Timeline of women's education

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Woman's Medical College of Pennsylvania in 1886: Anandibai Joshee from India (left) with Kei Okami from Japan (center) and Sabat Islambooly from Syria (right). All three completed their medical studies and each of them was the first woman from their respective countries to obtain a degree in Western medicine.

This is a timeline of women's education. It includes people, institutions, law reforms and events associated with the education of women in history worldwide.

1200s[]

1237

1239

  • Italy: Bettisia Gozzadini teaches Law at the University of Bologna. First woman believed to teach at a university (first university established in 1088).

1300s[]

  • Italy: Dorotea Bucca holds a chair of medicine and philosophy in the university of Bologna for 40 years from 1390.
  • Italy: Novella d'Andrea teaches Law at the University of Bologna.
  • Italy: Virdimura of Catania obtained a royal medical license to practice medicine on 7 November 1376, after an examination by the doctors of the royal court.[1][2]

1400s[]

  • Italy: Constance Calenda (fl. 1415) may have received a medical degree from the University of Naples.[3]

1500s[]

1600s[]

1608

  • Spain: Juliana Morell "defended theses" in 1606 or 1607 in Lyon or maybe Avignon, although claims that she received a doctorate in canon law in 1608 have been discredited.[5][6] According to Lope de Vega, she taught "all the sciences from professorial chairs".

1636

  • Netherlands: German-born Dutch Anna Maria van Schurman, proficient in 14 languages, studied as the first female student at the university of Utrecht, Netherlands, but without obtaining a degree.

1639

  • Acadia: The French colony of Acadia, which at the time included part of Maine, had an Ursuline boarding school by 1639 that was geared toward the education of young girls. The school was founded in Quebec City and is still in operation today, though this part of Canada no longer includes the part of Maine that it once did.

1644

1674

  • New Spain: In this year Bishop Calderon of Santiago wrote to Queen Mother Marie Anne of Spain concerning the Spanish efforts at colonizing Florida. In his letter he included some comments about the state of education and stated, "The children, both male and female, go to church on work days, to a religious school where they are taught by a teacher whom they call Athequi of the church; [a person] whom the priests have for this service."[8] This description indicates that the colonies of New Spain had facilities for female education at least by the 1600s. It is not clear how far back this goes; the 1512 laws of Burgos, from over a hundred years earlier, did not specify whether instruction should be for males only: it uses the word hijos, which means sons, but can include daughters if they are mixed in with the boys.

1678

  • Italy: Elena Cornaro Piscopia, an Italian woman, earns a Ph.D. – Philosophy doctorate degree from the University of Padua in Italy[6][9][10] and is said to have taught mathematics at the University of Padua.

1684

  • France: Maison royale de Saint-Louis founded.

1685

  • Italy: Rosa Venerini opens the first free school for girls in Italy, in the town of Viterbe.

1698

  • The first secular secondary education girls' school in Germany is established by the Pietist August Hermann Francke in Halle, and becomes a pioneer institution for a number of girls schools in Germany during the 18th-century. [11]

1700s[]

1727

  • United States: Founded in 1727 by the Sisters of the Order of Saint Ursula, Ursuline Academy, New Orleans, is both the oldest continuously operating school for girls and the oldest Catholic school in the United States. The Ursuline Sisters founded this school out of the conviction that the education of women was essential to the development of a civilized, spiritual and just society, and has influenced culture and learning in New Orleans by providing an exceptional education for its women.

1732

  • Italy: Laura Bassi, an Italian woman, earned a Ph.D. degree at the University of Bologna in Italy,[12][13][14][15] and taught physics at the same university.[16] She was first woman to have doctorate in science. Working at the University of Bologna, she was also the first salaried woman teacher in a university and at one time she was the highest paid employee. She was also the first woman member of any scientific establishment, when she was elected to the Academy of Sciences of the Institute of Bologna in 1732.[17][18]

1742

  • United States: At only 16 years of age, Countess Benigna von Zinzendorf established the first all-girls boarding school in America, sponsored by her father Count Nicholas von Zinzendorf. Originally known as the Bethlehem Female Seminary upon its 1742 founding, it changed its name to Moravian Seminary and College for Women by 1913. 1863 proved the Germantown, Pennsylvania-based school’s most landmark year, however, when the state recognized it as a college and granted it permission to reward bachelor's degrees. As a result, most tend to accept Moravian as the oldest—though not continuously operational because of its current co-ed status—specifically female institute of higher learning in the United States.[19]

1751

  • Italy: Cristina Roccati became the third woman to receive a Ph.D. degree in Italy.[20] and taught physics at the Academia.

1764

1765

1783

  • United States: Washington College in Chestertown, Maryland, appointed the first women instructors at any American college or university, Elizabeth Callister Peale and Sarah Callister – members of the famous Peale family of artists – taught painting and drawing.[21]

1786

  • Russia: Catherine the Great opened free public primary and high school education to girls.[22]

1787

1788

1800s[]

1800–1849[]

1803

  • United States: Bradford Academy in Bradford, Massachusetts was the first higher educational institution to admit women in Massachusetts. It was founded as a co-educational institution, but became exclusively for women in 1837.

1818

  • India: Western Christian missionaries opened the first western-style charter schools in India open to girls.[24]

1822

  • Serbia: Girls were allowed to attend elementary schools with boys up until the fourth grade.[25]

1823

1826

  • United States: The first American public high schools for girls were opened in New York and Boston.[27]

1827

  • Brazil: the first elementary schools for girls and the profession of school teacher were opened.[28]

1829

  • United States: The first public examination of an American girl in geometry was held.[29]
1830s
  • Egypt: In Egypt Christian missionaries were allowed to open elementary schools for girls.[30]

1831

  • United States: As a private institution in 1831, Mississippi College became the first coeducational college in the United States to grant a degree to a woman. In December 1831 it granted degrees to two women, Alice Robinson and Catherine Hall.[31]

1834

  • Greece: Greece got compulsory prime education for both boys and girls, in parallel with the foundation of the first private secondary educational schools for girls such as the Arsakeio.[32]

1834

  • Iran: The first modern school for girls was opened in Iran, Urmia.[33]

1837

  • United States: Bradford Academy in Bradford, Massachusetts, due to declining enrollment, became a single-sexed institution for the education of women exclusively.

1839

  • United States: Established in 1836, Georgia Female College in Macon, Georgia, opened its doors to students on January 7, 1839. Now known as Wesleyan College, it was the first college in the world chartered specifically to grant bachelor's degrees to women.[34]

1841

  • Bulgaria: In Bulgaria the first secular girls school made education and the profession of teacher available for women.[35]

1842

  • Sweden: Sweden requires compulsory elementary school for both sexes.[36]

1843

1844

1846

1847

  • Belgium: Elementary school for both genders.
  • Costa Rica: First high school for girls, and the profession of teacher was opened to women.[38]
  • Ghana: Rosina Widmann opens vocational school for girls in January 1847, with the first classes in needlework for 12 girls at her home in Akropong in the Gold Coast colony.[39][40][41][42]

1848

1849

  • United States: Elizabeth Blackwell, born in England, became the first woman to earn a medical degree from an American college, Geneva Medical College in New York.[44]
  • United Kingdom: Bedford College opens in London as the first higher education college for women in the United Kingdom.[45]
  • India: Secondary education for girls was made available by the foundation of the Bethune School.

1850–1874[]

1850

  • United States: Lucy Sessions earned a literary degree from Oberlin College, becoming the first black woman in the United States to receive a college degree.[46]
  • France: Elementary education for both sexes, but girls were only allowed to be tutored by teachers from the church.[47]
  • United Kingdom: North London Collegiate School, the first school in England to offer girls the same educational opportunities as boys, opens. [48]
  • Haiti: First permanent school for girls.[49] the l'Institution Mont-Carmel of Marie-Rose Léodille Delaunay.

1851

1852

  • Nicaragua: are granted dispensation to attend lectures at university, after which women are given the right to apply for permission to attend lectures at university (though not to an actual full university education).[50]

1853

  • Egypt: The first Egyptian school for females was opened by the Copts minority.[30]
  • Serbia: The first secondary educational school for females was inaugurated (public schools for girls having opened in 1845–46).[32]
  • Sweden: The profession of teacher at public primary and elementary schools was opened to both sexes.[51]

1854

  • Chile: First public elementary school for girls.[35]

1855

  • United States: University of Iowa becomes the first coeducational public or state university in the United States.[52]

1857

  • Netherlands: Elementary education compulsory for both girls and boys.[53]
  • Spain: Elementary education compulsory for both girls and boys.[54]

1858

  • United States: became the first woman west of the Mississippi River to receive a baccalaureate degree.[55]
  • Ottoman Empire: The first state school for girls is opened; several other schools for girls are opened during the following decades.[56]
  • Russia: Gymnasiums for girls.[22]

1859

  • Denmark: The post of teacher at public schools are opened to women.[57]
  • Ghana: Rose Ann Miller started an all-girls' boarding school at Aburi under the auspices of the Basel Mission.[37]
  • Sweden: The post of college teacher and lower official at public institutions are open to women.[58]

1860

  • Norway: Women are allowed to teach in the rural elementary school system (in the city schools in 1869).[59]

1861

1862

  • United States: Mary Jane Patterson became the first African-American woman to earn a BA in 1862. She earned her degree from Oberlin College.[19]

1863

  • Serbia: The inauguration of the Women's High School in Belgrade, first high school open to women in Serbia (and the entire Balkans).[32]
  • United States: Mary Corinna Putnam Jacobi graduated from the New York College of Pharmacy in 1863, which made her the first woman to graduate from a United States school of pharmacy.[60][61]

1864

  • United States: Rebecca Crumpler became the first African-American woman to graduate from a U.S. college with a medical degree and the first and only black woman to obtain the Doctress of Medicine degree from New England Female Medical College in Boston, Massachusetts.[46]
  • Belgium: The first official secondary education school open to females in Belgium.[62]
  • Haiti: Elementary schools for girls are founded.[49]

1865

  • Romania: The educational reform granted all Romanians access to education, which, at least formally, gave also females the right to attend school from elementary education to the university.[63]

1866

1866

1867

  • Switzerland: University of Zurich formally open to women, though they had already been allowed to attend lectures a few years prior.[66]

1868

  • Croatia: The first high school open to females.[67]

1869

  • United States: Fanny Jackson Coppin was named principal of the Institute for Colored Youth in Philadelphia, becoming the first black woman to head an institution for higher learning in the United States.[46]
  • Austria-Hungary: The profession of public school teacher is open to women.[47]
  • Costa Rica: Elementary education compulsory for both girls and boys.[38]
  • Ottoman Empire: The law formally introduce compulsory elementary education for both boys and girls.[56]
  • Russia: are opened, which opens the profession of teacher, law assistant and similar lower academic professions for women (in 1876, the courses are no longer allowed to give exams, and in 1883, all outside of the capital is closed).[47]
  • United Kingdom: Watt Institution and School of Arts, a predecessor of Heriot-Watt University, admits women. Mary Burton persuaded the Watt Institution and School of Arts to open its doors to women students in 1869 and went on to become the first woman on the School’s Board of Directors and a life Governor of Heriot-Watt College. One of the first women to serve on Edinburgh Parochial and School Boards, Mary was a lifelong campaigner for women’s suffrage and an advocate for educational opportunities for all.[68]
  • United Kingdom: The Edinburgh Seven were the first group of matriculated undergraduate female students at any British university. They began studying medicine at the University of Edinburgh in 1869 and although they were unsuccessful in their struggle to graduate and qualify as doctors, the campaign they fought gained national attention and won them many supporters including Charles Darwin. It put the rights of women to a University education on the national political agenda which eventually resulted in legislation to ensure that women could study at University in 1877.
  • United Kingdom: Girton College opens as the first residential college for women in the United Kingdom.[69]

1870:

  • United States: The first woman is admitted to Cornell.[citation needed]
  • United States: The Board of Regents of the University of California ruled that women should be admitted on an equal basis with men.[70] With the completion of North and South Halls in 1873, the university relocated to its Berkeley location with 167 male and 22 female students.
  • Finland: Women allowed to study at the universities by dispensation (dispensation demand dropped in 1901).[71]
  • United States: Ada Kepley became the first American woman to earn a law degree, from Northwestern University School of Law.[citation needed]
  • United States: Ellen Swallow Richards became the first American woman to earn a degree in chemistry, which she earned from Vassar College in 1870.[72]
  • Ottoman Empire: The Teachers College for Girls are opened in Constantinople to educate women to professional teachers for girls school; the profession of teacher becomes accessible for women and education accessible to girls.[56]
  • Spain: The Asociación para la Enseñanza de la Mujer is founded: promoting education for women, it establishes secondary schools and training colleges all over Spain, which makes secondary and higher education open to females for the first time.[73]
  • Sweden: Universities open to women (at the same terms as men 1873).[74] The first female student is Betty Pettersson.

1871

  • Netherlands: Aletta Jacobs became the first female to get accepted at the University of Groningen.
  • United States: Frances Elizabeth Willard became the first female college president in the United States, as president of Evanston College for Ladies in Illinois.[64][75]
  • India: First training school for woman teachers.[24]
  • Japan: Women are allowed to study in the USA (though not yet in Japan itself).[76]
  • New Zealand: Universities open to women.[77]
  • United States: Harriette Cooke became the first woman college professor in the United States appointed full professor with a salary equal to that of her male peers.[55]

1872:

  • Sweden: First female university student: Betty Pettersson.
  • Japan: Compulsory elementary education for both girls and boys.[78]
  • Ottoman Empire: The first government primary school open to both genders.[79] Women's Teacher's Training School opened in Istanbul.[80]
  • Russia: Establishment of the Guerrier Courses.
  • Spain: María Elena Maseras is allowed to enlist as a university student with special dispensation: having been formally admitted to a class in 1875, she was finally allowed to graduate 1882, which created a Precedent allowing females to enroll at universities from this point on.[81]

1873:

  • United States: Linda Richards became the first American woman to earn a degree in nursing.[82]
  • Egypt: The first public Egyptian primary school open to females: two years later, there are 32 primary schools for females in Egypt, three of which also offered secondary education.[30]

1874–1899[]

1874:

  • United States: The first woman to graduate from the University of California, , obtained a Ph.B in Agriculture.
  • Iran: The first school for girls is founded by American missionaries (only non-Muslims attend until 1891).[83]
  • Japan: The profession of public school teacher is opened to women.[84]
  • Netherlands: Aletta Jacobs becomes the first woman allowed to study medicine.
  • United Kingdom: London School of Medicine for Women founded, the first medical school in Britain to train women.[85]
  • Germany: Russian mathematician Sofia Kovalevskaya became the first woman in modern Europe to gain a doctorate in mathematics, which she earned from the University of Göttingen in Germany.[86]
  • Canada: Grace Lockhart became the first woman in the British Empire to receive a bachelor's degree, graduating from Mount Allison University in Canada.[87]

1875:

  • Switzerland: Stefania Wolicka-Arnd, a Polish woman, became the first woman to earn a PhD from the University of Zurich in Switzerland.[88][89]
  • Denmark: Universities open to women.[74]
  • India: First women admitted to college courses, although with special permission (at Madras Medical College).[24]

1876:

  • Argentina: Girls are included in the national school system by the transference of the control of the private girls schools from the charitable Beneficent Society to the provincial government.[26]
  • Great Britain: Medical examining bodies given the right to certify women.[90]
  • India: Women allowed to attend university exams at the Calcutta University.[24]
  • Italy: Universities open to women.[91]
  • Netherlands: Universities open to women.[91]
  • United States: Elizabeth Bragg was the first female to graduate from an engineering degree in the U.S in civil engineering from the (University of California, Berkeley).[92]
  • United States: was the first woman to receive a Bachelor of Divinity degree from an American seminary (Boston University School of Theology).[93]

1877:

  • United States: Helen Magill White became the first American woman to earn a Ph.D., which she earned at Boston University in the subject of Greek.[64][94][95]
  • Chile: Universities open to women.[35][96]
  • New Zealand: Kate Edger became the first women to graduate from a university in New Zealand.[97]

1878:

  • Austria-Hungary: Women allowed to attend university lectures as guest auditors.[98]
  • Bulgaria: Elementary education for both genders.[99]
  • Russia: The Bestuzhev Courses open in Saint Petersburg.
  • United Kingdom: Lady Margaret Hall, the first college in the University of Oxford to admit women, is founded.[100]
  • United States: Mary L. Page became the first American woman to earn a degree in architecture, which she earned from the University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign.[101][102]
  • United Kingdom: The University of London receives a supplemental charter allowing it to award degrees to women, the first university in the United Kingdom to open its degrees.[103]

1879:

  • United States: Mary Eliza Mahoney became the first African-American in the U.S. to earn a diploma in nursing, which she earned from the School of Nursing at the New England Hospital for Woman and Children in Boston.[46]
  • Brazil: Universities open to women.[28]
  • France: Colleges and secondary education open to women.[47]
  • India: The first college open to women: Bethune College (the first female graduate in 1883).[24]

1880:

  • United Kingdom: First four women gain BA degrees at the University of London, the first women in the UK to be awarded degrees.[103]
  • Australia : Universities open to women.[104]
  • Belgium: The University of Brussels opened to women.[91]
  • Canada: Universities open to women.[citation needed]
  • France: Universities open to women.[47]
  • France: Free public secondary education to women.[105]
  • France: Public teachers training schools open to women.[105]

1881:

  • United Kingdom: Women were allowed to take the Cambridge Mathematical Tripos exams, after Charlotte Angas Scott was unofficially ranked as eighth wrangler.
  • United States: American Association of University Women founded.[106]

1882:

  • United Kingdom: College Hall opened by University College London and the London School of Medicine for Women as the first women's hall of residence in the UK.[107]
  • France: Compulsory elementary education for both genders.[108]
  • Norway: Women allowed to study at the university.[32]
  • Nicaragua: The first public secular education institution for women, , opens.[109]
  • Poland: The Flying University provides academic education for women.
  • Serbia: Compulsory education for both genders.[25]
  • Belgium: Universities open to women.[91]
  • India: Bombay University open to women.[24]
  • Romania: Universities open to women.[110]

1883:

  • Australia: Bella Guerin became the first woman to graduate from a university in Australia, graduating from the University of Melbourne in 1883.[111]
  • Sweden: Ellen Fries became the first female Ph.D. promoted.
  • United States: Susan Hayhurst became the first woman to receive a pharmacy degree in the United States, which she received from the Philadelphia College of Pharmacy.[112][113][114][115]
  • United Kingdom: Sophie Bryant becomes the first woman in Britain to earn a DSc.[116]

1885:

1886:

  • United States: Winifred Edgerton Merrill became the first American woman to earn a PhD in mathematics, which she earned from Columbia University.[118]
  • France: Women eligible to join public education boards.[119]
  • Costa Rica: A public academic educational institution open to women.[38]
  • Korea: The first educational institution for women, Ewha Womans University is founded.
  • Mexico: Universities open to women.[96]
  • United States: Anandibai Joshi from India, Keiko Okami from Japan, and Sabat Islambouli from Syria became the first women from their respective countries (and in Joshi's case the first Hindu woman) to get a degree in western medicine, which they each got from the (WMCP), where they were all students in 1885.[120][121]
  • France: Iulia Hasdeu was the first Romanian woman to study at the Sorbonne. She enrolled at age 16 and died two years later while preparing her doctoral thesis.[122]

1887:

  • Albania: The first Albanian language elementary school open to female pupils.[123]

1889:

  • United States: Maria Louise Baldwin became the first African-American female principal in Massachusetts and the Northeast, supervising white faculty and a predominantly white student body at the Agassiz Grammar School in Cambridge.[46]
  • United States: Susan La Flesche Picotte became the first Native American woman to earn a medical degree, which she earned from Woman's Medical College of Pennsylvania.[124][125]
  • Egypt: The first teacher training college for women.[79]
  • Argentina: Cecilia Grierson became the first woman in Argentina to earn a medical university degree.
  • Palestine: The first school open to girls founded by missionaries.[79]
  • Sweden: Women eligible to join boards of public authority such as public school boards.[74]
  • Sweden: First female professor: Sofia Kovalevskaya.
  • United Kingdom: Scottish universities opened to women by the Universities (Scotland) Act 1889.[126]
  • El Salvador: Antonia Navarro Huezo became the first Salvadoran woman to earn a topographic engineering doctorate.

1890:

  • United States: Ida Gray became the first African-American woman to earn a Doctor of Dental Surgery degree, which she earned from the University of Michigan.[46][127]
  • Finland: Signe Hornborg graduates as an architect from the Helsinki University of Technology in Finland, becoming the first ever formally qualified female architect in the world.
  • Bohemia: The first secondary education school for females in Prague.[62]
  • Greece: Universities open to women.[71]

1891:

  • Albania: The first school of higher education for women is opened. It was founded by siblings Sevasti Qiriazi and Gjerasim Qiriazi.[128]
  • Germany: Women are allowed to attend university lectures, which makes it possible for individual professors to accept female students if they wish.[98]
  • Portugal: The first medical university degree is granted to a woman.[129]
  • Switzerland: Secondary schools open to women.[66]

1892:

  • United States: became the first woman elected to state office as Superintendent of Public Instruction.[55]

1893:

  • Ottoman Empire: Women are permitted to attend medical lectures at Istanbul University.[79]
  • France: Dorothea Klumpke became the first woman to be awarded a doctorate in sciences.[130]

1894:

  • Poland: Kraków University open to women.[131]
  • United States: Margaret Floy Washburn became the first American woman to be officially awarded the PhD degree in psychology, which she earned at Cornell University under E. B. Titchener.[132]

1895:

  • Austria-Hungary: Universities open to women.[47]
  • Egypt: A public school system for girls is organized.[79]

1896:

  • Norway: Women are admitted at all secondary educational schools of the state.[59]
  • Spain: María Goyri de Menéndez Pidal became the first Spanish woman to earn a degree in philosophy and letters. She earned a licentiate from the University of Madrid.[133]

1897:

  • Switzerland: Anita Augspurg became the first German woman to receive a Doctor of Law, which earned at the University of Zurich, despite not being able to practice law in Germany until 1922.[134]
  • Austria-Hungary: Gabriele Possanner became the first woman to receive a medical degree and subsequently, the first practicing female doctor of the country.

1898:

  • Haiti: The Medical University accept female students in obstetrics.[49]
  • Serbia: Co-education, banned since the 1850s, is re-introduced, equalizing the schooling of males and females.[25]
  • United Kingdom: Margaret Murray became the first woman lecturer of archaeology in the United Kingdom.

1899:

  • Germany: Women are admitted to study medicine, dentistry and pharmacy.[135]

1900s[]

1900–1939[]

1900:

  • Egypt: A school for female teachers is founded in Cairo.[80]
  • United States: Otelia Cromwell became the first black woman to graduate from Smith College in Northampton, Massachusetts.[46]
  • Tunisia: The first public elementary school for girls.[80]
  • Japan: The first Women's University.[136]
  • Baden, Germany: Universities open to women.[137]
  • Sri Lanka: Secondary education open to females.[138]

1901:

  • Bulgaria: Universities open to women.[99]
  • Cuba: Universities open to women.[96]

1902:

  • Australia: Ada Evans became the first woman to graduate in law in Australia at the University of Sydney.[139]

1903:

  • United States: Mignon Nicholson became the first woman in North America to earn a veterinary degree, which she earned from McKillip Veterinary College in Chicago, Illinois.[140][141]
  • Canada: Clara Benson and Emma Sophia Baker became the first women to earn a PhD from the University of Toronto.[142]
  • Norway: Clara Holst became the first woman to earn a Ph.D. in Norway, which she earned from Royal Frederick University. Her dissertation was titled Studier over middelnedertyske laaneord i dansk i det 14. og 15. aarhundrede (English: Study of Middle Low German loanwords in Danish in the 14th and 15th centuries).[143]

1904:

  • United States: Helen Keller graduated from Radcliffe, becoming the first deafblind person to earn a Bachelor of Arts degree.
  • United Kingdom: Millicent Mackenzie is appointed as Assistant Professor of Education at the University College of South Wales and Monmouthshire (part of the University of Wales), the first woman professor in the UK.[144]
  • Württemberg, Germany: Universities open to women.[137]

1905:

  • United States: Nora Stanton Blatch Barney, born in England, became the one of the first woman to earn a degree in any type of engineering in the United States, which she earned from Cornell University. It was a degree in civil engineering.[145]
  • Argentina: University preparatory secondary education open to females.[26]
  • Iceland: Educational institutions open to women.[47]
  • Russia: Universities open to women.[47]
  • Serbia: Female university students are fully integrated in to the university system.[25]
  • Australia: Flos Greig became the first woman to be admitted as a barrister and solicitor in Australia, having graduated in 1903.[139]

1906:

  • Saxony, Germany: Universities open to women.[137]

1907:

  • China: Girls are included in the education system.[62]
  • Sudan: The first school open to Muslim girls.[79]
  • Iran: Compulsory primary education for females.[83]
  • Iran: The first Iranian school for girls is established by Tuba Azmudeh, followed by others in the following years.[83]
  • Japan: Tohoku University, the first (private) coeducational university.
  • Italy: Rina Monti is named the first female university chair in the Kingdom of Italy.[146]

1908:

  • United States: Alpha Kappa Alpha Sorority, the first black Greek letter organization for woman, was founded at Howard University.[46]
  • United Kingdom: Edith Morley is appointed Professor of English Language at University College Reading, becoming the first full professor at a British university institute.[147]
  • Korea: Secondary education for females through the foundation of the Capital School for Girl's Higher Education.[62]
  • Peru: Universities open to women.[148]
  • Prussia, Alsace-Lorraine and Hesse, Germany: Universities open to women.[137]
  • Switzerland: The Russian-born Anna Tumarkin was the first female professor in Europe with the right to examine doctoral and post-doctoral students.[149]

1909:

  • United States: Ella Flagg Young became the first female superintendent of a large city school system in the United States.[55]
  • Spain: María Goyri de Menéndez Pidal became the first woman to earn a Ph.D. in Spain, which she earned at the University of Madrid in the subject of philosophy and letters.[133]

1910:

  • United Kingdom: Millicent Mackenzie is promoted to full professor, the first woman to reach this level at a fully chartered university in the UK.[150]

1911:

  • Luxembourg: A new educational law gives women access to higher education, and two secondary education schools open to females.[151]

1912:

  • China: The Chinese government established secondary schools for young women.[62]
  • Costa Rica: Felícitas Chaverri Matamoros becomes the first female university student of the country in the Pharmacy School; in 1917 she becomes the first Costa Rican female university graduate.[152]
  • Japan: Tsuruko Haraguchi became the first Japanese woman to earn a Ph.D.[153]

1913:

  • United Kingdom: Caroline Spurgeon successfully competed for the newly created chair of English Literature at Bedford College, London, becoming the second female professor in England.

1914:

1915:

  • United States: Lillian Gilbreth earned a PhD in industrial psychology from Brown University, which was the first degree ever granted in industrial psychology. Her dissertation was titled "Some Aspects of Eliminating Waste in Teaching".

1917:

  • Greece: The first public secondary educational school for girls open.[32]
  • Iran: Public schools for girls are opened in order to enforce the law of compulsory education for girls in practice.[83]
  • Uruguay: University education open to women.[96]
  • Nicaragua: The first female obtains a university degree.[109]

1918:

  • Thailand: Universities open to women.[155]

1920:

  • Portugal: Secondary school open to women.[129]
  • China: The first female students are accepted in the Peking University, soon followed by universities all over China.[156]

1921:

  • United States: Sadie Tanner Mossell became the first African-American woman to earn a Ph.D. in the U.S. when she earned a Ph.D. in Economics from the University of Pennsylvania.[157]
  • Thailand: Compulsory elementary education for both girls and boys.[155]

1922:

  • United States: Sigma Gamma Rho Sorority was founded. It was the fourth black Greek letter organization for women, and the first black sorority established on a predominantly white campus, Butler University in Indianapolis, Indiana.[46]

1923:

  • Canada: Elsie MacGill graduated from the University of Toronto in 1927, and was the first Canadian woman to earn a degree in electrical engineering.[158]
  • Egypt: Compulsory education for both sexes.[79]
  • United States: Virginia Proctor Powell Florence became the first black woman in the United States to earn a degree in library science.[159] She earned the degree (Bachelor of Library Science) from what is now part of the University of Pittsburgh.[46][160][161]

1924

1925:

  • Korea: Professional school for women (at Ewha Womans University).

1926:

  • United States: Dr. May Edward Chinn became the first African-American woman to graduate from the University and Bellevue Hospital Medical College.[46]

1927:

  • Afghanistan: The monarch introduces compulsory education for the daughters of officials.[30]

1928:

  • Afghanistan: The first women are sent abroad to study (women banned from studying abroad in 1929).[30]
  • Bahrain: The first public primary school for girls.[79]
  • Egypt: The first women students are admitted to Cairo University.[79]
  • Ghana: Jane E. Clerk was one of two students in the first batch of Presbyterian Women’s Training College.

1929:

  • Greece: Secondary education for females is made equal to that of males.[32]
  • Nigeria: Agnes Yewande Savage became the first West African woman to graduate from medical school, obtaining her degree at the University of Edinburgh.[163][164][165]
  • United States: Jenny Rosenthal Bramley, born in Moscow, became the first woman to earn a Ph.D. in physics in the United States, which she earned from New York University.[166]
  • United States: Elsie MacGill, from Canada, became the first woman in North America, and likely the world, to be awarded a master's degree in aeronautical engineering.[167]

1930:

  • Turkey: Equal right to university education for both men and women.[79]

1931:

  • United States: Jane Matilda Bolin was the first black woman to graduate from Yale Law School.[46]
  • United States: Bradford Academy, in Bradford, Massachusetts, changed name to Bradford Junior College and offered a two-year degree for women.

1932:

  • United States: Dorothy B. Porter became the first African-American woman to earn an advanced degree in library science (MLS) from Columbia University.[46]

1933:

  • Sierra Leone: Edna Elliott-Horton became the first West African woman to receive a baccalaureate degree in the liberals arts when she graduated from Howard University.[168]
  • United States: Inez Beverly Prosser became the first African-American woman to earn a PhD in psychology, which she earned from the University of Cincinnati.

1934:

  • United States: Ruth Winifred Howard became the second African-American woman in the United States to receive a Ph.D. in psychology, which she earned from the University of Minnesota.

1935:

  • Iran: Women were admitted to Tehran University.[169] The access of university education to females is, in fact, also a reform regarding women's access to professions, as it open numerous professions to women.[83]
  • United States: Jesse Jarue Mark became the first African American woman to earn a Ph.D. in botany, which she earned at Iowa State University.[46]

1936:

  • United States: Flemmie Kittrell became the first African American woman to earn a Ph.D. in nutrition, which she earned at Cornell University.[46]

1937:

  • Kuwait: The first public schools open to females.[79]
  • United States: Anna Johnson Julian became the first black woman to receive a Ph.D. in sociology from the University of Pennsylvania.[46]

1938:

  • Nigeria: Elizabeth Abimbola Awoliyi became the first woman to be licensed to practise medicine in Nigeria after graduating from the University of Dublin and the first West African female medical officer with a license of the Royal Surgeon (Dublin).[170][171][172][173]

1939:

1940–1969[]

1940:

  • United States: Roger Arliner Young became the first black woman to earn a Ph.D. in zoology, which she earned from the University of Pennsylvania.[46]

1941:

  • United States: Ruth Lloyd became the first African-American woman to earn a Ph.D. in anatomy, which she earned from Western Reserve University.[46]
  • United States: Merze Tate became the first African American woman to earn a Ph.D. in government and international relations from Harvard University.[46]

1942:

  • United States: Margurite Thomas became the first African American woman to earn a Ph.D. in geology, which she earned from Catholic University.[46]

1943:

  • Iran: Compulsory primary education for both males and females.[79]
  • United States: Euphemia Haynes became the first African-American woman to earn a Ph.D. in Mathematics, which she earned from Catholic University.[175]

1945:

  • United States: Zora Neale Hurston became the first African-American woman to be admitted to Barnard college.[55]
  • United States: Harvard Medical School admitted women for the first time.[176]

1946:

  • Ghana: Jane E. Clerk was among a batch of pioneer women educators in West Africa to selected study education at the Institute of Education of the University of London.

1947:

  • Ghana: Susan Ofori-Atta became the first Ghanaian woman to earn a medical degree when she graduated from the University of Edinburgh.[164][165]
  • United States: Marie Maynard Daly became the first African-American woman to earn a Ph.D. in chemistry, which she earned from Columbia University.[46][177]
  • United Kingdom: Cambridge University becomes the last university in the UK to allow women to take full degrees.[178]

1948:

  • United Kingdom: Elizabeth Hill became the first Professor of Slavonic studies at the University of Cambridge.[179]

1949:

  • United States: Joanne Simpson (formerly Joanne Malkus, born Joanne Gerould) was the first woman in the United States to receive a Ph.D. in meteorology, which she received in 1949 from the University of Chicago.[180][181][182]

1950:

1951:

  • Bahrain: First secondary education school open to females.[79]
  • Ghana: Esther Afua Ocloo became the first person of African ancestry to obtain a cooking diploma from the Good Housekeeping Institute in London and to take the post-graduate Food Preservation Course at Long Ashton Research Station, Department of Horticulture, Bristol University.[185][186][187]
  • United States: Maryly Van Leer Peck, became first female chemical engineer graduate. Peck also became the first woman to receive an M.S. and a Ph.D. in chemical engineering from the University of Florida.[188][189]

1952:

  • United States: Georgia Tech's president Blake R Van Leer admitted the first women to the school and his wife Ella Wall Van Leer setup support groups for future female engineers.[188][189]

1955:

  • Qatar: First public school for girls.[79]

1957:

  • Southern Rhodesia (today Zimbabwe): Sarah Chavunduka became the first black woman to attend the University College of Rhodesia and Nyasaland (today the University of Zimbabwe).

1959:

1962:

  • United States: Martha E. Bernal, who was born in Texas, became the first Latina to earn a PhD in psychology, which she earned in clinical psychology from Indiana University Bloomington.[191][192]
  • Kuwait: The right to education is secured to all citizens regardless of gender.[79]

1963:

  • Nigeria: Grace Lele Williams became the first Nigerian woman to earn any doctorate when she earned her Ph.D. in Mathematics Education from the University of Chicago.[175]
  • The Gambia: Florence Mahoney became the first Gambian woman to obtain a PhD, graduating from the School of Oriental and African Studies with a doctorate in History.[193]

1964:

  • Afghanistan: The 1964 constitution stated the equal right of women to education.[30]

1965:

  • United States: Sister Mary Kenneth Keller became the first American woman to earn a PhD in Computer Science, which she earned at the University of Wisconsin–Madison.[194][195] Her thesis was titled "Inductive Inference on Computer Generated Patterns".[196]
  • Kuwait: Compulsory education for both boys and girls.[79]

1966:

  • Kuwait: University education open to women.[79]

1969:

  • United States: In 1969, Lillian Lincoln Lambert became the first African-American woman to graduate from Harvard Business School with an MBA.[19]
  • United States: Princeton, Yale, Colgate, Johns Hopkins, and Georgetown opened applications to women.[197]

1970–1999[]

1970:

  • United States: Bowdoin, Williams and the University of Virginia allowed women to apply for admittance.

1971:

  • United States: Bradford Junior College in Bradford, Massachusetts changed to Bradford College and offered four year degrees for women.
  • Egypt: The new constitution confirms women's right to education.[30]
  • United States: Brown and Lehigh allowed women to apply for admittance.

1972:

  • United States: Title IX was passed, making discrimination against any person based on their sex in any federally funded educational program(s) in America illegal.[198]
  • United States: Willie Hobbs Moore became the first African-American woman to receive a Ph.D. in Physics, which was conferred by the University of Michigan.[175]
  • United States: Bradford College in Bradford, Massachusetts became a co-educational institution (again) after being founded in 1803 as co-educational and then serving exclusively as a female institution of higher learning from 1837 to 1972. Bradford College closed permanently in May, 2000. The Bradford Alumni Association continues today and is the third oldest continuing alumni association in the United States.
  • United States: Dartmouth, Davidson, Duke and Wesleyan allowed women to apply for admittance.

1975:

  • United States: Lorene L. Rogers became the first woman named president of a major research university in the United States, the University of Texas.[19]
  • United States: On July 1, 1975, Jeanne Sinkford became the first female dean of a dental school when she was appointed the dean of Howard University, School of Dentistry.[199]
  • United Kingdom: The Sex Discrimination Act 1975 (c. 65) is an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom which protected women from discrimination on the grounds of sex or marital status. The Act concerned education among other things.
  • United States: Amherst, Claremont, US Naval Academy, West Point, US Airforce Academy and US Coast Guard Academy allowed women to apply for admittance.

1976:

  • United States: U.S. service academies (US Military Academy, US Naval Academy, US Air Force Academy and the US Coast Guard Academy) first admitted women in 1976.[200]

1977:

  • United States: Harvard’s ratio of four men to one woman ended with "sex-blind admissions".
  • United States: The American Association of Dental Schools (founded in 1923 and renamed the American Dental Education Association in 2000) had Nancy Goorey as its first female president in 1977.[201]

1978:

  • Afghanistan: Mandatory literacy and education of all females.[30]

1979:

  • United States: Christine Economides became the first American woman to receive a PhD in petroleum engineering, which was conferred by Stanford University.[202]
  • United States: Jenny Patrick became the first black woman in the United States to receive a Ph.D. in chemical engineering, which was conferred by Massachusetts Institute of Technology.[46]

1980:

  • United States: Women and men were enrolled in American colleges in equal numbers for the first time.

1982:

1983:

  • United States: Christine Darden became the first black woman in the U.S. to receive a Ph.D. degree in mechanical engineering, which was conferred by George Washington University.[46]
  • United States: Columbia College of Columbia University allowed women to apply for admittance.

1984:

  • United States: The U.S. Supreme Court's 1984 ruling Grove City College v. Bell[208] held that Title IX applied only to those programs receiving direct federal aid.[209] The case reached the Supreme Court when Grove City College disagreed with the Department of Education's assertion that it was required to comply with Title IX. Grove City College was not a federally funded institution; however, they did accept students who were receiving Basic Educational Opportunity Grants through a Department of Education program.[208] The Department of Education's stance was that, because some of its students were receiving federal grants, the school was receiving federal assistance and Title IX applied to it. The Court decided that since Grove City College was only receiving federal funding through the grant program, only that program had to be in compliance. The ruling was a major victory for those opposed to Title IX, as it made many institutions' sports programs outside of the rule of Title IX and, thus, reduced the scope of Title IX.[210]

1987:

1988:

  • United States: The Civil Rights Restoration Act was passed in 1988 which extended Title IX coverage to all programs of any educational institution that receives any federal assistance, both direct and indirect.[211]

1994:

  • United States: In 1994, the Equity in Athletics Disclosure Act, sponsored by congresswoman Cardiss Collins, required federally assisted higher education institutions to disclose information on roster sizes for men's and women's teams, as well as budgets for recruiting, scholarships, coaches' salaries, and other expenses, annually.[212]

1996:

2000s[]

2001:

  • United States: Ruth Simmons became the eighteenth president of Brown University, which made her the first black woman to lead an Ivy League institution.[46]

2005–2006:

  • United States: For the first time, more doctoral degrees are conferred on women then men in the United States. This educational gap has continued to increase in the U.S., especially for master's degrees where over 50% more degrees are conferred on women than men.[203]

2006:

  • United States: On November 24, 2006, the Title IX regulations were amended to provide greater flexibility in the operation of single-sex classes or extracurricular activities at the primary or secondary school level.[213]

2011:

  • India: In April 2011, the Institute for Buddhist Dialectical Studies (IBD) in Dharamsala, India, conferred the degree of geshe (a Tibetan Buddhist academic degree for monks and nuns) to Venerable Kelsang Wangmo, a German nun, thus making her the world's first female geshe.[214][215]

2013:

  • Saudi Arabia: The Saudi government sanctioned sports for girls in private schools for the first time.[216]
  • Saudi Arabia: Mai Majed Al-Qurashi became the first woman to receive a PhD in Saudi Arabia, which was conferred by the King Abdullah University of Science and Technology.[217]
  • United Kingdom: It was announced that Ephraim Mirvis created the job of ma’ayan by which women would be advisers on Jewish law in the area of family purity and as adult educators in Orthodox synagogues.[218] This requires a part-time training course for 18 months, which is the first such course in the United Kingdom.[218]
  • Tibet: Tibetan women were able to take the geshe exams for the first time.[219]

2016:

  • Tibet: Twenty Tibetan Buddhist nuns became the first Tibetan women to receive geshema degrees.[220][221]

See also[]

References[]

  1. ^ Whaley, L. (2011-02-08). Women and the Practice of Medical Care in Early Modern Europe, 1400-1800. Springer. ISBN 978-0-230-29517-9.
  2. ^ Bartolomeo Lagumina, Giuseppe Lagumina (1884). Codice diplomatico dei giudei di Sicilia (in Italian). University of Michigan. Tip. di M. Amenta. p. 99.
  3. ^ Whaley, L. (2011-02-08). Women and the Practice of Medical Care in Early Modern Europe, 1400-1800. Springer. ISBN 978-0-230-29517-9.
  4. ^ Du Rietz, Anita, Kvinnors entreprenörskap: under 400 år, 1. uppl., Dialogos, Stockholm, 2013
  5. ^ Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Juliana Morell". Catholic Encyclopedia. Robert Appleton Company.
  6. ^ Jump up to: a b Grendler, Paul F. (1988). O'Malley, John W. (ed.). Schools, Seminaries, and Catechetical Instruction, in Catholicism in Early Modern History 1500–1700: A Guide to Research. Center for Information Research. p. 328.
  7. ^ Tage Grennfelt: Gränna- Visingö historia (1980)
  8. ^ "Ellis, John Tracy. Documents of American Catholic History. 1962. Milwaukee, WI: Bruce Publishing Company. p. 22-23". 1962. Retrieved 6 October 2014.
  9. ^ "Elena Lucrezia Cornaro Piscopia". agnesscott.edu. Archived from the original on 19 December 2013. Retrieved 12 January 2014.
  10. ^ "Elena Lucrezia Cornaro Piscopia". Agnesscott.edu. Archived from the original on 2013-09-04. Retrieved 2013-09-05.
  11. ^ James C. Albisetti: Schooling German Girls and Women
  12. ^ "Laura Bassi (1711–78)". sciencemuseum.org.uk. Archived from the original on 3 January 2014. Retrieved 12 January 2014.
  13. ^ Findlen, Paula. Science As A Career In Enlightenment Italy : The Strategies Of Laura Bassi. Isis 84 (1993): 440–469. History of Science, Technology & Medicine. Web. 3 June 2013."
  14. ^ "Laura Bassi". Encyclopedia of World Biography. Encyclopedia.com. Archived from the original on 27 September 2013. Retrieved 30 October 2012.
  15. ^ "Laura Maria Caterina Bassi | Women in science". Epigenesys.eu. 2011-06-14. Retrieved 2013-09-05.
  16. ^ Monique Frize, Laura Bassi and Science in 18th Century Europe: The Extraordinary Life and Role of Italy's Pioneering Female Professor, Springer, p. 174.
  17. ^ "Laura Bassi | Italian scientist". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2020-08-30.
  18. ^ "Laura BASSI". scientificwomen.net. Retrieved 2020-08-30.
  19. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e "Blog Archive » 11 Momentous Female Firsts in Academia". The New Agenda. 2011-01-13. Archived from the original on 2012-03-18. Retrieved 2012-08-20.
  20. ^ William Clark, The Sciences in Enlightened Europe, University of Chicago Press, 1999, p. 318.
  21. ^ "Kohl Gallery: History". Washington College. Archived from the original on 2013-04-03. Retrieved 2013-03-03.
  22. ^ Jump up to: a b Barbara Alpern Engel (2004). Women in Russia, 1700–2000. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521003186. Archived from the original on 2018-04-01.
  23. ^ En qvinlig svensk gymnasist för hundra år sedan. Af G. E-m 84 ur Tidskrift för hemmet Årgång 22 (1880)
  24. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Bharati Ray:Women of India: Colonial and Post-colonial Periods, 2005
  25. ^ Jump up to: a b c d Natalija Matić Zrnić, Jill A. Irvine & Carol S. Lilly: Natalija. Life in the Balkan Powder Keg 1880–1956. Central European University Press. 2008
  26. ^ Jump up to: a b c Carlson, Marifran (2003). ¡Feminismo!: The Woman's Movement in Argentina from its Beginnings to Eva Perón.
  27. ^ Olsen, Kirstin (1994). Chronology of women's history. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 113. ISBN 9780313288036. Retrieved 2011-04-18. girl geometry 1829.
  28. ^ Jump up to: a b A companion to gender history by: Teresa A. Meade, Merry E. Wiesner-Hanks
  29. ^ Elizabeth Cady Stanton; Anthony, Susan B.; Matilda Joslyn Gage; Ida Husted Harper, eds. (1889). History of Woman Suffrage: 1848–1861, Volume 1. Susan B. Anthony. p. 36. Retrieved 2011-04-18. the first public examination of a girl in geometry (1829).
  30. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h Rubin, Barry, ed. (2012). The Middle East: A Guide to Politics, Economics, Society and Culture. ISBN 978-0765680945.
  31. ^ Cooper, Forrest Lamar (2011). Looking Back Mississippi: Towns and Places. University Press of Mississippi. p. 23. ISBN 9781617031489. Archived from the original on 2016-01-26.
  32. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Goodman, Joyce; Albisetti, James C.; Roger, Rebecca, eds. (2010). Girls' Secondary Education in the Western World: From the 18th to the 20th Century. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-230-61946-3.
  33. ^ Keddie, Nikki R.; Matthee, Rudi, eds. (2002). Iran and the Surrounding World: Interactions in Culture and Cultural Politics. University of Washington Press. ISBN 9780295982069. Archived from the original on 2018-04-01.
  34. ^ "About Wesleyan". Wesleyancollege.edu. 2015-08-14. Archived from the original on 2016-05-27. Retrieved 2016-05-27.
  35. ^ Jump up to: a b c Smith, Bonnie G., ed. (2008). The Oxford Encyclopedia of Women in World History, Volume 1. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195148909. Archived from the original on 2016-05-04.
  36. ^ "Göteborgs universitetsbibliotek: Kampen om kunskapen av Christina Florin, professor i kvinnohistoria". Ub.gu.se. Archived from the original on 2014-02-19. Retrieved 2013-10-07.
  37. ^ Jump up to: a b c d Sill, Ulrike (2010). Encounters in Quest of Christian Womanhood: The Basel Mission in Pre- and Early Colonial Ghana. Brill. ISBN 978-9004188884. Archived from the original on 2017-03-30.
  38. ^ Jump up to: a b c Ilse Abshagen Leitinger (1997). The Costa Rican Women's Movement: A Reader. University of Pittsburgh Press. ISBN 9780822955436.
  39. ^ Schweizer, Peter Alexander (2000). Survivors on the Gold Coast: The Basel Missionaries in Colonial Ghana. Smartline Pub. ISBN 9789988600013.
  40. ^ Sill, Ulrike (2010). Encounters in Quest of Christian Womanhood: The Basel Mission in Pre- and Early Colonial Ghana. Brill. ISBN 978-9004188884.
  41. ^ Nana Opare Kwakye, Abraham (April 2018). "Returning African Christians in Mission to the Gold Coast". Studies in World Christianity. 24 (1): 25–45. doi:10.3366/swc.2018.0203. ISSN 1354-9901.
  42. ^ Missionary Practices on the Gold Coast, 1832–1895. Cambria Press. ISBN 9781621968733.
  43. ^ "Savitribai: The woman who started girls' school 171 years ago". The Economic Times.
  44. ^ "Changing the Face of Medicine | Dr. Elizabeth Blackwell". Nlm.nih.gov. Archived from the original on 2011-06-28. Retrieved 2011-04-18.
  45. ^ "Ladies' College". UCL Bloomsbury Project. UCL. Archived from the original on 6 March 2016. Retrieved 4 December 2015.
  46. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y "Claiming Their Citizenship: African American Women From 1624–2009". Nwhm.org. Archived from the original on 2012-02-27. Retrieved 2012-08-20.
  47. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h Richard J Evans (1979). Kvinnorörelsens historia i Europa, USA, Australien och Nya Zeeland 1840–1920 (The Feminists: Women's Emancipation Movements in Europe, America and Australasia, 1840–1920) Helsingborg: LiberFörlag Stockholm. ISBN 91-38-04920-1 (Swedish)
  48. ^ 'The North London Collegiate School 1850–1950: A Hundred Years of Girls' Education' Published by Oxford University Press (1950)
  49. ^ Jump up to: a b c "Femmes d'Haiti : Repères chronologiques". Haiticulture.ch. Archived from the original on 2012-04-23. Retrieved 2013-10-07.
  50. ^ Victoria González-Rivera: Before the Revolution: Women's Rights and Right-Wing Politics in Nicaragua, 1821–1979, 2012
  51. ^ Inger Hultgren (Swedish): Kvinnors organisation och samhällets beslutsprocess (1982)
  52. ^ May, A.J., University of Rochester History, archived from the original on 2005-12-14
  53. ^ Schirmacher, Kaethe (1912). The Modern Woman's Rights Movement. Carl Conrad Eckhardt (trans.). Macmillan.
  54. ^ Rowold, Katharina (2011). The Educated Woman: Minds, Bodies, and Women's Higher Education in Britain, Germany, and Spain, 1865–1914. Routledge. ISBN 9781134625833. Archived from the original on 2018-04-01.
  55. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e "NWHM Exhibit: The History of Women and Education". Nwhm.org. Archived from the original on 2013-05-07. Retrieved 2012-08-20.
  56. ^ Jump up to: a b c Women in the Ottoman Empire by Eric R Dursteler, Oxford Reference Online
  57. ^ "Kvinders adgang til uddannelse og erhverv 1857–1995". Archived from the original on April 4, 2012. Retrieved November 28, 2011.
  58. ^ Sidansvarig: KvinnSam. "Göteborgs universitetsbibliotek: Årtalslistor". Ub.gu.se. Archived from the original on 2013-12-03. Retrieved 2013-10-07.
  59. ^ Jump up to: a b Lønnå, Elisabeth. (2015, 31. mars). Kvinners Rettigheter I Norge Fra 1814 Til 1913. I Store norske leksikon.
  60. ^ Posted on May 10, 2018May 10, 2018 (2018-05-10). "Happy Mother's Day to Women Pioneers in Pharmacy". Digital Pharmacist. Retrieved 2018-12-31.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  61. ^ "Jacobi, Mary Putnam, 1842–1906. Papers of Mary Putnam Jacobi, 1851–1974: A Finding Aid". oasis.lib.harvard.edu. Retrieved 2018-04-25.
  62. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e Bonnie G. Smith: The Oxford Encyclopedia of Women in World History: 4 Volume Set. Oxford University Press, USA, 2008
  63. ^ Engendering Socialism: A History of Women and Everyday Life in Socialist Romania. ISBN 9780549274735. Retrieved 10 April 2016.
  64. ^ Jump up to: a b c "Firsts for U.S. Women". Catalyst. Archived from the original on 2011-07-19. Retrieved 2011-04-18.
  65. ^ "Lucy Hobbs Taylor, First Female Dentist". Home.comcast.net. Archived from the original on 2011-03-05. Retrieved 2011-04-18.
  66. ^ Jump up to: a b Creese, Mary R. S.; Creese, Thomas M. (2004). Ladies in the Laboratory II: West European Women in Science, 1800–1900. Scarecrow Press. ISBN 0-8108-4979-8.
  67. ^ Vujnovic, Marina (2009). Forging the Bubikopf Nation: Journalism, Gender, and Modernity in Interwar Yugoslavia. Peter Lang. ISBN 978-1-4331-0628-6.
  68. ^ (PDF) https://www.hw.ac.uk/services/docs/WattWomen.pdf. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2017-12-22. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  69. ^ "Girton's Past". Girton College. Archived from the original on 2015-12-13. Retrieved 4 December 2015.
  70. ^ "The university should admit women on an equal basis with men".
  71. ^ Jump up to: a b Clark, Linda L. (2008). Women and Achievement in Nineteenth-Century Europe. Cambridge University Press. p. 188. ISBN 9780521650984.
  72. ^ Ford, L.E. (2009). Encyclopedia of Women and American Politics. Facts On File, Incorporated. ISBN 9781438110325.
  73. ^ Jennifer Jenkins Wood (2014). Spanish Women Travelers at Home and Abroad, 1850–1920: From Tierra del Fuego to the land of the Midnight Sun. Bucknell University Press.
  74. ^ Jump up to: a b c Lilla Focus Uppslagsbok (Little Focus Encyclopedia) Focus Uppslagsböcker AB (1979) (in Swedish)
  75. ^ Eisenmann, Linda (1998). Historical dictionary of women's ... ISBN 9780313293238. Archived from the original on 2018-04-01. Retrieved 2011-04-18.
  76. ^ Duke, Benjamin (2009). The History of Modern Japanese Education: Constructing the National School System 1872–1890. Rutgers University Press. ISBN 978-0-8135-4403-8.
  77. ^ Hughes, Beryl; Ahern, Sheila (1993). Redbrick and Bluestockings: Women at Victoria, 1899–1993. Victoria University Press. ISBN 0-86473-244-9.
  78. ^ Routledge international encyclopedia of women, by Cheris Kramarae
  79. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Talhami, Ghada (2012). Historical Dictionary of Women in the Middle East and North Africa.
  80. ^ Jump up to: a b c Nashat, Guity; Tucker, Judith E. (1999). Women in the Middle East and North Africa: Restoring Women to History. Indiana University Press. p. 83. ISBN 0-253-33478-0.
  81. ^ Consuelo Flecha: Las primeras universitarias en España, 1872–1910. Narcea Ediciones, 1996
  82. ^ Hanson, Katherine; Guilfoy, Vivian; Pillai, Sarita (2009-07-16). More than Title nine. ISBN 9780742566422. Retrieved 2011-04-18.
  83. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e Farzaneh Milani: Veils and Words: The Emerging Voices of Iranian Women Writers. Syracuse University Press, 1992
  84. ^ Robertson, Jennifer (2008). A Companion to the Anthropology of Japan. Wiley. ISBN 9781405141451. Retrieved 10 April 2016.
  85. ^ "London School of Medicine for Women". UCL Bloomsbury Project. UCL. Archived from the original on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 4 December 2015.
  86. ^ "Sofya Vasilyevna Kovalevskaya (Russian mathematician) – Encyclopædia Britannica". britannica.com. Archived from the original on 2014-03-28. Retrieved 2014-01-25.
  87. ^ Grace Annie Lockhart – The Canadian Encyclopedia
  88. ^ Schwartz, Agata (2008). Shifting Voices: Feminist Thought and Women's Writing in Fin-de-siècle Austria and Hungary. McGill-Queen's Press – MQUP. p. 248. ISBN 9780773532861.
  89. ^ Lanzinger, Margareth (2006). Women's Movements: Networks and Debates in Post-communist Countries in the ... – Google Books. ISBN 9783412322052. Archived from the original on 2016-12-21. Retrieved 2013-09-05.
  90. ^ Burns, William E. (2010). A Brief History of Great Britain. Facts On File. ISBN 978-0-8160-7728-1.
  91. ^ Jump up to: a b c d Lange, Helene (2010). Higher Education of Women in Europe. ISBN 978-3-86741-434-0.
  92. ^ Tietjen, Jill S. (2016). Engineering Women: Re-visioning Women's Scientific Achievements and Impacts. ISBN 9783030514457.
  93. ^ "Timeline of Women in American Methodism". Archives.umc.org. 2006-11-06. Retrieved 2010-11-19.
  94. ^ "Facts about Helen Magill White: Boston University, as discussed in Boston University (university, Boston, Massachusetts, United States): – Britannica Online Encyclopedia". Britannica.com. 1944-10-28. Retrieved 2011-04-18.
  95. ^ "Guide to the Helen Magill White Papers, 1865–1938". Rmc.library.cornell.edu. Archived from the original on 2011-05-14. Retrieved 2011-04-18.
  96. ^ Jump up to: a b c d Miller, Francesca (1991). Latin American Women and the Search for Social Justice. University Press of New England. p. 48. ISBN 9780874515589.
  97. ^ "Royal Society of New Zealand". Royal Society Te Apārangi. Archived from the original on 16 August 2017. Retrieved 15 August 2017.
  98. ^ Jump up to: a b Gary, Cauleen Suzanne (2008). Bildung and Gender in Nineteenth-century Bourgeois Germany: A Cultural Studies Analysis of Texts by Women Writers. ISBN 9780549777700.
  99. ^ Jump up to: a b Smith, Bonnie G. (2008). The Oxford Encyclopedia of Women in World History. ISBN 9780195148909. Archived from the original on 4 May 2016. Retrieved 10 April 2016.
  100. ^ Alden's Oxford Guide. Oxford: Alden & Co., 1958; pp. 120–21
  101. ^ Cramer, James P.; Yankopolus, Jennifer Evans (November 2005). Almanac of Architecture & Design 2006. ISBN 9780975565421. Archived from the original on 2016-06-18. Retrieved 2011-04-18.
  102. ^ Journal of the American Institute of ... 2010-03-03. Retrieved 2011-04-18.
  103. ^ Jump up to: a b "University of London: History". University of London. Archived from the original on 9 February 2014. Retrieved 12 January 2014.
  104. ^ Smith, Bonnie G. (2008). The Oxford Encyclopedia of Women in World History. ISBN 9780195148909. Archived from the original on 4 May 2016. Retrieved 10 April 2016.
  105. ^ Jump up to: a b Arnot, Margaret L.; Usborne, Cornelie, eds. (1999). Gender And Crime In Modern Europe. Psychology Press. ISBN 978-1857287455.
  106. ^ "American Association of University Women".
  107. ^ "College Hall". UCL Bloomsbury Project. UCL. Archived from the original on 10 March 2016. Retrieved 4 December 2015.
  108. ^ Spielvogel, Jackson J. (2011). Western Civilization (Eighth ed.). Wadsworth, Cengage Learning. ISBN 978-0-495-91327-6.
  109. ^ Jump up to: a b "Josefa Toledo De Aguerri: Her Life And Her Legacy". Historia.fcs.ucr.ac.cr. Archived from the original on 2012-04-15. Retrieved 2013-10-07.
  110. ^ Waste of talents: turning private struggles into a public issue Women and Science in the Enwise countries (2003) Archived 2014-09-24 at the Wayback Machine
  111. ^ "Bella Guerin: first female university graduate in Australia « Such was life – State Library of Victoria". suchwaslife.blogs.slv.vic.gov.au. Archived from the original on 12 January 2014. Retrieved 12 January 2014.
  112. ^ "Susan Hayhurst". American Journal of Pharmacy. Philadelphia College of Pharmacy and Science. 83: 32–39. 1911. Retrieved November 29, 2016 – via Google Books.
  113. ^ "Susan Hayhurst, pioneer female pharmacist, circa 1889". ExplorePAhistory.com. Retrieved November 29, 2016.
  114. ^ Henderson, Metta Lou; Worthen, Dennis B. (March 8, 2002). American Women Pharmacists: Contributions to the Profession. CRC Press. p. 10. ISBN 9780789010926. Retrieved November 29, 2016 – via Google Books.
  115. ^ "Susan Hayhurst, pioneer female pharmacist, circa 1889". ExplorePAhistory.com. Retrieved November 29, 2016.
  116. ^ "Sophie Willock Bryant". University of St Andrews. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 4 December 2015.
  117. ^ "Sierra Leone Web – Sierra Leonean Heroes – Freetown in the Twenties". www.sierra-leone.org. Archived from the original on 2017-02-22. Retrieved 2018-04-01.
  118. ^ Kelly, Susan E.; Rozner, Sarah A. (April 2012). "Winifred Edgerton Merrill: "She Opened the Door"" (PDF). Notices of the AMS. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2013-01-25. Retrieved 2013-03-03.
  119. ^ Margaret L. Arnot and Cornelie Usborne, eds., Gender and Crime in Modern Europe (UCL Press, 1999), 220
  120. ^ "Historical Photos Depict Women Medical Pioneers – Public Radio International". pri.org. Archived from the original on 26 January 2014. Retrieved 12 January 2014.
  121. ^ Eron, Carol (1979). "Women in Medicine and Health Care". In O'Neill, Lois Decker (ed.). The Women's Book of World Records and Achievements. Anchor Press. p. 204. ISBN 0-385-12733-2. First Hindu Woman Doctor
  122. ^ Fefea, Georgiana (7 October 2009). "Iulia Hasdeu - Genialul copil al culturii romane & viata de apoi". Descoperă.ro (in Romanian). Mediafax.
  123. ^ Henry Philip (EDT) David, Joanna (EDT) Skilogianis, Henry Philip (EDT) David: From Abortion to Contraception, 1999
  124. ^ "Dr. Susan La Flesche Picotte". National Library of Medicine. Archived from the original on 2013-03-02. Retrieved 2013-03-03.
  125. ^ "History of Women Physicians – Timeline". Drexel University, College of Medicine. Archived from the original on 2013-04-12. Retrieved 2013-03-03.
  126. ^ "Women of science". National Library of Scotland. Archived from the original on 8 December 2015. Retrieved 4 December 2015.
  127. ^ "Black History Fact of the Week: Ida Gray Nelson Rollins | Our Weekly – African American News | Black News | Black Entertainment | Black America". Our Weekly. Archived from the original on 2012-03-23. Retrieved 2012-08-20.
  128. ^ Sharp, Ingrid; Stibbe, Matthew, eds. (2011). Aftermaths of War: Women's Movements and Female Activists, 1918–1923. ISBN 978-90-04-19172-3.
  129. ^ Jump up to: a b Morgan, Robin, ed. (2016). Sisterhood is Global: The International Women's Movement Anthology. ISBN 9781504033244.
  130. ^ Bracher, Katherine (2007). "Klumpke Roberts, Dorothea". In Hockey, Thomas; Trimble, Virginia; Williams, Thomas R. (eds.). Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers. New York: Springer. ISBN 978-0-387-31022-0.
  131. ^ Zapolska's women: three plays : Malka Szwarcenkopf, The man and Miss Maliczewska, by Gabriela Zapolska, Teresa Murjas
  132. ^ "Timeline – Psychology's Feminist Voices". Feministvoices.com. Archived from the original on 2012-07-27. Retrieved 2012-08-20.
  133. ^ Jump up to: a b La primera mujer universitaria Española: María Goyri
  134. ^ B'nai B'rith National Jewish Monthly. B'nai B'rith. 1924.
  135. ^ "Frauen dürfen Medizin studieren" [Women are allowed to stury medicine]. welt.de (in German). Die Welt. 9 April 2018. Retrieved 11 April 2020.
  136. ^ Fujimura-Fanselow, Kumiko; Kameda, Atsuko, eds. (1995). Japanese Women: New Feminist Perspectives on the Past, Present, and Future. The Feminist Press at the City University of New York.
  137. ^ Jump up to: a b c d Mazón, Patricia M. (2003). Gender and the Modern Research University: The Admission of Women to German Higher Education, 1865–1914. Stanford University Press. ISBN 0-8047-4641-9.
  138. ^ Jayawardena, Kumari (1995). The White Woman's Other Burden: Western Women and South Asia During British Rule. Psychology Press.
  139. ^ Jump up to: a b "First woman lawyer in Victoria". 2017-03-30.
  140. ^ "The Centennial: Did You Know?". KSU College of Veterinary Medicine. Archived from the original on 2014-01-13. Retrieved 2013-03-03.
  141. ^ "Early Women Veterinarians in the Western Hemisphere". McKillip Veterinary College. Retrieved 2013-03-03.
  142. ^ Coleman, Patricia H.; James-Abra, Erin (2008). "Clara Benson". The Canadian Encyclopedia. Retrieved 2019-12-11.
  143. ^ Haines, Catherine M. C.; Stevens, Helen M. (2001). International Women in Science: A Biographical Dictionary to 1950 (illustrated ed.). ABC-CLIO. p. 139. ISBN 9781576070901.
  144. ^ Dray, Judith (17 March 2015). "The UK's First Female Professor: Millicent MacKenzie". Cardiff University. Archived from the original on 4 February 2016. Retrieved 4 December 2015.
  145. ^ "Women in Engineering". Engineering Degree. Archived from the original on 2011-06-03. Retrieved 2012-08-20.
  146. ^ "MONTI, Cesarina in "Dizionario Biografico"". www.treccani.it (in Italian). Retrieved 2020-10-20.
  147. ^ "International Women's day – Edith Morley Lecture 2015". Reading University. Archived from the original on 8 December 2015. Retrieved 4 December 2015.
  148. ^ Kelly, Gail P.; Slaughter, Sheila, eds. (2012-12-06). Women's Higher Education in Comparative Perspective. Kluwer Academic Publishers. ISBN 978-0-7923-0800-3.
  149. ^ "Anna Tumarkin: Simply the First". Portal. 2019-11-10. Retrieved 2019-10-30.
  150. ^ Cardiff Connect (PDF). Cardiff University. October 2015 http://www.cardiff.ac.uk/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/152791/CardiffConnect_Oct2015.pdf. Archived (PDF) from the original on 8 December 2015. Retrieved 4 December 2015. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  151. ^ Jules Mersch: Biographie nationale du pays de Luxembourg depuis ses origines jusgu'a nos jours: collection présentée par Jules Mersch, Volym 6. Imprimerie de la Cour Victor Buck, 1962
  152. ^ Jiménez Córdoba, Jenniffer. Este 23 de noviembre se cumplen 100 años de la graduación de la primer mujer profesional de Costa Rica. Available at: "Este 23 de noviembre se cumplen 100 años de la graduación de la primer mujer profesional de Costa Rica". Archived from the original on 2017-12-01. Retrieved 2017-11-23.
  153. ^ Jenkins, Amanda (2013). Rutherford, A. (ed.). "Tsuruko Haraguchi - Psychology's Feminist Voices". www.feministvoices.com. Retrieved 2019-12-11.
  154. ^ "Kathleen Mary Easmon (Simango)". Historycal Roots. 2016-09-21. Retrieved 2018-04-01.
  155. ^ Jump up to: a b Mishra, Patit Paban (2010). The History of Thailand. Greenwood. ISBN 9780313340918. Archived from the original on 2016-01-09.
  156. ^ Kramarae, Cheris; Spender, Dale (2000). Routledge International Encyclopedia of Women: Education: Health to Hypertension. ISBN 9780415920902. Archived from the original on 21 May 2016. Retrieved 10 April 2016.
  157. ^ Malveaux, Julianne (1997). "Missed Opportunity: Sadie Teller Mossell Alexander and the Economics Profession". In Boston, Thomas D. (ed.). A Different Vision: Africa American Economic Thought. 1. Routledge Chapman & Hall. pp. 123–. ISBN 978-0-415-12715-8. Archived from the original on 3 January 2014. Retrieved 4 June 2013.
  158. ^ "Elizabeth 'Elsie' Gregory MacGill." Archived 2012-10-20 at the Wayback Machine Library and Archives Canada. Retrieved: January 9, 2016.
  159. ^ 175 Years of Black Pitt People and Notable Milestones. (2004). Blue Black and Gold 2004: Chancellor Mark A. Norenberg Reports on the Pitt African American Experience, 44. Retrieved on 2009-05-22.
  160. ^ Kimbrough, Celeste (2004-03-18). "University of Pittsburgh to Honor First African American Librarian In Plaque Dedication Ceremony April 2 | University of Pittsburgh News". News.pitt.edu. Archived from the original on 2012-05-26. Retrieved 2012-08-20.
  161. ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2010-11-16. Retrieved 2010-04-07.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  162. ^ Braginskaya, Nina V. (2016). "Olga Freidenberg: A Creative Mind Incarcerated" (PDF). In Wyles, Rosie; Hall, Edith (eds.). Women Classical Scholars: Unsealing the Fountain from the Renaissance to Jacqueline de Romilly. Translated by Tarlone, Zara M.; Zeide, Alla; Maslov, Boris. Oxford University Press. pp. 286–312. ISBN 9780191089657.
  163. ^ "CAS Students to Lead Seminar On University's African Alumni, Pt. IV: Agnes Yewande Savage". CAS from the Edge. 2016-11-16. Retrieved 2018-04-01.
  164. ^ Jump up to: a b c Tetty, Charles (1985). "Medical Practitioners of African Descent in Colonial Ghana". The International Journal of African Historical Studies. 18 (1): 139–144. doi:10.2307/217977. JSTOR 217977. PMID 11617203.
  165. ^ Jump up to: a b c Patton, Adell (1996). Physicians, Colonial Racism, and Diaspora in West Africa. University Press of Florida. ISBN 9780813014326. Physicians, Colonialism, and Diaspora in West Africa.
  166. ^ Jenny Rosenthal Bramley – GHN: IEEE Global History Network Archived 2013-10-29 at the Wayback Machine
  167. ^ Bourgeois-Doyle, Richard I. Her Daughter the Engineer: The Life of Elsie Gregory MacGill. Ottawa: NRC Research Press, 2008. ISBN 978-0-660-19813-2., p. 64.
  168. ^ Last, Murray; Richards, Paul; Fyfe, Christopher (1987). Sierra Leone, 1787–1987: Two Centuries of Intellectual Life. Manchester University Press. ISBN 9780719027918.
  169. ^ Esfandiari, Haleh (2004). "The Role of Women Members of Parliament, 1963–88". In Beck, Lois; Nashat, Guity (eds.). Women in Iran from 1800 to the Islamic Republic. University of Illinois Press. pp. 136–162. ISBN 978-0-252-07189-8. Archived from the original on 2017-10-14.
  170. ^ Vidal, Yinka (2015-03-04). How to Prevent the Spread of Ebola: Effective Strategies to Reduce Hospital Acquired Infections. Lara Publications Inc. ISBN 9780964081888. Archived from the original on 2016-05-07.
  171. ^ Anibaba, Musliu Olaiya (2003). A Lagosian of the 20th century: an autobiography. Tisons Limited. ISBN 9789783557116. Archived from the original on 2016-12-23.
  172. ^ Ezeh, Godwin Chukwuemeka (2004). Nigerian heroes and heroines: and other issues in citizenship education. Mike Social Press. Archived from the original on 2016-12-22.
  173. ^ "Tabitha Medical Center | Celebrating African Women in Medicine". www.tabithamedicalcenter.com. Archived from the original on 2017-12-06. Retrieved 2018-04-01.
  174. ^ Bonner, Laure (14 November 2019). "Portrait of First Female Oxbridge Professor Unveiled". Department of Archaeology, University of Cambridge.
  175. ^ Jump up to: a b c "History of Black Women in the Mathematical Sciences". Math.buffalo.edu. Archived from the original on 2012-08-14. Retrieved 2012-08-20.
  176. ^ "Powered by Google Docs". Retrieved 2011-04-18.
  177. ^ "Marie M. Daly Biography – Facts, Birthday, Life Story". Biography.com. 1921-04-16. Archived from the original on 2012-12-03. Retrieved 2012-08-20.
  178. ^ "The University of Cambridge: Epilogue (1939–56)". A History of the County of Cambridge and the Isle of Ely: Volume 3, the City and University of Cambridge. Victoria County History. 1959. pp. 307–312. Archived from the original on 2016-09-13.
  179. ^ Hill, Professor Elizabeth. Who's Who 1958. A. & C. Black Ltd. p. 1416.
  180. ^ "Welcome to the University of Chicago College Report Online". Magazine.uchicago.edu. Retrieved 2019-03-20.
  181. ^ Tao, W.-K.; Halverson, J.; LeMone, M.; Alder, R.; Garstang, M.; Houze Jr., R.; Pielke Sr., R.; Woodley, W. (2003). "The Research of Dr. Joanne Simpson: Fifty Years Investigating Hurricanes, Tropical Clouds, and Cloud Systems" (PDF). Meteorological Monographs. Cloud Systems, Hurricanes, and the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM): A Tribute to Dr. Joanne Simpson. 29 (51): 1–16. Bibcode:2003MetMo..29....1T. doi:10.1175/0065-9401(2003)029<0001:CTRODJ>2.0.CO;2. hdl:2060/20020011611.
  182. ^ Atlas D and Lemone MA (2011) Joanne Simpson, Memorial Tributes: National Academy of Engineering, 15, 368-375.
  183. ^ "Jiagge, Annie (1918–1996)". 2002-01-01. Archived from the original on 2016-10-18. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  184. ^ International, Rotary (February 1968). The Rotarian. Rotary International. Archived from the original on 2016-05-02.
  185. ^ "Esther Afua Ocloo: Ghana's inspiring businesswoman". www.aljazeera.com. Archived from the original on 2018-02-26. Retrieved 2018-04-01.
  186. ^ "Dr. (Mrs.) Ester Afua Ocloo, Nkulenu Fame (RIP)". www.ghanaweb.com. Archived from the original on 2017-07-23. Retrieved 2018-04-01.
  187. ^ "Esther Ocloo Passes Away". www.ghanaweb.com. Archived from the original on 2017-06-20. Retrieved 2018-04-01.
  188. ^ Jump up to: a b Chambliss, John (November 4, 2011). "Maryly Van Leer Peck, Former PCC President, Dies at 81". TheLedger.com. Retrieved 26 March 2018.
  189. ^ Jump up to: a b Van Leer Peck, Maryly (13 June 2003). "Oral-History: Maryly Van Leer Peck". Profiles of SWE Pioneers Oral History Project (Interview). Interviewed by Lauren Kata. Winter Haven, Florida: Engineering and Technology History Wiki. Retrieved 26 March 2018.
  190. ^ Hoh, Yin Kiong (2007-07-01). "Outstanding Women in Mechanical Engineering" (PDF). International Journal of Mechanical Engineering Education. 35 (3): 203. doi:10.7227/ijmee.35.3.4. ISSN 0306-4190. S2CID 108768611. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2018-11-20 – via SAGE Publishing. Taylor, Beth (1990). "Encouraging high school girls' interests in math and science" (PDF). Women in Engineering Conference: A National Initiative, Conference Proceedings : Holiday Inn—Crowne Plaza, Washington, D.C., May 30 – June 1, 1990. Purdue University. pp. 119–124. Archived from the original on 2018-11-21 – via Penn State Libraries.
  191. ^ "Biography of Martha Bernal". Apadivisions.org. Archived from the original on 2013-01-20. Retrieved 2012-08-20.
  192. ^ "Timeline – Psychology's Feminist Voices". Feministvoices.com. Archived from the original on 2012-09-26. Retrieved 2012-08-20.
  193. ^ "Tribute to a Great Gambian historian: Dr Florence Mahoney at 80 – The Point Newspaper, Banjul, The Gambia". thepoint.gm. Archived from the original on 2016-03-03. Retrieved 2018-04-01.
  194. ^ "Women in Computing – Computing History Museum" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 23 November 2011. Retrieved 6 October 2014.
  195. ^ "UW-Madison Computer Science Ph.D.s Awarded, May 1965 – August 1970". Retrieved 2010-11-08. PhDs granted at UW-Madison Computer Sciences Department.
  196. ^ "UW-Madison Computer Science Ph.D.s Awarded, May 1965 – August 1970". Wisc.edu. Archived from the original on 2013-07-23. Retrieved 2013-03-03.
  197. ^ "Years that Men's Colleges Became Co-ed". Archived from the original on 2017-08-19. Retrieved 2018-05-02.
  198. ^ "About Title IX". Bailiwick.lib.uiowa.edu. Archived from the original on 2011-05-11. Retrieved 2011-04-18.
  199. ^ "June 2002 CDA Journal – Feature Article, Copyright 2002 Journal of the California Dental Association". Cda.org. Archived from the original on 2011-09-28. Retrieved 2012-08-20.
  200. ^ "Women in the US Military – Women Enter the Military Academies". Chnm.gmu.edu. 1975-10-07. Archived from the original on 2012-04-06. Retrieved 2012-08-20.
  201. ^ "selaminternational.org". selaminternational.org. Archived from the original on 2012-04-22. Retrieved 2012-08-20.
  202. ^ "ADVANCE Center for Women Faculty". Advance.tamu.edu. Archived from the original on 2012-07-01. Retrieved 2012-08-20.
  203. ^ Jump up to: a b National Center for Education Statistics, Digest of Education Statistics Archived 2015-02-22 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 2017-10-22
  204. ^ "Mississippi University for Women v. Hogan". Law.cornell.edu. Archived from the original on 2012-10-14. Retrieved 2012-07-20.
  205. ^ "Ohel Ayalah – Who We Are". Archived from the original on 2 February 2014. Retrieved 24 January 2014.
  206. ^ "abba & rabbi: an evening with sara hurwitz & judith hauptman". Archived from the original on 3 February 2014. Retrieved 24 January 2014.
  207. ^ "The Jewish Theological Seminary". Archived from the original on 7 October 2014. Retrieved 6 October 2014.
  208. ^ Jump up to: a b "The Oyez Project, Grove City College v. Bell" Archived 2015-09-05 at the Wayback Machine, 465 U.S. 555 (1984)
  209. ^ "Title IX." Archived 2015-06-04 at the Wayback Machine Encyclopædia Britannica. 2009. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 19 Nov. 2009
  210. ^ Suggs, Welsh. A Place on the Team. Princeton, NJ.: Princeton University Press, 2005.
  211. ^ "Legislative History of Title IX" Archived 2010-06-24 at the Wayback Machine National Organization for Women. June 27, 2007.
  212. ^ "Landmark Title IX Cases in History" Archived 2011-09-28 at the Wayback Machine Gender Equity in Sport. February 23, 2006.
  213. ^ "Nondiscrimination on the Basis of Sex in Education Programs or Activities Receiving Federal Financial Assistance". Federal Register. 71 (206). October 25, 2006. Archived from the original on June 20, 2012. Retrieved 2012-06-24.
  214. ^ Haas, Michaela (2011-05-18). "2,500 Years After The Buddha, Tibetan Buddhists Acknowledge Women". Huffington Post. Archived from the original on 2016-01-13.
  215. ^ "Geshe Kelsang Wangmo, An Interview with the World's First Female Geshe « Mandala Publications". Mandalamagazine.org. Archived from the original on 2013-04-15. Retrieved 2014-08-25.
  216. ^ Christa Case Bryant (5 May 2013). "Saudi Arabia sanctions sports for girls for the first time". CSMonitor.com. Archived from the original on 2 September 2013. Retrieved 30 August 2013.
  217. ^ "Saudi Arabia Woman Mai Majed Al-Qurashi Becomes Country's First Woman to Get PhD". ibtimes.co.uk. 2013-12-17. Archived from the original on 12 January 2014. Retrieved 12 January 2014.
  218. ^ Jump up to: a b "Chief Rabbi Mirvis launches new qualification for female educators". Archived from the original on 2016-03-22.
  219. ^ Haas, Michaela. "Buddhist nun professors or none? – OnFaith". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 2013-06-07.
  220. ^ Nuns, Tibetan (2016-07-14). "Tibetan Buddhist Nuns Make History: Congratulations Geshema Nuns! – The Tibetan Nuns Project". Tnp.org. Retrieved 2016-10-04.
  221. ^ "Twenty Tibetan Buddhist nuns are first ever to earn Geshema degrees – Lion's Roar". Lionsroar.com. 2016-07-15. Archived from the original on October 5, 2016. Retrieved 2016-10-04.
Retrieved from ""