Turing jump

This article includes a list of general references, but it remains largely unverified because it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (September 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

In computability theory, the Turing jump or Turing jump operator, named for Alan Turing, is an operation that assigns to each decision problem X a successively harder decision problem X′ with the property that X′ is not decidable by an oracle machine with an oracle for X.

The operator is called a jump operator because it increases the Turing degree of the problem X. That is, the problem X′ is not Turing-reducible to X. Post's theorem establishes a relationship between the Turing jump operator and the arithmetical hierarchy of sets of natural numbers.^[1] Informally, given a problem, the Turing jump returns the set of Turing machines that halt when given access to an oracle that solves that problem.

Definition[]

The Turing jump of X can be thought of as an oracle to the halting problem for oracle machines with an oracle to X.^[1]

Formally, given a set X and a Gödel numbering φ_i^X of the X-computable functions, the Turing jump X′ of X is defined as

${\displaystyle X'=\{x\mid \varphi _{x}^{X}(x)\ {\mbox{is defined}}\}.}$

The nth Turing jump X⁽ⁿ⁾ is defined inductively by

${\displaystyle X^{(0)}=X,}$

${\displaystyle X^{(n+1)}=(X^{(n)})'.}$

The ω jump X^(ω) of X is the of the sequence of sets X⁽ⁿ⁾ for n ∈ N:

${\displaystyle X^{(\omega )}=\{p_{i}^{k}\mid i\in \mathbb {N} {\text{ and }}k\in X^{(i)}\},}$

where p_i denotes the ith prime.

The notation 0′ or ∅′ is often used for the Turing jump of the empty set. It is read zero-jump or sometimes zero-prime.

Similarly, 0⁽ⁿ⁾ is the nth jump of the empty set. For finite n, these sets are closely related to the arithmetic hierarchy.

The jump can be iterated into transfinite ordinals: the sets 0^(α) for α < ω₁^CK, where ω₁^CK is the Church–Kleene ordinal, are closely related to the hyperarithmetic hierarchy.^[1] Beyond ω₁^CK, the process can be continued through the countable ordinals of the constructible universe, using set-theoretic methods (Hodes 1980). The concept has also been generalized to extend to uncountable regular cardinals (Lubarsky 1987).^[2]

Examples[]

• The Turing jump 0′ of the empty set is Turing equivalent to the halting problem.^[3]
• For each n, the set 0⁽ⁿ⁾ is m-complete at level ${\displaystyle \Sigma _{n}^{0}}$ in the arithmetical hierarchy (by Post's theorem).
• The set of Gödel numbers of true formulas in the language of Peano arithmetic with a predicate for X is computable from X^(ω).^[4]

Properties[]

• X′ is X-computably enumerable but not X-computable.
• If A is Turing-equivalent to B, then A′ is Turing-equivalent to B′. The converse of this implication is not true.
• (Shore and Slaman, 1999) The function mapping X to X�� is definable in the partial order of the Turing degrees.^[3]

Many properties of the Turing jump operator are discussed in the article on Turing degrees.

References[]

• Ambos-Spies, K. and Fejer, P. Degrees of Unsolvability. Unpublished. http://www.cs.umb.edu/~fejer/articles/History_of_Degrees.pdf
• Hodes, Harold T. (June 1980). "Jumping Through the Transfinite: The Master Code Hierarchy of Turing Degrees". Journal of Symbolic Logic. Association for Symbolic Logic. 45 (2): 204–220. doi:10.2307/2273183. JSTOR 2273183.
• Lerman, M. (1983). Degrees of unsolvability: local and global theory. Berlin; New York: Springer-Verlag. ISBN 3-540-12155-2.
• Lubarsky, Robert S. (Dec 1987). "Uncountable Master Codes and the Jump Hierarchy". Journal of Symbolic Logic. Vol. 52, no. 4. pp. 952–958. JSTOR 2273829.
• Rogers Jr, H. (1987). Theory of recursive functions and effective computability. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, USA. ISBN 0-07-053522-1.
• Shore, R.A.; Slaman, T.A. (1999). "Defining the Turing jump" (PDF). . 6 (5–6): 711–722. doi:10.4310/mrl.1999.v6.n6.a10. Retrieved 2008-07-13.
• Soare, R.I. (1987). Recursively Enumerable Sets and Degrees: A Study of Computable Functions and Computably Generated Sets. Springer. ISBN 3-540-15299-7.