Toreutics

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Toreutics on the Vače Situla (Slovenia, 5th century BC)

The term toreutics, relatively rarely used in English, refers to artistic metalworking[1][2] - hammering gold or silver (or other materials), engraving, or using repoussé and chasing to form minute detailed reliefs or small engraved patterns.[3] Toreutics can include metal-engraving – forward-pressure linear metal removal with a burin.[4]

Toreutics is extremely ancient,[5] and depending on the metal used will survive burial for periods of centuries better than art in many other materials. Conversely if above ground it was likely to be melted down and the metal reused. Until the Middle Ages it was also among the artforms with the highest prestige.

Archeological background[]

It was practised in the Bronze Age and was well established centuries before the shaft graves.[6] Toureutic items of special quality from the Iron Age are the from Italy and from Slovenia the Vače situla and the Vače belt-plate. Toreutics flourished to an unusual degree among the peoples of Asia Minor, Assyria, Babylon, and passed from thence to ancient Persia.[7] One spectacular example of the direct influence of Persia in toreutics is believed to be the Treasure of Nagyszentmiklós found in Transylvania in 1799, and considered to be work of Old Bulgarian[8] gold smiths. It consists of 23 vessels and has been attributed to Attila's Huns,[9] the Avars[10] and Pechenegs. The majority of scholars however, consider it Bulgarian (Proto-Bulgarians,[11] Bulgars), because of its runic inscriptions.[12]

Etymology[]

Toreutics comes from Greek toreutikos:[13] of metal work; from toreutos: worked in relief; from toreuein;[14] to work in relief; from toreus: a boring tool, Proto-Indo-European *terə-. The art of working metal or other materials by the use of embossing and chasing to form minute detailed reliefs. The origin of 'toreutics' goes back to 1830–40; < Gk toreutikós, equiv. to toreú(ein) to bore, chase, emboss (v. deriv. of toreús graving tool) -tikos.

Contemporary Masters of Persian Toreutics [1][]

• Master Bahram Elyasi, who is unique in his work and has first-class art and masterpieces all over the world, is an Isfahani style engraver. He has been called the engraver of Farshchian. By Bahram Elyasi A work in the Saadabad collection, a work in the collection of the Museum of Contemporary Art in Tehran, a work in the War Museum, a work in the Museum The Islamic Conference and two works called "Polo" are housed in the Utah State Museum in America [2][3]

• Master Ali Rahimi has been one of the famous masters of engraving and has a new style. (His special engraving works include 10 to 15 different professional characters, related to a historical period Each character came with their own unique clothing and accessories. Along with images of trees, flowers and chickens in the field of work, hammered on the spherical and conical surfaces of copper and silver objects. Finally, he died in 1372 and was buried in (Rezvan Garden) in Isfahan [4]

• Master Ebrahim Latkhafi was one of the famous and prominent masters of calligraphy and astrolabe in Isfahan who died on 03/20/2012.And was buried in the artists' section of Rezvan Garden in Isfahan.[5][6]

• Master Mohammad Mehdi Babakhani, holder of a first-class art badge, is one of the famous masters and the name of this artist was born in Arak in 1974.he has created a new style in this field. One of the works of this valuable artist was selected by the United Nations Intellectual Property Organization WIPO in 2002 , Which is currently kept in the Museum of Genesis and some of their works are kept in the Museum of Traditional Arts of Saad Abad and Hassanpour Museum of Arak, etc.[7][8]

• Master Hossein Alagmandan, born in 1310 in Isfahan, was one of the prominent masters and master of the name of Isfahan engraving, who passed away on 03/25/2017. His works are in public view in Saadabad and other museums in Iran.[9]

• Master Mehdi Zofan is one of the top designers and engravers in the style of engraving in the contemporary period and He reached such a level in the art of drawing that his master in painting offered him to implement his works on metal and encouraged him in this direction. Until the 200 works she created during her creative life are immortalized on copper. And after 90 years of life and creation of unique works, he died in 1399.

[10]

Master Bahram Elyasi[]

master bahram elyasi
master bahram elyasi [15]

Bahram elyasi was born in 1956 in Shahrekord, Iran. He is a prominent Iranian calligrapher. He has painted and miniatured on metal surfaces At the age of 15, he started working in the field of engraving with professors such as Shah Mirza and Reza Gohari Mehr.And the result has been several great lasting works until 1398 AH.

Elyasi makes miniatures with metal brushes on copper, which is unique in its kind.Some of the miniature designs of elyasi's works were created by him and others with the collaboration of Abbas Rostamian.In his works,elyasi emphasizes more than anything else the figures and organs in the form of historical facts and various Iranian-Islamic events.

Master's exhibitions abroad include: two in the United Kingdom, one in Switzerland, and several in Dubai and on the outskirts of Iran, after which they have received various accolades, and domestic museums in Iran have purchased some of their works. The Dervishes are in the Saadabad Palace and another in the Museum of the Islamic Conference.

Artwork of Persian poets by Master Elyasi[]

The work of Master elyasi
The work of Master elyasi

Elyasi, with the aim of reviving the names of educated figures such as famous Iranian poets and scientists in the context of his art, began to create several different works called "celebrities" in 1992. His first work was completed two years later, and the construction of his second painting of celebrities, which includes more than 40 different figures and mostly refers to poetry reading and divination among Iranians, measuring 1 meter long and 70 centimeters wide, was completed in 2006. Receipt. Five years later, in 2011, it was recognized as the best Oriental work of the year at the annual Art Fair auction in Vienna. Also, his first painting of celebrities was unveiled for the first time in the 26th handicrafts exhibition, and he announced that he had worked for this work for two years and eight hours a day. This work is 2 meters and 40 centimeters long and 1 meter 40 centimeters wide. It is made of copper and covered with tin, which includes the figures of Abu Ali Sina, Rumi, Saadi, Khayyam and Ferdowsi. According to Eliassy, this painting has five parts. From the right, if you look at the painting, it starts with the image of a hunting ground and ends with the image of a potter after the game of polo and life in the form of an ellipse, which is a metaphor for the end of life. It is gray. In the middle of the painting, a picture of dervishes and Dora is engraved around the poets' poems.

Buds of the Prophets of Bahram Elyasi[]

The new work of Isfahani artist Master Bahram Elyasi named Ghancheh Anbia was officially unveiled at the 32nd National Exhibition of Iranian Handicrafts in Tehran with the presence of Dr. Ali Asghar Monsan, Minister of Cultural Heritage, Tourism and Handicrafts. The height of 2 meters and 70 centimeters has been created continuously for four years and has been prepared in three stages of design, volume making and engraving. And the solidarity between religions and the common message among all divine prophets.

master bahram elyasi
master bahram elyasi [16]

Applications[]

See also[]

References[]

  1. ^ Aesthetics: Lectures on Fine Art Volume II (Aesthetics) by G. W. F. Hegel and T. M. Knox (1998) p.161
  2. ^ How to Understand Sculpture by Margaret Thomas, Kessinger Publishing, 2005, p.25
  3. ^ Hutchinson Encyclopaedia. Helicon Publishing LTD 2007
  4. ^ Jewelry Concepts & Technology by Oppi Untracht (1982) p. 283
  5. ^ How to Understand Sculpture by Margaret Thomas, Kessinger Publishing, 2005, pp. 25–6
  6. ^ Social Transformations in Archaeology: Global and Local Perspectives (Material Cultures) by Kri Kristiansen (1998) p.135
  7. ^ The Cambridge History of Iran by I. Gershevitch (1985) p.154
  8. ^ A Short History of Modern Bulgaria by R.J. Crampton, Cambridge University Press, 1987
  9. ^ The Empire of the Steppes, a History of Central Asia by Rene Grousset (transl. by Naomi Walford), Rutgers University Press, 2005, p.25
  10. ^ Warriors of the Steppe by Erik Hildinger, De Capo Press, 1997, pp. 57–92
  11. ^ Bulgaria – Land of Ancient Civilizations by Dimiter Dimitrov, Foreign Language Press, Sofia 1961, p.33
  12. ^ Bulgarian's Treasures from the Past by Ivan Venedikov, Sava Boyadjiev and Dimiter Kartalev, Foreign Languages Press, Sofia 1965, pp. 345–55.
  13. ^ Sculpture: Some Observations on Shape and Form from Pygmalion's Creative Dream by Johann Gottfried Herder and Jason Gaiger (2002)
  14. ^ Conspiracy of Catiline and the Jurgurthine War by Sallust (2004/6) p.62/72
  15. ^ "بهرام الیاسی", ویکی‌پدیا، دانشنامهٔ آزاد (in Persian), 2021-04-14, retrieved 2021-04-22
  16. ^ "بهرام الیاسی", ویکی‌پدیا، دانشنامهٔ آزاد (in Persian), 2021-04-14, retrieved 2021-04-22
  17. ^ Sideris, A., "Les tombes de Derveni. Quelques remarques sur la toreutique", Revue Archéologique 2000, pp. 3-36.
  18. ^ Sideris, A., "Bronze Drinking Vases Bearing Dedicatory Inscriptions", Eirene 38, 2002, pp. 167-201.
  19. ^ Athens and Persia in the Fifth Century BC: A Study in Cultural Receptivity by Margaret C. Miller (2004) p.59. Sideris, A. "Achaemenid Toreutics in the Greek Periphery", in Darabandi S. M. R. and A. Zournantzi (eds.), Ancient Greece and Ancient Iran. Cross-Cultural Encounters, Athens 2008, pp. 339-353.
  20. ^ The history of the origins of Christianity: Volume 3 by Ernest Renan (2007) p.95
  21. ^ Antique Brass & Copper Identification & Value Guide by Mary Frank Gaston (1991) p.19
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