Triangle conic

In triangle geometry, a triangle conic is a conic in the plane of the reference triangle and associated with it in some way. For example, the circumcircle and the incircle of the reference triangle are triangle conics. Other examples are the Steiner ellipse which is an ellipse passing through the vertices and having its centre at the centroid of the reference triangle, the Kiepert hyperbola which is a conic passing through the vertices, the centroid and the orthocentre of the reference triangle and the Artzt parabolas which are parabolas touching two sidelines of the reference triangle at vertices of the triangle. The terminology of triangle conic is widely used in the literature without a formal definition,that is, without precisely formulating the relations a conic should have with the reference triangle so as to qualify it to be called a triangle conic (see,^{[1][2][3][4][5]}). WolframMathWorld has a page titled "Triangle conics" which gives a list of 42 items (not all of them are conics) without giving a definition of triangle conic.^[6] However, Paris Pamfilos in his extensive collection of topics in geometry and topics in other fields related to geometry defines a triangle conic as a "conic circumscribing a triangle ABC (that is, passing through its vertices) or inscribed in a triangle (that is, tangent to its side-lines)".^[7][8] The terminology triangle circle (respectively, ellipse, hyperbola, parabola) is used to denote a circle (respectively, ellipse, hyperbola, parabola) associated with the reference triangle is some way.

Even though several triangle conics have been studied individually, there is no comprehensive encyclopedia or catalogue of triangle conics similar to Karl Kimberling's Encyclopedia of Triangle Centres (which contains definitions and properties of more than 46,000 triangle centres) or Bernard Gibert's Catalog of Triangle Cubics containing detailed descriptions of more than 1200 triangle cubics.^[9]

Equations of triangle conics in trilinear coordinates[]

The equation of a general triangle conic in trilinear coordinates ${\displaystyle x:y:z:}$ has the form

${\displaystyle rx^{2}+sy^{2}+tz^{2}+2uyz+2vzx+2wxy=0.}$

The equations of triangle circumconics and triangle inconics have respectively the forms

${\displaystyle uyz+vzx+wxy=0}$ and ${\displaystyle l^{2}x^{2}+m^{2}y^{2}+n^{2}z^{2}-2mnyz-2nlzx-2lmxy=0.}$

Special triangle conics[]

In the following, a few typical special triangle conics are discussed. In the descriptions, the standard notations are used: The reference triangle is always denoted by ABC. The angles at the vertices A, B, C are denoted by A, B, C and the lengths of the sides opposite to the vertices A, B, C are respectively a. b, c. The equations of the conics are given in the trilinear coordinates (x : y : z). The conics are selected as illustrative of the several different ways in which a conic could be associated with a triangle.

Triangle circles[]

The triangle circles are too numerous to be listed in this article. For example, in WolframMathWorld, there is a page titled "Triangle Circles" containing a list of 139 items though not all of them are circles and some of the different items are different names for the same object.^[10]

Some well known triangle circles^[11]

No.	Name	Definition	Equation	Figure
1	Circumcircle	Circle which passes through the vertices	${\displaystyle {\frac {a}{x}}+{\frac {b}{y}}+{\frac {c}{z}}=0}$	Circumcircle of triangle ABC
2	Incircle	Circle which touches the sidelines internally	${\displaystyle \pm {\sqrt {x}}\cos \left({\frac {A}{2}}\right)\pm {\sqrt {y}}\cos \left({\frac {B}{2}}\right)\pm {\sqrt {z}}\cos \left({\frac {C}{2}}\right)=0}$	Incircle of triangle ABC
3	Excircles (or escribed circles)	A circle lying outside the triangle, tangent to one of its sides and tangent to the extensions of the other two. Every triangle has three distinct excircles.	${\displaystyle \pm {\sqrt {-x}}\cos \left({\frac {A}{2}}\right)\pm {\sqrt {y}}\cos \left({\frac {B}{2}}\right)\pm {\sqrt {z}}\cos \left({\frac {C}{2}}\right)=0}$ ${\displaystyle \pm {\sqrt {x}}\cos \left({\frac {A}{2}}\right)\pm {\sqrt {-y}}\cos \left({\frac {B}{2}}\right)\pm {\sqrt {z}}\cos \left({\frac {C}{2}}\right)=0}$ ${\displaystyle \pm {\sqrt {x}}\cos \left({\frac {A}{2}}\right)\pm {\sqrt {y}}\cos \left({\frac {B}{2}}\right)\pm {\sqrt {-z}}\cos \left({\frac {C}{2}}\right)=0}$	Incircle and excircles
4	Nine-point circle (or Feuerbach's circle, Euler's circle, Terquem's circle)	Circle passing through the midpoint of the sides, the foot of altitudes and the midpoints of the line segments from each vertex to the orthocenter	${\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}&x^{2}\sin 2A+y^{2}\sin 2B+z^{2}\sin 2C\\&-2(yz\sin A+zx\sin B+xy\sin C)=0\end{aligned}}}$	The nine points
5	Lemoine circle	Draw lines through the Lemoine point (symmedian point) $K$ and parallel to the sides of triangle ABC. The points where the lines intersect the sides lie on a circle known as the Lemoine circle.		Lemoine circle of triangle ABC

Triangle ellipses[]

Some well known triangle ellipses

No.	Name	Definition	Equation	Figure
1	Steiner ellipse	Conic passing through the vertices of triangle ABC and having centre at the centroid of triangle ABC	${\displaystyle {\frac {1}{ax}}+{\frac {1}{by}}+{\frac {1}{cz}}=0}$	Steiner ellipse of triangle ABC
2	Steiner inellipse	Ellipse touching the sidelines at the midpoints of the sides	${\displaystyle a^{2}x^{2}+b^{2}y^{2}+c^{2}z^{2}-2bcyz-2cazx-2abxy=0}$	Steiner inellipse of triangle ABC

Triangle hyperbolas[]

Some well known triangle hyperbolas

No.	Name	Definition	Equation	Figure
1	Kiepert hyperbola	If the three triangles XBC, YCA and ZAB, constructed on the sides of the given triangle ABC as bases, are similar, isosceles and similarly situated, then the lines AX, BY, CZ concur at a point N. The locus of N is the Kiepert hyperbola.	${\displaystyle {\displaystyle {\frac {\sin(B-C)}{x}}+{\frac {\sin(C-A)}{y}}+{\frac {\sin(A-B)}{z}}=0.}}$	Kiepert hyperbola of triangle ABC. The hyperbola passes through the vertices (A,B,C), the orthocenter (O) and the centroid (G) of the triangle.
2	Jerabek hyperbola	The conic which passes through the vertices, the orthocenter and the circumcenter of the triangle of reference is known as the Jerabek hyperbola. It is always a rectangular hyperbola.	${\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}&{\frac {a(\sin 2B-\sin 2C)}{x}}+\\&{\frac {b(\sin 2C-\sin 2A)}{y}}+\\&{\frac {c(\sin 2A-\sin 2B)}{z}}=0\end{aligned}}}$	Jerabek hyperbola of triangle ABC

Triangle parabolas[]

Some well known triangle parabolas

No.	Name	Definition	Equation	Figure
1	Artzt parabolas[12]	A parabola which is tangent at B, C to the sides AB, AC and two other similar parabolas.	${\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}{\frac {x^{2}}{a^{2}}}-{\frac {4yz}{bc}}&=0\\{\frac {y^{2}}{b^{2}}}-{\frac {4zx}{ca}}&=0\\{\frac {z^{2}}{c^{2}}}-{\frac {4xy}{ab}}&=0\end{aligned}}}$	Artzt parabolas of triangle ABC
2	Kiepert parabola[13]	Let three similar isosceles triangles A'BC, AB'C, and ABC' be constructed on the sides of a triangle ABC. Then the envelope of the axis of perspectivity the triangles ABC and A'B'C' is Kiepert's parabola.	${\displaystyle f^{2}x^{2}+g^{2}y^{2}+h^{2}z^{2}-2fgxy-2ghyz-2hfzx=0}$ where ${\displaystyle f=b^{2}-c^{2},g=c^{2}-a^{2},h=a^{2}-b^{2}}$	Kiepert parabola of triangle ABC. The figure also shows a member (line LMN) of the family of lines whose envelope is the Kiepert parabola.

Families of triangle conics[]

Hofstadter ellipses[]

Family of Hofstadter conics of triangle ABC

An Hofstadter ellipse^[14] is a member of a one-parameter family of ellipses in the plane of the triangle ABC defined by the following equation in trilinear coordinates:

${\displaystyle x^{2}+y^{2}+z^{2}+yz\left(D(t)+{\frac {1}{D(t)}}\right)+zx\left(E(t)+{\frac {1}{E(t)}}\right)+xy\left(F(t)+{\frac {1}{F(t)}}\right)=0}$

where t is a parameter and

${\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}D(t)&=\cos(A)-\sin(A)\cot(tA)\\E(t)&=\cos(B)-\sin(B)\cot(tB)\\F(t)&=\sin(C)-\cos(C)\cot(tC)\end{aligned}}}$.

The ellipses corresponding to t and 1 - t are identical. When ${\displaystyle t=1/2}$ we have the inellipse

${\displaystyle x^{2}+y^{2}+z^{2}-2yz-2zx-2xy=0}$

and when ${\displaystyle t\rightarrow 0}$ we have the circumellipse

${\displaystyle {\frac {a}{Ax}}+{\frac {b}{By}}+{\frac {c}{Cz}}=0.}$

Conics of Thomson and Darboux[]

The family of Thomson conics consists of those conics inscribed in the reference triangle ABC having the property that the normals at the points of contact with the sidelines are concurrent. The family of Darboux conics contains as members those circumscribed conics of the reference triangle ABC such that the normals at the vertices of ABC are concurrent. In both cases the points of concurrency lie on the Darboux cubic.^[15][16]

Conic associated with parallel intercepts

Conics associated with parallel intercepts[]

Given an arbitrary point in the plane of the reference triangle ABC, if lines are drawn through P parallel to the sidelines BC, CA and AB intersecting the other sides at X_b, X_c, Y_c, Y_a, Z_a, Z_b then these six points of intersection lie on a conic. If P is chosen as the symmedian point, the resulting conic is a circle called the Lemoine circle. If the trilinear coordinates of P are ${\displaystyle (u:v:w)}$ the equation of the six-point conic is^[17]

${\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}&-(u+v+w)^{2}(bcuyz+cavzx+abwxy)\\&+(ax+by+bz)(vw(v+w)bx+wu(w+u)by+uv(u+v)cz)=0.\end{aligned}}}$

Yff conics[]

Yff Conics

The members of the one-parameter family of conics defined by the equation

${\displaystyle x^{2}+y^{2}+z^{2}-2\lambda (yz+zx+xy)=0,}$

where ${\displaystyle \lambda }$ is a parameter, are the Yff conics associated with the reference triangle ABC.^[18] A member of the family is associated with every point P(u : v : w) in the plane by setting

${\displaystyle \lambda ={\frac {u^{2}+v^{2}+w^{2}}{2(vw+wu+uv)}}.}$

The Yff conic is a parabola if

${\displaystyle \lambda ={\frac {a^{2}+b^{2}+c^{2}}{a^{2}+b^{2}+c^{2}-2(bc+ca+ab)}}=\lambda _{0}}$ (say).

It is an ellipse if ${\displaystyle \lambda <\lambda _{0}}$ and ${\displaystyle \lambda _{0}>{\frac {1}{2}}}$ and it is a hyperbola if ${\displaystyle \lambda _{0}<\lambda <-1}$. For ${\displaystyle -1<\lambda <{\frac {1}{2}}}$, the conics are imaginary.

See also[]

• Triangle center
• Central line
• Triangle cubic
• Modern triangle geometry

References[]