Timeline of Miami

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The following is a timeline of the history of the city of Miami in Miami-Dade County, Florida, United States.

This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by with reliable sources.

19th century[]

History of Florida
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Topics
  • Cities - Counties - Politics
Timeline
  • Pre-history, until 1497
  • Spanish Rule, 1513–1763
  • British Rule, 1763–1783:
    • American Revolutionary War, 1775–1783
  • Spanish Rule, 1783–1821:
    • War of 1812, 1811–1814
    • First Seminole War, 1817–1818
  • U.S. Territorial Period, 1822–1845:
    • Capitol moved to Tallahassee, 1824
    • Second Seminole War, 1835–1842
    • Constitutional convention, 1838
  • Statehood, 1845–present:
    • Third Seminole War, 1855–1858
  • Ordinance of Secession, 1861
  • Civil War, 1861–1865
  • 3rd Constitution, 1865
  • Reconstruction, 1865–1868
  • 4th Constitution, 1868
  • 5th Constitution, 1885
  • Great Migration, 1910–1930
  • Land Boom, 1925–1929
  • 6th Constitution, 1968
  • Gore v. Harris, Presidential Election, 2000
  • COVID-19 pandemic, 2020–present
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  • 1870 – William Brickell establishes a trading post on the south side of the Miami River.[1]
  • 1880 – Population: county 100.[1]
  • 1884 – The first hotel, The Peacock Inn, is established in Coconut Grove.[1]
  • 1886
    • Ralph Munroe builds a home on the bay in Coconut Grove.
    • Kirk Munroe establishes a home in Coconut Grove.
  • 1889 – Teaching begins in the first school building in Coconut Grove.
  • 1891 – Julia Tuttle moves to Miami.[1]
  • 1895 – The first public library is established in Coconut Grove by the ladies of the Pine Needles Club.
  • 1896
    • Miami incorporated;[2] John B. Reilly becomes mayor.[3]
    • Florida East Coast Railway (Jacksonville-Miami) arrives in Miami.[1]
    • Miami Metropolis newspaper begins publication.[4]
    • Biscayne Hotel built.[3]
  • 1897
  • 1898
  • 1899
    • Dade County seat relocated to Miami from Juno.[1]
    • Telephone service begins in Miami.[6]
  • 1900
    • Flagler Public Library, Miami Board of Trade, and Woman's Club founded.[1]
    • Population: 1,681.

20th century[]

1900s-1940s[]

  • 1902 – Carpenters Local 993 labor union established.[7]
  • 1903
    • John Sewell becomes mayor.
    • Ransom Everglades School is established in Coconut Grove.
    • The Miami Herald newspaper begins publication.[1]
  • 1906
    • Streetcars begin operating.[1]
    • Automobile parade.[3]
  • 1909
  • 1910 – Population: 5,471; county 11,933.
  • 1912 – Airport established near Miami.[1]
  • 1913
  • 1914 – Construction of Vizcaya begins.
  • 1915
    • Miami Chamber of Commerce established.[8]
    • Town of Miami Beach incorporated near Miami.
  • 1916 – David Fairchild establishes The Kampong, his winter home in Coconut Grove.
  • 1917 – Elser Pier opens.[9]
  • 1918 – Airdrome Theatre and Strand Theatre open.[10]
  • 1919
    • Coconut Grove is incorporated.[3]
    • Great Miami Employers' Association established.[11]
    • Seybold Canal Bridge built (approximate date).[12]
  • 1920
    • Universal Negro Improvement Association chapter established.[13]
    • Population: 29,549; county 42,753.
  • 1921
  • 1923 – Miami Times newspaper begins publication.[4]
  • 1924
    • Buena Vista becomes part of Miami.
    • Miami River Canal Swing Bridge built.[12]
    • Fotosho Theatre opens.[10]
  • 1925
    • Allapattah, Coconut Grove,[1] Lemon City, Silver Bluff, and West Little River become part of Miami.
    • Bayfront Park opens.
    • Towns of Coral Gables and Hialeah incorporated near Miami.
    • University of Miami established in Coral Gables.
  • 1926
    • January 10: Prinz Valdemar ship sinks offshore.
    • September: Hurricane.
    • WIOD radio begins broadcasting.[14]
    • Player's State Theater built.[15]
    • Booker T. Washington High School, Olympia Theater, and Tower Theater open.
    • Town of Miami Shores incorporated near Miami.
    • Wometco – first movie theater, the Capital, opens.
  • 1927
    • Flagler Theater opens.[10]
    • E. G. Sewell becomes mayor.
    • Greater Bethel African Methodist Episcopal Church built.
    • Jewish Floridian newspaper begins publication.
  • 1928
    • Pan American Field (airfield) begins operating.
    • Dade County Agricultural High school built.
    • Al Capone buys a home in Miami Beach.
  • 1929 - Sears, Roebuck and Company Department Store opens.[8]
  • 1930
    • Miami Civic Center opens.[8]
    • Population: 110,637.[16]
  • 1933
    • February 15: Chicago mayor Anton Cermak killed by anarchist in Bayfront Park.
    • E. G. Sewell becomes mayor again.
    • Ryder, the truck leasing company, founded in Miami.
  • 1935
    • January 1: Orange Bowl football contest begins.
    • November: Hurricane.[1]
  • 1936 – Parrot Jungle established.[17]
  • 1937 – Miami Municipal Airport, Burdine Stadium, and Liberty Square (housing complex)[18] open.
  • 1938 – Fairchild Tropical Botanic Garden opens to the public.
  • 1939 – E. G. Sewell becomes mayor yet again.
  • 1940
    • Historical Association of Southern Florida established.[19]
    • Population: 172,172;[16] county 267,739.
  • 1941 – Dorsey Memorial Library opens.
  • 1942
    • May: Portero del Llano ship sinks offshore during World War II.[20]
    • Submarine Chaser Training Center established.[21]
  • 1943 – Urban League of Greater Miami established.[22]
  • 1946 – National Association for the Advancement of Colored People branch established in Liberty City.[23]
  • 1948 – Coconut Grove Citizens Committee for Slum Clearance[23] and Civil Rights Congress chapter organized.[24]
  • 1949 – WTVJ (television) begins broadcasting.[25]

1950s-1970s[]

  • 1950 – Population: 249,276;[16] county 495,084.
  • 1952 – Museum of Science and Natural History opens on Bayshore Drive.
  • 1953
  • 1954 – Burger King founded in Miami.
  • 1955 – Miami Seaquarium established.[17]
  • 1956 – WCKT (television) begins broadcasting.[25]
  • 1957
  • 1958 – Catholic Diocese of Miami established.[27]
  • 1959
    • City public schools racially desegregated.[20]
    • Dade County Junior College and Centro Hispano Católico[28] founded.
    • Miami International Airport dedicated.[20]
  • 1960 – Population: 291,688;[16] county 935,047.
  • 1961 – Colegio de Belén relocates to Miami from Cuba.
  • 1962 – Historical Museum of Southern Florida and Cruzada Educativa Cubana[29][30] established.
  • 1964
    • February 25. Cassius Clay defeats Sonny Liston for heavyweight champion of the world.
    • Chuck Hall becomes mayor of Dade County.
  • 1965
    • Cuban exiles begin to arrive in city via U.S.-sponsored "freedom flights".[31][32]
    • Florida International University established.
    • Ediciones Universal in business.[30]
  • 1966 The Miami Dolphins enter the American Football League as an expansion franchise
  • 1968
  • 1970
  • 1971 – Latin Chamber of Commerce established.[35]
  • 1972
    • August: 1972 Republican National Convention held in nearby Miami Beach.
    • One Biscayne Tower built.
    • Jack Orr becomes mayor of Dade County.
  • 1973
    • April: U.S.-sponsored "freedom flight" arrivals to Miami of Cuban exiles ends.[32]
    • Barnacle Historic State Park established.[36]
    • Maurice Ferre becomes city mayor.
  • 1974
    • Stephen P. Clark becomes mayor of Dade County again.
    • Spanish American League Against Discrimination headquartered in city.[37]
  • 1975
    • The Bee Gees move to Miami Beach.
  • 1976
    • El Miami Herald Spanish-language newspaper begins publication.[4]
    • Bicentennial Park opens.
  • 1977

1980s-1990s[]

  • 1980
    • May: race riots in Overtown and Liberty City after the death of Arthur McDuffie.
    • April–October: Cubans arrive in city via Mariel boatlift.
    • Miami MetroZoo opens near city.[41]
    • Population: 346,865;[16]
  • 1981
    • Palace apartment building constructed.
    • Cuban American National Foundation headquartered in city.
  • 1982
    • Knight International Center (convention center) opens.
    • Facts About Cuban Exiles organization established.[30]
  • 1983
  • 1984
    • Metrorail begins operating.
    • Center for Fine Arts
    • Miami International Film Festival begins.
    • Southeast Financial Center built on Biscayne Boulevard.
    • Fictional Miami Vice television program begins national broadcast founded and ran on NBC from 1984 to 1989.
    • First edition of the Miami International Book Fair.
    • First year of filming
  • 1985
  • 1986 – Lincoln Center built.
  • 1987
    • November: Pope John Paul II visits city.
    • Miami New Times newspaper in publication.
    • Miami Tower built.
  • 1989
  • 1990
    • Knight Foundation headquartered in city.
    • Population: 358,548;[16] county 1,937,094.
  • 1992 – August: Hurricane Andrew.
  • 1993
  • 1994
  • 1996
    • Willy Gort becomes mayor of city, succeeded by Joe Carollo; Alex Penelas becomes mayor of Dade County.
    • City website online (approximate date).[45][chronology citation needed]
    • Pottinger v. City of Miami homeless-related lawsuit decided.[46]
    • Liberty City Charter School established.[47]
  • 1997
    • May 12: Tornado.[48]
    • November: Mayoral election held.[49][50]
    • Dade County renamed Miami-Dade County.
  • 1998
    • January: Xavier Suarez becomes mayor again.
    • March: Mayoral election results of 1997 judged invalid;[50] Carollo becomes mayor again.[51]
  • 1999
    • American Airlines Arena opens.
    • begins.

2000s[]

21st century[]

2000s[]

  • 2001
    • Cuban Genealogy Club of Miami founded.[52]
    • Manny Diaz becomes city mayor.
  • 2002 – Art Basel begins in Miami Beach.
  • 2003
  • 2004 – Carlos Alvarez becomes mayor of Miami-Dade County.
  • 2006 – Carnival Center opens.
  • 2007
    • Ferguson U.S. Courthouse built.[53]
    • Fictional Burn Notice television series begins its seven-year run.
  • 2008 – Marquis Residences and 900 Biscayne Bay built on Biscayne Boulevard.
  • 2009 – Tomás Regalado becomes city mayor.

2010s[]

See also[]

References[]

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Federal Writers’ Project 1941, p. 180.
  2. ^ Florida Legislative Committee on Intergovernmental Relations (2001), Overview of Municipal Incorporations in Florida (PDF), LCIR Report, Tallahassee, archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-04-28
  3. ^ a b c d Blackman 1921.
  4. ^ a b c d "US Newspaper Directory". Chronicling America. Washington, D.C.: Library of Congress. Retrieved October 16, 2013.
  5. ^ "Florida", Rand, McNally & Co.'s Handy Guide to the Southeastern States, Chicago and New York: Rand, McNally & Co., 1899
  6. ^ Chapman, Arthur E. (1991). "Phones started ringing in Miami in 1899" (PDF). South Florida History Magazine. Vol. 18, no. 4. pp. 27–28 – via HistoryMiami.
  7. ^ Castillo 2004.
  8. ^ a b c Robin F. Bachin (ed.). "Miami Timeline: WWI-1930s". Travel, Tourism, & Urban Growth in Greater Miami. University of Miami. (published circa 2006?)
  9. ^ Bush 1999.
  10. ^ a b c "Movie Theaters in Miami, FL". CinemaTreasures.org. Los Angeles: Cinema Treasures LLC. Retrieved October 16, 2013.
  11. ^ Miami Daily Metropolis, March 15, 1921
  12. ^ a b c Historic Highway Bridges of Florida (PDF), Florida Department of Transportation, 2012
  13. ^ Shell-Weiss 2005.
  14. ^ a b Jack Alicoate, ed. (1939), "Florida", Radio Annual, New York: Radio Daily, OCLC 2459636
  15. ^ "Historic Theatre Inventory". Maryland, USA: League of Historic American Theatres. Archived from the original on July 21, 2013. Retrieved October 16, 2013.
  16. ^ a b c d e f g Population of the 100 Largest Cities and Other Urban Places in the United States: 1790 to 1990, US Census Bureau, 1998
  17. ^ a b Vernon N. Kisling, Jr., ed. (2001). "Zoological Gardens of the United States (chronological list)". Zoo and Aquarium History. USA: CRC Press. ISBN 978-1-4200-3924-5.
  18. ^ Mohl 2001.
  19. ^ American Association for State and Local History (2002). Directory of Historical Organizations in the United States and Canada (15th ed.). ISBN 0759100020.
  20. ^ a b c Robin F. Bachin (ed.). "Miami Timeline: WWII-1950s". Travel, Tourism, & Urban Growth in Greater Miami. University of Miami. (published circa 2006?)
  21. ^ Charles W. Rice (2010). "Submarine Chaser Training Center: Downtown Miami's International Graduate School Of Anti-Submarine Warfare During World War II" (PDF). Tequesta. Historical Association of Southern Florida. 64. ISSN 0363-3705. icon of an open green padlock
  22. ^ "About Us". Miami: Urban League of Greater Miami. Retrieved October 16, 2013.
  23. ^ a b Rose 2007.
  24. ^ Mohl 1999.
  25. ^ a b c Charles A. Alicoate, ed. (1960), "Television Stations Florida", Radio Annual and Television Year Book, New York: Radio Daily Corp., OCLC 10512206
  26. ^ Nicolás Kanellos; Helvetia Martell (2000), "Chronological Index", Hispanic Periodicals in the United States, Origins to 1960, Houston, Texas: Arte Publico Press, pp. 309–335, ISBN 1558852530
  27. ^ "Chronology of Catholic Dioceses: USA". Norway: Roman Catholic Diocese of Oslo. Retrieved April 22, 2017.
  28. ^ Badillo 2002.
  29. ^ University of Miami Libraries, Special Collections Finding Aids & Inventories, retrieved September 17, 2016
  30. ^ a b c García 1996.
  31. ^ Luisa Yanez (December 16, 2008). "Miami Herald database tracks those who came on Freedom Flights". Miami Herald.
  32. ^ a b Robin F. Bachin (ed.). "Miami Timeline: 1960s-1990s". Travel, Tourism, & Urban Growth in Greater Miami. University of Miami. (published circa 2006?)
  33. ^ NBC Evening News (August 8, 1968). "Racial Unrest / Miami" – via Vanderbilt University Television News Archive, "Protests".
  34. ^ Miami report: the report of the Miami Study Team on civil disturbances in Miami, Florida during the week of August 5, 1968, Washington, D.C., 1969, Submitted to the National Commission on the Causes and Prevention of Violence
  35. ^ Croucher 1997.
  36. ^ Florida Division of Recreation and Parks. "Region: Southeast". Florida State Parks. Tallahassee: Florida Department of Environmental Protection. Retrieved April 26, 2017.
  37. ^ "History". Miami: Spanish American League Against Discrimination. Retrieved October 16, 2013. Españoles de la Liga Americana Contra la Discriminación
  38. ^ "U.S. Foreign-Trade Zones Board Order Summary". Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Commerce, International Trade Administration. Retrieved September 18, 2016.
  39. ^ Susan Tiefenbrun (2012), Tax Free Trade Zones of the World and in the United States, Edward Elgar, p. 168, ISBN 9781849802437
  40. ^ "About". Miami: The Black Archives. Retrieved October 16, 2013.
  41. ^ "Garden Search: United States". London: Botanic Gardens Conservation International. Retrieved August 30, 2015.
  42. ^ Grenier & Castro 1999.
  43. ^ "Florida". Official Congressional Directory. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office. 1991 – via Internet Archive.
  44. ^ "Florida". Official Congressional Directory. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office. 1993. hdl:2027/uc1.l0072691827 – via HathiTrust.
  45. ^ "City of Miami, Florida Official Web Site". Archived from the original on December 1996 – via Internet Archive, Wayback Machine.
  46. ^ M.F. Mikula; et al., eds. (1999), Great American Court Cases, Gale
  47. ^ "Miami Charter School Hailed by Jeb Bush Ended in Ruin", New York Times, March 7, 2015
  48. ^ "This Day in Weather History". Aberdeen, South Dakota: National Weather Service. Retrieved April 14, 2017.
  49. ^ "$10 Buys One Vote", Miami Herald, January 11, 1998 – via Pulitzer Prizes, Columbia University
  50. ^ a b "Fraud Ruling Invalidates Miami Mayoral Election", New York Times, March 5, 1998
  51. ^ "Court Reinstates Carollo As Miami's Mayor", CNN, March 11, 1998
  52. ^ "Cuban Genealogy Club of Miami". Retrieved September 21, 2016.
  53. ^ Wilkie D. Ferguson, Jr. United States Courthouse, Miami, Florida, Washington, D.C.: U.S. General Services Administration, 2007
  54. ^ Florida Legislative Office of Economic and Demographic Research; U.S. Census Bureau (2011), "City of Miami", 2010 Census Detailed City Profiles
  55. ^ "Largest Urbanized Areas With Selected Cities and Metro Areas (2010)". U.S. Census Bureau. 2012.
  56. ^ "Miami Roller Derby".
  57. ^ "Florida". Official Congressional Directory. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office. 2011. hdl:2027/msu.31293032287470 – via HathiTrust.
  58. ^ "First 'sanctuary city' caves to Trump demands", USA Today, January 26, 2017
  59. ^ "Sanctuary cities debate has jurisdictions weighing whether to defend the policy", Washington Post, April 18, 2017

Bibliography[]

Published in the 20th century[]

1900s-1940s[]

  • Miami City Directory (Miami, Florida, 1904)
  • "Miami". Florida Gazetteer and Business Directory 1907-1908. R. L. Polk & Co.
  • "Miami of Today", Florida East Coast Homeseeker, vol. 10, March 1908
  • Miami City Directory. R.L. Polk & Co. 1919.
  • "Points of Interest in Miami, Fla.". Automobile Blue Book. Vol. 6. 1919. map
  • E. V. Blackman (1921), Miami and Dade County, Florida, Washington, D.C.: V. Rainbolt, OCLC 1580474
  • Daniel Decatur Moore; et al., eds. (1922). "Miamia". Men of the South. New Orleans: Southern Biographical Association.
  • Kenneth L. Roberts (April 29, 1922), "Tropical Growth", Saturday Evening Post, p. 8+
  • Isador Cohen, Historical Sketches and Sidelights of Miami (Miami, 1925)
  • Munroe, Ralph Middleton and Gilpin, Vincent. The Commodore's Story. New York: Ives Washburn, 1930. OCLC 001615563.
  • T. H. Weigall, Boom in Paradise (New York, 1932)
  • John Sewell (1933). Memoirs and History of Miami. Miami.
  • Federal Writers’ Project (1939). Florida: a Guide to the Southernmost State. American Guide Series. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 207+.
  • Federal Writers’ Project (1941). "Chronology". Planning Your Vacation in Florida Miami and Dade County. American Guide Series. Northport, New York: Bacon, Percy & Daggett.
  • "Tequesta", Tequesta: The Journal of the Historical Association of Southern Florida, Historical Association of Southern Florida, ISSN 0363-3705 – via Florida International University icon of an open green padlock 1941-

1950s-1970s[]

  • Helen Muir, Miami, U. S. A. (New York, 1953)
  • Ruby Leach Carson, "Miami: 1896 to 1900", Tequesta, XVI (1956)
  • James E. Buchanan (1978), Howard B. Furer (ed.), Miami: a chronological & documentary history, 1513-1977, American Cities Chronology Series, Dobbs Ferry, N.Y.: Oceana Publications, ISBN 0379006162
  • Paul S. George, "Colored Town: Miami's Black Community, 1896–1930", Florida Historical Quarterly (April 1978)

1980s-1990s[]

  • Paul George, "Passage to a New Eden", Florida Historical Quarterly, 59 (1981)
  • Thelma Peters (1985), Miami, 1909, With Excerpts from Fannie Clemons' Diary, Miami
  • T. D. Allman (1987). Miami: City of the Future. New York: Atlantic Monthly. ISBN 0871131021.
  • Joan Didion (1987). Miami. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-0-88619-175-7.
  • Raymond A. Mohl (Spring 1987). "Trouble in Paradise: Race and Housing in Miami during the New Deal Era". Prologue: The Journal of the National Archives. 19. hdl:2027/mdp.39015028748500.
  • David Rieff (1987), Going to Miami: exiles, tourists, and refugees in the new America, London: Bloomsbury, ISBN 0747500649
  • Arva Moore Parks. Miami: The magic city. Miami: Centennial Press, 1991.
  • Guillermo J. Grenier; Alex Stepick III, eds. (1992). Miami Now! Immigration, Ethnicity, and Social Change. University Press of Florida. ISBN 081301154X.
  • Alejandro Portes; Alex Stepick (1993). City on the Edge: The Transformation of Miami. University of California Press. ISBN 0520082176.
  • Ramón Grosfoguel (1994). "World Cities in the Caribbean: The Rise of Miami and San Juan". Review. Fernand Braudel Center, State University of New York. 17 (3): 351–381. JSTOR 40241296. (Abstract)
  • George Thomas Kurian (1994), "Miami, Florida", World Encyclopedia of Cities, Vol. 1: North America, Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO – via Internet Archive (fulltext)
  • María Cristina García (1996). Havana USA: Cuban Exiles and Cuban Americans in South Florida, 1959-1994. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-91999-0.
  • Paul S. George (Summer 1996). "Miami: One Hundred Years of History". South Florida History. 24 (2).
  • Sheila L. Croucher (1997), Imagining Miami: ethnic politics in a postmodern world, Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, ISBN 0813917042
  • Marvin Dunn, Black Miami in the Twentieth Century (Gainesville, Florida, 1997)
  • Jan Nijman (1997). "Globalization to a Latin Beat: The Miami Growth Machine". Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science. 551: 164–177. doi:10.1177/0002716297551001012. JSTOR 1047945.
  • Remy Tremblay (1997), "Bibliography of the Social and Cultural Geography of Miami, Florida", Florida Geographer, 28, ISSN 0739-0041 – via Florida Atlantic University icon of an open green padlock
  • Gregory W. Bush (1999). ""Playground of the USA": Miami and the Promotion of Spectacle". Pacific Historical Review. 68 (2): 153–172. doi:10.2307/3641982. JSTOR 3641982.
  • Christian Girault (1999). "Miami y las nuevas relaciones interamericanas" [Miami and the New Inter-American Relations]. Foro Internacional (in Spanish). El Colegio de México. 39 (1): 17–64. JSTOR 27738931.
  • Guillermo J. Grenier; Max J. Castro (1999). "Triadic Politics: Ethnicity, Race, and Politics in Miami, 1959-1998". Pacific Historical Review. 68 (2): 273–292. doi:10.2307/3641988. JSTOR 3641988.
  • Raymond A. Mohl (1999). "'South of the South?' Jews, Blacks, and the Civil Rights Movement in Miami, 1945-1960". Journal of American Ethnic History. 18 (2): 3–36. JSTOR 27502414.

Published in the 21st century[]

  • Raymond A. Mohl (2001). "Whitening Miami: Race, Housing, and Government Policy in Twentieth-Century Dade County". Florida Historical Quarterly. 79 (3): 319–345. JSTOR 30150856.
  • David A. Badillo (2002). "Catholicism and the Search for Nationhood in Miami's Cuban Community". U.S. Catholic Historian. 20 (4): 75–90. JSTOR 25154831.
  • Thomas A. Castillo (2004). "Miami's Hidden Labor History". Florida Historical Quarterly. 82 (4): 438–467. JSTOR 30149960.
  • Lisa N. Konczal (2005). "Miami Diasporas". In Melvin Ember; et al. (eds.). Encyclopedia of Diasporas. Springer. p. 524+. ISBN 978-0-306-48321-9.
  • Melanie Shell-Weiss (2005). "Coming North to the South: Migration, Labor and City-Building in Twentieth-Century Miami". Florida Historical Quarterly. 84 (1): 79–99. JSTOR 30150917.
  • George Yúdice (2005). "Miami: Images of a Latinopolis". NACLA Report on the Americas. 39 (3).
  • David Goldfield, ed. (2007). "Miami, Florida". Encyclopedia of American Urban History. Sage. pp. 467–470. ISBN 978-1-4522-6553-7.
  • Chanelle Rose (2007). "'Jewel' of the South?: Miami, Florida and the NAACP's Struggle for Civil Rights in America's Vacation Paradise". Florida Historical Quarterly. 86 (1): 39–69. JSTOR 30150099.
  • José Quiroga (2009). "Miami Remake". In Rebecca Biron (ed.). City/Art: The Urban Scene in Latin America. Duke University Press. p. 145+. ISBN 978-0-8223-9073-2.
  • Juliet F. Gainsborough (2012), "A tale of two cities: civic culture and public policy in Miami", in Laura A. Reese and Raymond A. Rosenfeld (ed.), Comparative Civic Culture: the Role of Local Culture in Urban Policy-Making, Burlington, Vermont: Ashgate, ISBN 9781409436546
  • American Cities Project (2013). "Miami". America's Big Cities in Volatile Times: City Profiles. Washington, D.C.: Pew Charitable Trusts.
  • Chanelle Nyree Rose (2015). Struggle for Black Freedom in Miami: Civil Rights and America's Tourist Paradise, 1896-1968. Louisiana State University Press. ISBN 978-0-8071-5767-1.

External links[]

Coordinates: 25°47′16″N 80°13′27″W / 25.787676°N 80.224145°W / 25.787676; -80.224145

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