Trichocentrum

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Trichocentrum
A and B Larsen orchids - Trichocentrum haematochilum 680-17.jpg
Scientific classification e
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Monocots
Order: Asparagales
Family: Orchidaceae
Subfamily: Epidendroideae
Tribe: Cymbidieae
Subtribe: Oncidiinae
Genus: Trichocentrum
Poepp. & Endl.
Type species
Trichocentrum pulchrum
Poepp. & Endl.
Synonyms[1]
  • Acoidium Lindl.
  • Lophiaris Raf.
  • Cohnia Rchb.f., illegitimate name
  • Cohniella Pfitzer in H.G.A.Engler & K.A.E.Prantl
  • Stilifolium Königer & D.Pongratz
  • Lophiarella Szlach., Mytnik & Romowicz

Trichocentrum, often abbreviated Trctm in horticulture, is a genus in the orchid family, Orchidaceae. Dancinglady orchid is a common name for plants in this genus.[2] It was described by Stephan Ladislaus Endlicher and Eduard Friedrich Poeppig in 1836. This genus alone makes up the monogeneric Trichocentrum alliance, a quite distinct lineage of the subtribe Oncidiinae.

The 68 currently recognized species are epiphytes species are distributed in damp forests from Mexico and Florida to Argentina.[1]

Description[]

The pseudobulbs are reduced. The obtuse, fleshy leaves are 9 cm long. They are broadly elliptic to ovate-lanceolate.

The large, showy flowers grow basally on a short peduncle in a single-flowered to few-flowered raceme. They are white, or white covered with maroon dots. The petals and sepals are similar.

The long lip carries a short spur. This feature distinguishes the genus from other Oncidiinae, in which the spur is an extension of the column. The short column has a pair of apical wings on the stigma. The anther often bears minute papillae. There are two waxy pollinia, connected to elongate stipes.

In horticulture[]

Trichocentrum species are highly appreciated by orchid growers; some consider them to be among the most beautiful orchids on earth. Culture of members of this genus is highly variable, ranging from the drought-tolerant and easy-to-grow () to smaller and more delicate species.

In cultivation they are subject to rot unless provided with conditions similar to those they experience in the wild. Extensive research into the ecological profiles of individual species may be required to achieve success cultivating them. Many species from Central America apparently endure a prolonged drought for at least part of the year, and have developed succulent leaves to deal with these conditions. Plants may shrivel quite severely without long-lasting injury.

Chemistry and use as entheogen[]

The Central and South American species (known formerly as Oncidium cebolleta) has been found to contain a variety of phenanthrenoids.[3] This species is of considerable ethnobotanical interest as one of only a handful of orchids reported to be used as an entheogens. T. cebolleta is used as a substitute for hikuli a.k.a. peyote (the hallucinogenic cactus Lophophora williamsii) by the Tarahumara of Northern Mexico - a tribe noted for the large number of hallucinogenic plants which it uses in various shamanic and running-related practices. The combination of phenanthrenoid content and employment as entheogens in shamanic practices is to be found also in the Asiatic orchids Vanda tessellata and (- known formerly as Ephemerantha macraei and Flickingeria macraei - see page Flickingeria). The orchidaceous genera Trichocentrum, Vanda and Dendrobium are all members of the subfamily Epidendroideae and are also placed currently in the subgroup/clade of Higher Epidendroids within the subfamily.

Systematics[]

There is disagreement as to the taxonomic status of some species that have recently been moved from Oncidium to Trichocentrum. Morphological characteristics of "typical" trichocentrums, such as being relatively small and squat with a short, few-to-several flowered inflorescence, contrasts sharply with the larger, heavier oncidiums with long, "mule-ear" leaves and showy, branched inflorescences with many flowers, or the "rat-tail" species with terete leaves.

While studies of molecular phylogeny has caused substantial reclassifications,[4] it is uncertain whether this new scheme will be widely adopted. As with many plants, hybridisation might heavily confound cladistic analyses, though the exact extent is unknown. Hybridisation of Trichocentrum with Oncidium has resulted in the hybrid genus ×Trichocidium for example, and similar events in the past would result in unrealistic assessments of relationship based on molecular phylogenetic studies with too limited a scope.

Species[]

Dark trichocentrum, Trichocentrum fuscum

parts drawing, 1900 illustration [5]
Trichocentrum lanceanum
Trichocentrum microchilum
Trichocentrum splendidum
,
  1. (Colombia)
  2. – (N Brazil to Peru)
  3. (Mexico to W South America)
  4. (Central America)
  5. Trichocentrum bicallosum (Oaxaca, Chiapas to Central America)
  6. (Colombia)
  7. (Peru)
  8. (Costa Rica)
  9. – (Veracruz to Chiapas to Central America)
  10. – (Costa Rica to Venezuela)
  11. Trichocentrum carthagenense (Caribbean, Mexico to N Brazil)
  12. Trichocentrum cavendishianum (Mexico to Central America)
  13. (S Caribbean, Mexico to NE Argentina)
  14. (Costa Rica)
  15. (Costa Rica)
  16. Pupulin & Mora-Retana (Costa Rica)
  17. (Costa Rica)
  18. (SW Mexico)
  19. Trichocentrum fuscum – (S Tropical America)
  20. (Trinidad)
  21. (Venezuela)
  22. (Mexico: Veracruz, Guerrero, Oaxaca)
  23. (N Brazil)
  24. (Mexico)
  25. (Bolivia and Brazil to NE Argentina)
  26. Trichocentrum lacerum (C. America to Colombia)
  27. Trichocentrum lanceanum (Trinidad to S Tropical America)
  28. (Colombia)
  29. (Mexico to Guatemala)
  30. Rolfe
  31. (Guatemala)
  32. Trichocentrum luridum (Mexico to N South America)
  33. (SW Mexico)
  34. (T. jonesianum × T. straceyi) (Bolivia)
  35. (Brazil: Mato Grosso)
  36. Trichocentrum microchilum (Mexico: Chiapas to El Salvador)
  37. (Peru to Bolivia)
  38. (S Tropical America)
  39. (Bolivia)
  40. (Panama to Venezuela)
  41. (Ecuador)
  42. (SW Mexico)
  43. (Colombia to N Brazil)
  44. (Paraguay)
  45. (N Peru)
  46.  : Pfau's Trichocentrum (Central America)
  47. (Brazil: Rio de Janeiro)
  48. (SE Brazil)
  49. (Peru)
  50. (Ecuador)
  51. (N Brazil)
  52. – , (S Tropical America)
  53. Trichocentrum pumilum (Brazil to NE Argentina)
  54. (Guyana)
  55. (Guiana, Suriname)
  56. Trichocentrum silverarum (Panama)
  57. Trichocentrum splendidum (Guatemala)
  58. (Suriname to Brazil)
  59. (Bolivia)
  60. Trichocentrum stipitatum (Central America)
  61. Trichocentrum stramineum (Mexico: Veracruz)
  62. (Bolivia)
  63. (NE Brazil)
  64. (Costa Rica to Panama)
  65. – (Central America to Peru)
  66. (S Florida to N Brazil)
  67. (Colombia)
  68. (Brazil)
  69. (Bolivia)

References[]

  1. ^ a b Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families
  2. ^ USDA, NRCS (n.d.). "Trichocentrum". The PLANTS Database (plants.usda.gov). Greensboro, North Carolina: National Plant Data Team. Retrieved 14 December 2015.
  3. ^ https://uncch.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/new-and-old-phenanthrene-derivatives-from-oncidium-cebolleta-a-pe
  4. ^ Williams et al. (2001)
  5. ^ Heinrich Gustav Reichenbach - Xenia orchidace vol. 3 plate 234 (1900)

Further reading[]

  • Ackerman, J.D. and Chase, M.W. (2001): Notes on the Caribbean orchid flora, 4. More combinations in Trichocentrum and Cyrtochilum. Lindleyana 16(4): 225.
  • Chase, M.W. and Williams, N.H. (2001): Additional transfers to Trichocentrum Poepp. & Endl. and Otoglossum Garay & Dunst. (Orchidaceae: Oncidiinae). Lindleyana 16(3): 218–219.
  • Pupulin, Franco (1995): A revision of the genus Trichocentrum (Orchidaceae: Oncidiinae). Lindleyana 10(3): 183–210. URL
  • Sandoval-Zapotitla, E. and Terrazas, T. (2001): Leaf anatomy of 16 taxa of the Trichocentrum clade (Orchidaceae: Oncidiinae). Lindleyana 16(2): 81–93.
  • Williams, N.H., Chase, M.W., Fulcher, T., and Whitten, W.M. (2001): Molecular systematics of the Oncidiinae based on evidence from four DNA sequence regions: expanded circumscriptions of Cyrtochilum, Erycina, Otoglossum, and Trichocentrum and a new genus (Orchidaceae). Lindleyana 16(2): 113–139.

External links[]

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