Treaty of Batum

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Treaty of Batumi
Treaty of Batum.png
TypePeace treaty
Signed4 June 1918
LocationBatumi, Georgia
ConditionRatification
Signatories
Part of a series on the
History of the
Ottoman Empire
Coat of Arms of the Ottoman Empire
Timeline
Rise (1299–1453)
  • Beylik of Osman
  • Interregnum (1402–1413)
  • Fall of Constantinople
Classical Age (1453–1566)
Transformation (1566–1703)
Old Regime (1703–1789)
  • Tulip Era (1718–1730)
Decline & Modernization (1789–1908)
  • Nizam-i Djedid (late 18th and early 19th)
  • Tanzimat Era (1839–1876)
  • 1st Constitutional Era (1876–1878)
Dissolution (1908–1922)
Historiography (Ghaza, Decline)
  • v
  • t
Part of a series on the
History of Armenia
Coat of Arms of Armenia
Prehistory
Antiquity
Middle Ages
Early modern age
Modern age
Timeline • Origins • Etymology
  • v
  • t
Part of a series on the
History of Azerbaijan
Emblem of Azerbaijan.svg
Antiquity
Middle Ages
  • Islamic period
  • Shirvanshahs
  • Sajids
  • Shaddadids
  • Sallarids
  • Seljuk Empire
  • Eldiguzids
  • Ilkhanate
  • Chobanids
  • Qara Qoyunlu
  • Aq Qoyunlu
Early modern history
Modern history
Flag of Azerbaijan.svg Azerbaijan portal
  • v
  • t
History of Georgia
The map of ancient kingdoms of Colchis and Iberia
Prehistoric Georgia
Ancient history
Middle Ages
Early modern history
Modern history
History by topic
Category History of Georgia
  • v
  • t

The Treaty of Batum was signed in Batum on 4 June 1918, between the Ottoman Empire and the three Transcaucasian states: the First Republic of Armenia, the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic and the Democratic Republic of Georgia.[1][2] It was the first treaty of the First Republic of Armenia and the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic and had 14 articles.

Background[]

See also: Caucasus Campaign

On 5 December 1917, the armistice of Erzincan was signed between the Russians and the Ottomans, ending the armed conflicts between Russia and the Ottoman Empire in the Persian Campaign and Caucasus Campaign of the Middle Eastern theatre of World War I.[3] On 3 March 1918, the armistice of Erzincan was followed up with the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk marking Russia's exit from World War I. Between 14 March and April 1918, the Trabzon peace conference was held between the Ottoman Empire and the delegation of the Transcaucasian Diet (Transcaucasian Sejm). Enver Pasha offered to surrender all ambitions in the Caucasus in return for recognition of the Ottoman reacquisition of the east Anatolian provinces at Brest-Litovsk at the end of the negotiations.[4] On 5 April, the head of the Transcaucasian delegation Akaki Chkhenkeli accepted the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk as a basis for more negotiations and wired the governing bodies urging them to accept that position.[5] The mood prevailing in Tiflis was very different. The Armenians pressured the Republic to refuse and acknowledged the existence of a state of war between themselves and the Ottoman Empire.[5] Hostilities resumed, and the Ottoman troops overran new lands to the east, reaching the prewar borders.

Treaty[]

On 11 May, a new peace conference opened at Batum.[4] the Ottomans extended their demands to include Tiflis as well as Alexandropol and Echmiadzin; they also wanted a railroad to be built to connect Kars and Julfa with Baku. The new Armenian state, through which the transport corridor would run, was to give free right of passage. The Armenian and Georgian members of the Republic’s delegation began to stall. Beginning on 21 May, the Ottoman army moved ahead once again into areas of Russian Armenia that had not been under the sultan's control since the 17th century. The conflict led to the Battle of Sardarapat (21–29 May), the Battle of Kara Killisse (1918) (24–28 May), and the Battle of Bash Abaran (21–24 May).

The treaty was signed while the Third Army held positions 7 km from Yerevan and only 10 km from Echmiadzin. The treaty needed to be examined and confirmed by the Central Powers. Fifteen days after the treaty, delegates from Armenia were asked to come to Constantinople. In the surrendered territories the majority of the 1,250,000 pre-war inhabitants had been Armenians, with more than 400,000 in the ceded sector of Yerevan province alone.[6]

Signatures[]

Ottoman side:

Armenian side:

  • Avetis Aharonian – Chairman of the Armenian National Council
  • Alexander Khatisian – Minister of Foreign Affairs
  • M. Babachanian
  • Ghorghanian

Azerbaijani side:

Georgian side:

  • Akaki Chkhenkeli – Foreign Minister

References[]

  1. ^ Charlotte Mathilde Louise Hille (2010), State Building and Conflict Resolution in the Caucasus, BRILL, p. 71, ISBN 978-9-004-17901-1
  2. ^ Alexander Mikaberidze (2011), Conflict and Conquest in the Islamic World, ABC-CLIO, p. 201, ISBN 978-1-598-84337-8
  3. ^ Tadeusz Swietochowski (1985), Russian Azerbaijan, 1905-1920: The Shaping of a National Identity in a Muslim Community, Cambridge University Press, p. 119, ISBN 978-0-521-26310-8
  4. ^ a b Ezel Kural Shaw (1977), Reform, revolution and republic : the rise of modern Turkey (1808-1975), History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey, 2, Cambridge University Press, p. 326, OCLC 78646544 (Turkish Perspective)
  5. ^ a b Richard Hovannisian, The Armenian people from ancient to modern times, pp. 292–293, ISBN 978-0-333-61974-2, OCLC 312951712 (Armenian Perspective)
  6. ^ Richard G. Hovannisian (1997). The Armenian People from Ancient to Modern Times. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 301. ISBN 978-0-333-61974-2. OCLC 312951712.
Retrieved from ""