Trier of fact
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A trier of fact, or finder of fact, is a person, or group of persons, who determines what facts are available and how relevant they are in a legal proceeding, usually a trial.[1] To determine a fact is to decide, from the evidence, whether something existed or some event occurred.[2] Various aspects of a case that are not in controversy may be the "facts of the case" and are determined by the agreement of the separate parties; the trier of fact need not decide such issues.
The position of fact finder is determined by the type of proceeding. In a jury trial, it is the role of the jury. In a non-jury trial, the judge sits both as a fact-finder and as the trier of law. In administrative proceedings it may be a hearing officer or a hearing body.[3]
Juries[]
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In a jury trial, a jury is the trier of fact. The jury finds the facts and applies them to the relevant statute or law it is instructed by the judge to use in order to reach its verdict. Thus, in a jury trial, the findings of fact are made by the jury while the judge makes legal rulings as to what evidence will be heard by the jury and what legal framework governs the case. Jurors are instructed to strictly follow the law as given by the judge, but are in no way obligated to do so. In some cases this leads to jury nullification, where the jury's verdict differs from what the law states.
In Anglo-American–based legal systems, finding of fact made by the jury is not appealable unless clearly wrong to any reasonable person. This principle is enshrined in the Seventh Amendment to the United States Constitution, which provides that "no fact tried by a jury, shall be otherwise re-examined in any Court of the United States, than according to the rules of the common law".
Judges[]
In a bench trial, judges are professional triers of fact. In a bench trial, the judge makes both findings of fact and rulings of law.[4] The findings of a judge of first instance are not normally disturbed by an appellate court.[5]
Administrative law judges[]
In the United States, an administrative law judge (ALJ) both presides over trials (and makes rulings of law) and adjudicates the claims or disputes (in other words, ALJ-controlled proceedings are bench trials) involving administrative law, but ALJs are not part of an independent judiciary.
Mixed systems[]
In mixed systems, such as the judiciary of Germany, a mixture of both judges and lay judges are triers of fact.
See also[]
Notes and references[]
- ^ Schultz, Norman. Fact-Finding. Accessed 17 November 2008
- ^ W A Wilson, 'A Note on Fact and Law' (1963) 26 MLR 609, at p 613.
- ^ Law Dictionary: Fact-Finder. Accessed 17 November 2008.
- ^ W A Wilson, 'A Note on Fact and Law' (1963) 26 MLR 609 – For discussion of affirmation of propositions to establish a legal conclusion – "Truth-questions", "Description- / Linguistic-questions", and "Probability-questions"
- ^ Lord Shaw of Dunfermline, Clarke v. Edinburgh and District Tramways Co., 1919 S.C.(H.L.) 35, at p 36.
- Legal procedure