Publishers. ISBN 978-1-60376-377-6.
  32. ^ "Population of capital city and cities of 100,000 or more inhabitants". Demographic Yearbook 1955. New York: Statistical Office of the United Nations.
  33. ^ Jump up to: a b c d Caecilia Pieri (2008). "Modernity and its Posts in Constructing an Arab Capital: Baghdad's Urban Space and Architecture". Middle East Studies Association Bulletin. 42 (1/2): 32–39. JSTOR 23063540.
  34. ^ Douglas A. Boyd (1982). "Radio and Television in Iraq: The Electronic Media in a Transitional Arab World Country". Middle Eastern Studies. 18 (4): 400–410. doi:10.1080/00263208208700522. JSTOR 4282908.
  35. ^ Jump up to: a b c Kwasi Kwarteng (2011), Ghosts of empire: Britain's legacies in the modern world, New York: PublicAffairs
  36. ^ Orit Bashkin (2008), The other Iraq: pluralism and culture in Hashemite Iraq, Stanford, California: Stanford University Press, ISBN 9780804759922
  37. ^ United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Statistical Office (1976). "Population of capital city and cities of 100,000 and more inhabitants". Demographic Yearbook 1975. New York. pp. 253–279.
  38. ^ Jump up to: a b Terri Ginsberg; Chris Lippard (2010), Historical Dictionary of Middle Eastern Cinema, USA: Scarecrow Press
  39. ^ United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Statistical Office (1987). "Population of capital cities and cities of 100,000 and more inhabitants". 1985 Demographic Yearbook. New York. pp. 247–289.
  40. ^ United Nations Department for Economic and Social Information and Policy Analysis, Statistics Division (1997). "Population of capital cities and cities of 100,000 and more inhabitants". 1995 Demographic Yearbook. New York. pp. 262–321.
  41. ^ Jump up to: a b "Baghdad Mayor Is Ousted by a Shiite Group and Replaced". New York Times. 10 August 2005.
  42. ^ "Baghdad International Film Festival". Retrieved 13 April 2013.
  43. ^ "Baghdad car bomb hits book market". Al Jazeera. 6 March 2007.
  44. ^ "Baghdad security walls curb violence, at a cost". Reuters. 6 February 2008.
  45. ^ "When the Walls Come Down". New York Times. 14 October 2009.
  46. ^ Jump up to: a b c Encyclopædia Britannica Book of the Year. 2013. ISBN 978-1-62513-103-4.
  47. ^ World Health Organization (2016), Global Urban Ambient Air Pollution Database, Geneva
  48. ^ "Iraq election: Fire at Baghdad ballot paper depot", BBC News, 10 June 2018
  49. ^ "A new wave of Arab protesters say, 'It's the economy, stupid!'". CNN. 4 October 2019.
  50. ^ "Iraqi Army Ordered Out of Sadr City, Where Dozens Died at Protests". New York Times. The Associated Press. 7 October 2019.
  51. ^ 24 December 2019 | 04:13 بالصورة..رسالة الشهيد صفاء السراي تصل إلى يونس محمود بغداد بوست Archived 11 April 2020 at the Wayback Machine
  52. ^ AP, Qassim Abdul-Zahra. "Iraq officials: 4 protesters killed in Baghdad clashes". Washington Post. Retrieved 15 November 2019.
  53. ^ Gal Perl Finkel, Potential for strategic turns, The Jerusalem Post, 16 February 2020.
  54. ^ Tom O'Connor; James Laporta. "Iraq Militia Officials, Iran's Quds Force Head Killed in U.S. Drone Strike". Newsweek. Archived from the original on 3 January 2020. Retrieved 2 January 2020.
  55. ^ "At least 32 killed as first suicide bombing in nearly 2 years rocks Baghdad". CNN News. 21 January 2021.
  56. ^ "Country has no future': Iraqi protester killed at Baghdad rally". ALJAZEERA News. 25 May 2021.
  57. ^ "Suicide attack in Iraq's Sadr City kills at least 35, wounds dozens -sources". Reuters. 20 July 2021. Retrieved 21 August 2021.

Bibliography[]

Published in 17th–18th centuries[]

Published in 19th century[]

  • J.B.L.J. Rousseau (1809). Description du pachalik de Bagdad (in French).
  • Abraham Rees (1819), "Bagdad", The Cycloppædia, London: Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme & Brown
  • Robert Ker Porter (1821), "(Bagdad)", Travels in Georgia, Persia, Armenia, ancient Babylonia, &c. &c, London: Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, and Brown, OCLC 5524754
  • Robert Mignan (1829), "(Bagdad)", Travels in Chaldæa, London: H. Colburn and R. Bentley
  • David Brewster, ed. (1830). "Bagdad". Edinburgh Encyclopædia. Edinburgh: William Blackwood.
  • Anthony Norris Groves (1832), Journal of a residence at Bagdad during the years 1830 and 1831, London: J. Nisbet, OCLC 5000777, OL 13493447M
  • "Bagdad". American Magazine of Useful and Entertaining Knowledge. Boston: Boston Bewick Co. 1. 1834. hdl:2027/hvd.hny8ty.
  • Josiah Conder (1834), "Bagdad", Dictionary of Geography, Ancient and Modern, London: T. Tegg
  • James Raymond Wellsted (1840), "Bagdat", Travels to the City of the Caliphs, along the Shores of the Persian Gulf and the Mediterranean, London: H. Colburn, OCLC 5395027
  • Thomas Bartlett (1841). "Bagdad". New Tablet of Memory; or, Chronicle of Remarkable Events. London: Thomas Kelly.
  • Theodore Alois Buckley (1862), "Bagdad", Great Cities of the Middle Ages (2nd ed.), London: Routledge, Warne, & Routledge
  • George Henry Townsend (1867), "Bagdad", A Manual of Dates (2nd ed.), London: Frederick Warne & Co.
  • William Henry Overall, ed. (1870), "Baghdad", Dictionary of Chronology, London: William Tegg, OCLC 2613202
  • Grattan Geary (1878), "City of the Caliphs", Through Asiatic Turkey, London: S. Low, Marston, Searle & Rivington, OCLC 4918876
  • Ibn Serapion; Guy Le Strange (1895). "Description of Mesopotamia and Baghdad, written about the year 900 AD by Ibn Serapion". Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society. London. hdl:2027/mdp.39015020450659.
  • Max Freiherr von Oppenheim (1899), "Baġdād", Vom Mittelmeer zum Persischen Golf (in German), Berlin: D. Reimer (E. Vohsen), OCLC 13166400
  • Guy Le Strange (1900), Baghdad during the Abbasid Caliphate, Oxford: Clarendon Press (Bibliography + Index).

Published in 20th century[]

  • "Bagdad", Chambers's Encyclopaedia, London: W. & R. Chambers, 1901
  • Pedro Teixeira (1902), "Concerning the City of Bagdad", The Travels of Pedro Teixeira, translated by William F. Sinclair, London: Printed for the Hakluyt Society
  • Al-Khatib al-Baghdadi (1904), L' introduction topographique â l'histoire de Bagdâdh d'Aboû Bakr Aḥmad ibn Thâbit al-Khatîb al-Bagdâdhî (in French), translated by George Salmon, Paris: É. Bouillon, OCLC 23419471, OL 6942714M
  • "Bagdad", Jewish Encyclopedia, 2, New York, 1907
  • "Bagdad". Brockhaus' Konversations-Lexikon (in German) (14th ed.). Leipzig: Brockhaus. 1908.
  • Benjamin Vincent (1910), "Bagdad", Haydn's Dictionary of Dates (25th ed.), London: Ward, Lock & Co.
  • "Baghdad". Encyclopaedia of Islam. E.J. Brill. 1913. p. 563?+.
  • Sven Hedin (1918), "Bagdad einst und jetzt", Bagdad, Babylon, Ninive (in German), Leipzig: Brockhaus
  • Abu'l-Faraj ibn al-Jawzi (1923–1924). Manāqib Baghdād (in Arabic). Edited by M. Bahjat al-Atharī. Baghdād: Maṭbaʿat Dār al-Salām.
  • Freya Stark (1932). Baghdad Sketches.
  • Leon E. Seltzer, ed. (1952), "Baghdad", Columbia Lippincott Gazetteer of the World, New York: Columbia University Press, p. 140, OL 6112221M
  • Ibn al-Banna; George Makdisi (1956–1957). "Autograph diary of an eleventh-century historian of Baghdad". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies. 18: 9. doi:10.1017/s0041977x00122189.
  • "Baghdad", Webster's Geographical Dictionary, Springfield, Massachusetts: G. & C. Merriam Co., 1960, p. 92, OL 5812502M
  • J. Gulick (1967). "Baghdad: portrait of a city in physical and cultural change". Journal of the American Institute of Planners. 33 (4): 246–255. doi:10.1080/01944366708977925.
  • Jacob Lassner. The Topography of Baghdad in the Early Middle Ages. Detroit: Wayne University Press, 1970.
  • Gaston Wiet (1971), Baghdad: metropolis of the Abbasid caliphate, translated by Seymour Feiler, Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, ISBN 080610922X
  • "Iraq: Baghdad", Middle East, Australia: Lonely Planet, 1994, p. 302+, OL 16516298W
  • John Block Friedman; Kristen Mossler Figg (2000). "Baghdad". Trade, Travel, and Exploration in the Middle Ages: an Encyclopedia. Routledge. p. 43+. ISBN 978-1-135-59094-9.
  • Stefano Bianca (2000), "Baghdad: an Arab Metropolis between Conservation and Redevelopment", Urban form in the Arab world, Verlag der Fachvereine Hochschulverlag AG an der ETH Zurich, ISBN 3728119725

Published in 21st century[]

External links[]

Coordinates: 33°19′30″N 44°25′19″E / 33.325°N 44.422°E / 33.325; 44.422

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