U.S. postal strike of 1970
U.S. postal strike of 1970 | ||||
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![]() Striking postal workers highlight the disparity in wages between themselves and the politicians | ||||
Date | March 18–25, 1970 (approximately) | |||
Location | began in New York City, spread across the United States | |||
Caused by | Low wages and poor working conditions | |||
Resulted in | Postal Reorganization Act | |||
Parties to the civil conflict | ||||
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The U.S. postal strike of 1970 was an eight-day strike by federal postal workers in March 1970. The strike began in New York City and spread to some other cities in the following two weeks. This strike against the federal government, regarded as illegal, was the largest wildcat strike in U.S. history.[1]
President Richard Nixon called out the United States armed forces and the National Guard in an attempt to distribute the mail and break the strike.
The strike influenced the contents of the Postal Reorganization Act of 1970, which dissolved the United States Post Office Department, replaced it with the more corporate United States Postal Service, and guaranteed collective bargaining rights for postal workers (though not the right to strike).
Causes[]
At the time, postal workers were not permitted by law to engage in collective bargaining. Striking postal workers felt wages were very low, benefits poor and working conditions unhealthy and unsafe. APWU president Moe Biller described Manhattan (New York City) post offices as like "dungeons," dirty, stifling, too hot in summer, and too cold in winter.[1]
The Post Office Department's management was outdated and, according to workers, haphazard. Postal union lobbying of Congress to obtain higher pay and better working conditions had proven fruitless.[1]
An immediate trigger for the strike was a Congressional decision to raise the wages of postal workers by only 4%, at the same time as Congress raised its own pay by 41%.[2][3][4]
The post office was home to many black workers, and this population increased as whites left postal work in the 1950s and '60s for better jobs. Postal workers in general were upset about the low wages and poor conditions.[1][5]
The importance of black workers was amplified by militancy outside the post office.[1] Isaac & Christiansen identify the civil rights movement as a major contributor to the 1970 strike as well as other radical labor actions. They highlight several causal connections, including cultural climate, overlapping personnel, and the simple "demonstration effect," showing that nonviolent civil disobedience could accomplish political change.[6]
The strike[]
On March 17, 1970, in New York City, members of National Association of Letter Carriers (NALC) Branch 36 met in Manhattan and voted to strike. Picketing began just after midnight, on March 18. This was a mass action where rank and file leaders emerged like Manhattan letter carrier Vincent Sombrotto, who would go on to be elected first branch and then national president of the NALC.[1]
More than 210,000 United States Post Office Department workers were eventually involved across the nation, although initially the strike affected only workers in New York City. These workers decided to strike against the wishes of their leadership. The spontaneous unity produced by this decision empowered the workers.[7]
President Nixon appeared on national television and ordered the employees back to work, but his address only stiffened the resolve of the existing strikers and angered workers in another 671 locations in other cities into walking out as well. Workers in other government agencies also announced they would strike if Nixon pursued legal action against the postal employees.[7]
Authorities were unsure of how to proceed. Union leaders pleaded with the workers to return to their jobs. The government was hesitant to arrest strike leaders for fear of arousing sympathy among other workers, and because of popular support for the strikers.[8]
Impact[]
The strike crippled the nation's mail system.[1]
The stock market fell due to the strike's effect on trading volume.[9] Some feared that the stock market would have to close entirely.[8]
Nixon summons the National Guard[]
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Proclamation3972.tiff/lossless-page1-220px-Proclamation3972.tiff.png)
Nixon spoke to the nation again on March 23, asking the workers to go back to their jobs and announcing that he would deploy the National Guard to deliver mail in New York.[10] This announcement was accompanied by Proclamation 3972, which declared a national emergency.[11]
Nixon then ordered 24,000 military personnel forces to begin distributing the mail. had at its peak more than 18,500 military personnel assigned to 17 New York post offices, from regular Army, National Guard, Army Reserve, Air National Guard and Navy, Air Force, and Marine Corps Reserve.[12] This was not necessarily very effective.[4]
Conclusion[]
The strike ended after eight days with not a single worker being fired, as the Nixon administration continued to negotiate with postal union leaders.[1]
Outcomes[]
Postal Reorganization Act[]
The postal strike influenced the passage and signing of the Postal Reorganization Act of 1970. Effective July 1, 1971, the U.S. Post Office Department became the U.S. Postal Service, an independent establishment of the executive branch. The four major postal unions (National Association of Letter Carriers, American Postal Workers Union, National Postal Mail Handlers Union, and the National Rural Letter Carriers Association) won full collective bargaining rights: the right to negotiate on wages, benefits and working conditions, although they still were not allowed the right to strike.[1]
American Postal Workers Union[]
On July 1, 1971, five federal postal unions merged to form the American Postal Workers Union, the largest postal workers union in the world.[3]
References[]
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i Rubio, Philip F. (2010). There's Always Work at the Post Office: African-American postal workers and the fight for jobs, justice, and equality. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 9780807859865.
- ^ "The 1970 Postal Strike". Pushing the Envelope Blog. Smithsonian Institution. March 17, 2010. Archived from the original on March 24, 2010. Retrieved May 7, 2012.
- ^ Jump up to: a b "APWU History". American Postal Workers Union, AFL-CIO. Archived from the original on February 24, 2009. Retrieved August 28, 2009.
- ^ Jump up to: a b "The Strike that Stunned the Country" (PDF). Time Magazine. March 30, 1970. Retrieved April 27, 2019.
It is doubtful, however, if troops would be very effective. Though the Army has its own postal operation to handle mail for servicemen, few soldiers have any experience in the complex task of operating a postal system.
- ^ Carter, Art (March 31, 1970). "NAPE pickets PO talks". Washington Afro-American. Retrieved May 7, 2012.
- ^ Isaac, Larry; Lars Christiansen (October 2002). "How the Civil Rights Movement Revitalized Labor Militancy". American Sociological Review. 67 (5): 722–746. doi:10.2307/3088915. JSTOR 3088915.
- ^ Jump up to: a b "Notes on the Postal Strike, 1970". Root & Branch. pp. 1–5. Retrieved May 7, 2012.
- ^ Jump up to: a b "Wildcat Postal Strike Worsens; 3 States Hit". St. Petersburg Times. Times Wire Service. March 20, 1970. Retrieved May 7, 2012.
- ^ "Stocks Sag on Low Volume Due to Postal Strike". Palm Beach Post. March 20, 1970. Retrieved May 7, 2012.
- ^ "Text of Nixon Speech on Post Office Crisis". St. Petersburg Times. March 24, 1970. Retrieved May 7, 2012.
- ^ "PROCLAMATION 3972" (PDF). Retrieved May 7, 2012.
- ^ Bell, William Gardner, ed. (1973). "Operational Forces". Department of the Army Historical Summary: Fiscal Year 1970. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Army Center of Military History. p. 15. Retrieved August 28, 2009.
External links[]
- "Video of President Nixon announcing federal intervention in the postal strike & strikers speaking" – via YouTube.
- "Chapter 7: Nixon and Ford Administrations, 1969–1977". Brief History of DOL, U.S. Dept. of Labor. Retrieved December 5, 2006.
- 1970 in the United States
- 1970 labor disputes and strikes
- Labor disputes in the United States
- Postal strikes
- March 1970 events in the United States