USS Panay (PR-5)

USS Panay (PR-5)

Panay underway during the standardization trial off Woosung, China, on 30 August 1928
History
United States
Builder	Kiangnan Dockyard and Engineering Works, Shanghai
Launched	10 November 1927
Commissioned	10 September 1928
Fate	Sunk by Japanese aircraft, 12 December 1937
General characteristics [1][2]
Type	River gunboat
Displacement	474 long tons (482 t)
Length	191 ft (58 m)
Beam	29 ft (8.8 m)
Draft	5 ft 3 in (1.60 m)
Speed	15 kn (28 km/h; 17 mph) 17.73 knots (trials)
Complement	59 officers and enlisted
Armament	2 × 3"/50 caliber gun 8 × single .30 cal (7.62 mm) machine guns

The second USS Panay (PR–5) of the United States Navy was a river gunboat that served on the Yangtze Patrol in China until sunk by Japanese aircraft on 12 December 1937 on the Yangtze River.

The vessel was built by Kiangnan Dockyard and Engineering Works, Shanghai, China, and launched on 10 November 1927. She was sponsored by Mrs. Ellis S. Stone and commissioned on 10 September 1928, with Lieutenant Commander James Mackey Lewis in command.

History[]

Panay in 1928

Built for duty in the Asiatic Fleet on the Yangtze River, Panay had as her primary mission the protection of American lives and property frequently threatened in the disturbances that the 1920s and 1930s brought to a China struggling to modernize, create a strong central government, and later counter Japanese aggression. Throughout Panay’s service, navigation on the Yangtze was constantly menaced by bandits and soldier outlaws, and Panay and her sister ships provided protection for U.S. shipping and nationals, as other foreign forces did for their citizens. Often detachments from Panay served as armed guards on American steamers plying the river. In 1931, her commanding officer, Lieutenant Commander R. A. Dyer, reported, "Firing on gunboats and merchant ships have [sic] become so routine that any vessel traversing the Yangtze River sails with the expectation of being fired upon. Fortunately," he added, "the Chinese appear to be rather poor marksmen and the ship has, so far, not sustained any casualties in these engagements."

As the Japanese moved through south China, American gunboats evacuated most of the embassy staff from NanJing during November 1937. Panay was assigned as station ship to guard the remaining Americans and take them off at the last moment. Panay evacuated the remaining Americans from the city on 11 December, bringing the number of people aboard to five officers, 54 enlisted men, four US embassy staff, and 10 civilians, including Universal News cameraman Norman Alley, Movietone News’ Eric Mayell, the New York Times's Norman Soong, Collier's Weekly correspondent Jim Marshall, La Stampa correspondent Sandro Sandri and Corriere della Sera correspondent Luigi Barzini Jr.. Panay moved upriver to avoid becoming involved in the fighting around the doomed capital. Three U.S. merchant tankers sailed with her. The Japanese senior naval commander in Shanghai was informed both before and after the fact of this movement.

Sunk by the Japanese[]

The Chinese and U.S. flags at the time, shown here side-by-side for comparison. The Japanese claimed that the U.S. flag was mistaken for the Chinese one due to their aesthetic similarity.

On 12 December 1937, Japanese naval aircraft were ordered by their Army to attack "any and all ships" in the Yangtze above NanJing. Knowing of the presence of Panay and the merchantmen, the Imperial Japanese Navy requested verification of the order, which was received before the attack began about 13:27 that day. Although there were several large US flags flown on the ship under the command of Lieutenant Commander James J. Hughes, as well as one painted atop the cabin, the Japanese planes continued strafing and bombing. Panay was hit by two of the eighteen 60 kg (130 lb) bombs dropped by three Yokosuka B4Y Type-96 bombers and strafed by nine Nakajima A4N Type-95 fighters.^[3] The bombing continued until Panay sank at 15:54. Storekeeper First Class Charles L. Ensminger, Standard Oil tanker captain Carl H. Carlson and Italian reporter Sandro Sandri were killed, Coxswain Edgar C. Hulsebus died later that night.^[4][5] 43 sailors and five civilians were wounded.

Two newsreel cameramen were present on Panay, Norman Alley (Universal News) and Eric Mayell (Movietone News), and were able to take considerable film during the attack and afterward from shore as Panay sank in the middle of the river. The newsreels are now available online at usspanay.org (see external links below).

A formal protest was immediately lodged by the U.S. ambassador. The Japanese government accepted responsibility, but insisted the attack was unintentional. They claimed that the pilots could not distinguish between Chinese and U.S. flags from the distance of 300 or more yards that the pilots attacked. A large indemnity was paid (approximately $2,000,000,^[6] which is equal to $36,770,686 today) on 22 April 1938 and the incident was officially settled; however, further deterioration of relations between Japan and the United States continued.

Fon Huffman, the last survivor of the incident, died in September 2008.^[7][8]

Awards[]

• Navy Expeditionary Medal (12 Dec 1937)
• Yangtze Service Medal (1 Mar 1930 - 31 Dec 1932)
• China Service Medal (7 Jul 1937 - 12 Dec 1937)^[9]

See also[]

• First American shots fired in World War II
• List of patrol vessels of the United States Navy
• List of World War II ships of less than 1000 tons
• The Sand Pebbles (film) A film based on a novel about an American gunboat during the 1920s in China

Notes[]

This article incorporates text from the public domain Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships. The entry can be found here.

Further reading[]

• Koginos, Manny T. (1967). The Panay Incident: Prelude to War. Purdue University Studies.

External links[]

• USSPanay.org memorial website regarding USS Panay and Panay incident
• NavSource Online: Gunboat Photo Archive: USS Panay (PR-5), ex-PG-45
• Archive.org Universal Newsreel's 22-minute film by newsreel cameraman Norman Alley

Coordinates: 31°41′12″N 118°26′12″E / 31.68667°N 118.43667°E / 31.68667; 118.43667