Tinospora cordifolia

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Tinospora cordifolia
Tinospora cordifolia.jpg
Scientific classification edit
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Order: Ranunculales
Family: Menispermaceae
Genus: Tinospora
Species:
T. cordifolia
Binomial name
Tinospora cordifolia
(Thunb.) Miers

Tinospora cordifolia (common names gurjo, heart-leaved moonseed, guduchi or giloy) is a herbaceous vine of the family Menispermaceae indigenous to tropical regions of the Indian subcontinent.[1] It has been in use for centuries in traditional medicine to treat various disorders.

Botanical description[]

Fruits of Tinospora cordifolia

It is a large, deciduous, extensively-spreading, climbing shrub with several elongated twining branches. Leaves are simple, alternate, and exstipulate with long petioles up to 15 cm (6 in) long which are roundish and pulvinate, both at the base and apex with the basal one longer and twisted partially and half way around. It gets its name heart-leaved moonseed by its heart-shaped leaves and its reddish fruit. Lamina are broadly ovate or ovate cordate, 10–20 cm (4–8 in) long or 8–15 cm (3–6 in) broad, seven nerved and deeply cordate at base, membranous, pubescent above, whitish tomentose with a prominent reticulum beneath. Flowers are unisexual, small on separate plants and appearing when the plant is leafless, greenish-yellow on axillary and terminal racemes. Male flowers are clustered, but female flowers are usually solitary. It has six sepals in two series of three each. The outer ones are smaller than the inner. It has six petals which are smaller than sepals, obovate, and membranous. Fruits aggregate in clusters of one to three. They are ovoid smooth drupelets on thick stalks with sub terminal style scars, scarlet or orange colored.[2]

Ecology[]

Endophytic fungi colonize the living, internal tissues of their host without causing any harmful effects. A recent study has shown that 29 endophytes belonging to different taxa were present in the samples collected from T. cordifolia.[3]

Extracts of the endophytic fungus Nigrospora sphaerica obtained from T. cordifolia were found to have insecticidal properties against the Oriental leafworm moth (Spodoptera litura), a polyphagous pest.[4]

Phytochemicals[]

Tinospora cordifolia contains diverse phytochemicals, including alkaloids, phytosterols, glycosides, and mixed other chemical compounds[1] including , ,[citation needed] jatrorrhizine, palmatine, berberine,[5] ,[1] , phenylpropene disaccharides,[citation needed] choline,[1] ,[citation needed] tentatively[6] ,[1] tinosporide,[1][7] was found by Kaur et al 2010,[6] and by Sivasubramanian et al 2013.[6]

Traditional medicine[]

In Ayurveda, Tinospora has been used over centuries to treat various diseases.[8] It is not approved by any regulatory agency as a prescription drug.[1]

Many cases of liver damage occurred in India from people consuming T. cordifolia as a supposed "immunity booster" during the COVID-19 pandemic.[9]

References[]

  1. ^ a b c d e f g "Tinospora". Drugs.com. 15 July 2019. Retrieved 5 September 2019.
  2. ^ Sinha, Kirti; Mishra, N P; Singh, J; Khanuja, S P S (July 2004). "Tinospora cordifolia (Guduchi), a reservoir plant for therapeutic applications: A Review". Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge. 3 (3): 257–70.
  3. ^ Mishra, Ashish; Gond, Surendra K.; Kumar, Anuj; Sharma, Vijay K.; Verma, Satish K.; Kharwar, Ravindra N.; Sieber, Thomas N. (2012). "Season and Tissue Type Affect Fungal Endophyte Communities of the Indian Medicinal Plant Tinospora cordifolia More Strongly than Geographic Location". Microbial Ecology. 64 (2): 388–98. doi:10.1007/s00248-012-0029-7. PMID 22430503. S2CID 10738815.
  4. ^ Thakur, Abhinay; Kaur, Sanehdeep; Kaur, Amarjeet; Singh, Varinder (2012). "Detrimental effects of endophytic fungus Nigrospora sp. on survival and development of Spodoptera litura". Biocontrol Science and Technology. 22 (2): 151–61. doi:10.1080/09583157.2011.646952. S2CID 85075708.
  5. ^ Mohan, Mohind C.; Abhimannue, Anu P.; Kumar B, Prakash (15 April 2017). "Identification and Characterization of Berberine in Tinospora cordifolia by Liquid Chromatography Quadrupole Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry (LC MS/MS Q-tof) and Evaluation of its anti Inflammatory Potential". Pharmacognosy Journal. 9 (3): 350–355. doi:10.5530/pj.2017.3.59.
  6. ^ a b c Singh, Deepika; Chaudhuri, Prabir K. (2017). "Chemistry and Pharmacology of Tinospora cordifolia". . SAGE. 12 (2): 1934578X1701200. doi:10.1177/1934578x1701200240. ISSN 1934-578X.
  7. ^ Swaminathan, K.; Sinha, U. C.; Bhatt, R. K.; Sabata, B. K.; Tavale, S. S. (1989-01-15). "Structure of tinosporide, a diterpenoid furanolactone from Tinospora cordifolia Miers". Acta crystallographica.Section C, Crystal structure communications. doi:10.1107/s0108270188009953. PMID 2610955.
  8. ^ Kumar P, Kamle M, Mahato DK, Bora H, Sharma B, Rasane P, Bajpai VK. Tinospora cordifolia (Giloy): Phytochemistry, Ethnopharmacology, Clinical Application and Conservation Strategies. Curr Pharm Biotechnol. 2020;21(12):1165-1175. doi:10.2174/1389201021666200430114547 PMID 32351180
  9. ^ Malathy Iyer (4 July 2021). "Mumbai: Study says liver damage likely due to autoimmune response to giloy". Mumbai News - Times of India.
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