VPN service

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
For the more general concept, see virtual private network.

A virtual private network service, or VPN service, provides a proxy server to users to bypass Internet censorship such as geoblocking or users who want to protect their communications against data profiling or MitM attacks on hostile networks.

A wide variety of entities provide "VPNs" for several purposes. But depending on the provider and the application, they do not always create a true private network. Instead, many providers simply provide an Internet proxy that uses VPN technologies such as OpenVPN or WireGuard. Commercial VPN services are often used by those wishing to disguise or obfuscate their physical location or IP address, typically as a means to evade Internet censorship or geo-blocking.

Providers often market VPN services as privacy-enhancing, citing security features, such as encryption, from the underlying VPN technology. However, users must consider that when the transmitted content is not encrypted before entering the proxy, that content is visible at the receiving endpoint (usually the VPN service provider's site) regardless of whether the VPN tunnel itself is encrypted for the inter-node transport. The only secure VPN is where the participants have oversight at both ends of the entire data path or when the content is encrypted before it enters the tunnel.

On the client side, configurations intended to use VPN services as proxies are not conventional VPN configurations. However, they do typically utilize the operating system's VPN interfaces to capture the user's data to send to the proxy. This includes virtual network adapters on computer OSes and specialized "VPN" interfaces on mobile operating systems. A less common alternative is to provide a SOCKS proxy interface.

In computer magazines, VPN services are typically judged on connection speeds; privacy protection, including privacy at signup and grade of encryption; server count and locations; interface usability; and cost.[1][2][3][4] In order to determine the degree of privacy and anonymity, various computer magazines, such as PC World and PC Magazine, also take the provider's own guarantees and its reputation among news items into consideration.[1][2]

Users are commonly exposed to misinformation on the VPN services market, which makes it difficult for them to tell apart advertisements and facts.[5]

Criticism and limitations[]

VPN services have been criticized on various grounds by Tom Scott.[6] The New York Times has noted that user should reconsider whether a VPN service is worth their money.[7] VPN services are not sufficient for protection against browser fingerprinting.[8] Techradar noted that for privacy reasons an independent VPN provider is recommended.[9]

Legality[]

Further information: VPN blocking

In March 2018, the use of unapproved VPN services was banned in China, as they can be used to circumvent the Great Firewall.[10] Operators received prison sentences and were penalized with fines.[11][12][13][14]

Definitions[]

The following definitions clarify the meaning of the column headers in the comparison tables below.

Anonymous payment method
Whether the service offers at least one payment method that does not require personal information. Even if a service accepts a cryptocurrency like bitcoin, it might still require that the customer hands over personally identifiable information (PII) like their full name and address.
Bandwidth
Whether the users' bandwidth is logged while using the service, according to the service's privacy policy.
Diskless
Whether the service's server hardware is connected to hard drives, according to the service provider. If the servers are diskless, the service provider should be unable to log any usage data.
First-party DNS servers
Whether the service provides its own domain name system (DNS) servers.
Logging
Whether the service stores information about their users' connection or activity on the network, according to the service's privacy policy or terms of service. If logging isn't mentioned in those sections but denied somewhere else on the website, the particular table cell will be marked as "No" in yellow and include an explanatory note.
Privacy Impact Score
An indicator of a website's usage of potentially privacy intrusive technologies such as third-party or permanent cookies, canvas trackers etc.[15] The score can be in the range from 0 to 100, where 0 is minimal privacy impact (best) and 100 is the biggest privacy impact (worst) relative to other web sites.[15] The score also has a simplified letter and colour presentation from A to F where A is "No cookies" and F is "Score above three standard deviations from the average".[15] The metric is developed by WebCookies.org.[15]
Obfuscation
Whether the service provides a method of obfuscating the VPN traffic so that it's not as easily detected and blocked by national governments or corporations.[16][17]
Offers WireGuard
Whether the service provider offers the WireGuard tunneling protocol.
SSL rating
The service's website's overall SSL server rating according to Qualys SSL Labs' SSL Server Test tool.
Supports Obfsproxy
Whether the service has an implementation of the Tor subproject Obfsproxy.[16][17]

Privacy[]

PC Magazine recommends that users consider choosing a provider based in a country with no data retention laws, since that makes it easier for the service to keep a promise of no logging.[18] PC Magazine and TechRadar also suggest that users read the provider's logging policy before signing up for the service,[18][3] since some providers collect information about their customers' VPN usage.[19][20] PC World recommends that users avoid free services as a rule of thumb, and asserts that free services either sell their users' browsing data in aggregated form to researchers and marketers, or only offer a minimal amount of data transfer per month.[19] Logitheque explains why there are so many VPN comparison websites on the web.[21]

Service Based in Logging[a] Anonymous payment method Accepts bitcoin PGP key available
Traffic DNS requests Timestamps Bandwidth IP address
Avira Phantom VPN Germany No[b] Yes[b] No[b] No No No
blackVPN Hong Kong No[24] No[24] No[24] No[24] No[24] Email Yes[25] Yes[26]
ExpressVPN British Virgin Islands[27][28][29] No[30] No[30] Yes[31] Yes[32] No[30] Email[29][28][33] Yes[29][28][34] No
Hotspot Shield Elite United States Yes[c] Yes[36][37] No No No
IPredator Sweden No[38] Yes[38] Yes[38] Yes[38] Email[39] Yes[40] Yes[41]
IPVanish United States No[42] No[42] No[42] No[42] No[42] No[43] No No
IVPN Gibraltar No[44] No[44] No[44] No[44] No[44] Email Yes[45] Yes[46]
Mullvad Sweden No[47] No[47] No[47] No[47] No[47] Yes[48] Yes[48] Yes[49]
NordVPN Panama No[50] No[50] No[50] No[50] No[50] Email[51] Yes Yes[52]
Private Internet Access United States No[53] No[53] No[53] No[53][54] No[53] Yes[55] Yes[56] Yes[57]
ProtonVPN Switzerland No[58] Yes[58] Email Yes No
PureVPN Hong Kong No[59] No[60] Yes[61] No[d] Email[e] Yes[65] No
SaferVPN Israel[66] No[67] No[67] Yes[67] Yes[67] No[67] Email[68] Yes[68] Yes[69]
TunnelBear Canada[70][71][72] No[73] No[73][74] No[75] Yes[72][75] No[73] Email[70] Yes[76][70][71] No
VPNBook Un­known[f] No[77] Yes[77] Yes[77] N/A[g] N/A[g] No

Notes

  1. ^ As claimed by provider unless otherwise noted.
  2. ^ a b c There is no mention of Avira's VPN logging policy in their privacy policy. However, it is stated in an FAQ section that neither traffic nor IP addresses are logged on their VPN service.[22] It is also stated that bandwidth is logged.[22] When visiting Avira's website, the visitor's IP address is logged by both Google Analytics and the CrazyEgg tool.[23]
  3. ^ Hotspot Shield claims to collect "anonymous, aggregate data about which websites you visit and which apps you use."[35]
  4. ^ "We DO NOT keep any record of your browsing activities, connection logs, records of the VPN IPs assigned to you, your original IPs, your connection time, the history of your browsing, the sites you visited, your outgoing traffic, the content or data you accessed, or the DNS queries generated by you."[62] However, in 2017, PureVPN provided connection logs including IP addresses to the FBI for use in a criminal investigation.[63]
  5. ^ Name and e-mail is required for every payment method.[64]
  6. ^ VPNBook does not disclose in which jurisdiction it operates.
  7. ^ a b VPNBook is free and therefore doesn't require payment. However, it accepts donations in bitcoin and through PayPal.

Technical features[]

Service Leak Protection Protocols Obfuscation / Censorship Avoidance Network Neutrality Server Data Encryption Handshake Encryption Data Authentication
First-party DNS servers IPv6 supported / blocked Offers OpenVPN Offers WireGuard Supports multihop Supports TCP port 443 Supports Obfsproxy Offers SOCKS Supports SSL tunnel Supports SSH tunnel Other proprietary protocols Blocks SMTP (authent.) Blocks P2P Dedicated or Virtual Diskless Default provided Strongest provided Weakest provided Strongest provided Weakest provided Strongest provided
Avast SecureLine Yes Yes Yes No No No Some[78] Dedicated[79] No AES-256 AES-256
Avira Phantom VPN Yes Yes Yes No No Yes No No Dedicated No AES-256 AES-256
blackVPN Yes No Yes[80] No No Yes[80] No Yes[80] Some[a] Some[81] Dedicated AES-256[80] AES-256[80] RSA-4096[80] RSA-4096[80] SHA-512[80] SHA-512[80]
ExpressVPN Yes[27] Yes Yes[27][28][29] No No Yes[82] No[27][28][29] Both[83][84] No AES-256 CA-4096
Hotspot Shield Elite No No No No No AES-128[85] AES-128[85] TLS 1.2 ECDHE PFS[85] TLS 1.2 ECDHE PFS[85] HMAC[86] HMAC[86]
IPredator Yes[87] Yes[88] Yes[89] No No Yes[90] No No AES-256 (CBC)[91] AES-256 (CBC)[91] SHA-1[91] SHA-1[91]
IPVanish Yes[92] Yes[93] Yes[43] Yes[94] No Yes[95] Yes[96] Yes[43] No No No No[43] No[43] Dedicated[97] No AES-256[98] AES-256[98] RSA-2048[98] RSA-2048[98] SHA-256[98] SHA-256[98]
IVPN Yes[99] No[100] Yes Beta[101] Yes; OpenVPN Yes Yes Yes[102] No[103] No[104] Dedicated[105] AES-256[99] AES-256[99] RSA-4096[99]
Mullvad Yes[106] Yes[106] Yes[106] Yes[107] Yes; WireGuard[108] and SOCKS5 Yes[106] No[109] Yes[110][106] Yes Yes[106] No[106] No[106] Dedicated[111] AES-256 (GCM)[106] AES-256[106] RSA-4096[106] RSA-4096[106] SHA-512[106] SHA-512[106]
NordVPN Yes[112] No[113] Yes[114] Yes; NordLynx based on WireGuard[115] Yes; OpenVPN[116] and SOCKS5 Yes[117] Yes[118] Yes No[119] Dedicated AES-256[120] AES-256 (CBC)[120] 2048-bit Diffie-Hellman[120] 2048-bit Diffie-Hellman[120]
Private Internet Access Yes[121] Yes[122] Yes[123] Beta[124] No Yes[125] No Yes[126][127] Some[b] No[129] Dedicated[130] AES-128 (CBC)[131] AES-256[131] ECC-256k1[131] RSA-4096[131] SHA-1[131] SHA-256[131]
ProtonVPN Yes No Yes Beta[132] Yes Some Dedicated AES-256 AES-256
PureVPN Yes Yes Yes[133] No No Only through SSTP[134] No No No Some[135] Both[136][84] No AES-256
SaferVPN Yes[137] Yes[138][66] No[138] No Yes[139] No No Some[c] No AES-256[138] AES-256[138] 2048bit SSL/TLS[138] 2048bit SSL/TLS[138] SHA-256[138] SHA-256[138]
TunnelBear Yes[74] Yes[141][71] No No No Yes[142][72] Yes No[143] Yes[144][70][71] AES-128 (CBC)[d] AES-256 (CBC)[141] 1548 bit Diffie-Hellman group[e] 4096 bit Diffie-Hellman group[141] SHA-1[f] SHA-256[141]
VPNBook Yes[145] No No Yes[146] Some[147] Dedicated[148] No

Notes

  1. ^ Allowed on ports 465 and 587.[80]
  2. ^ The support team may be willing to whitelist your email provider's SMTP server upon request.[128]
  3. ^ SaferVPN only allows P2P on their Netherlands server.[140]
  4. ^ Only on iOS 8 and earlier. All other supported devices and operating systems use AES-256 (CBC).[141]
  5. ^ iOS 9 and later use 2048 bit. iOS 8 and earlier use 1548 bit. All other supported devices and operating systems use 4096 bit.[141]
  6. ^ iOS 8 and earlier use SHA-1. All other supported devices and operating systems use SHA-256.[141]

Availability[]

Service No. of simultaneous connections No. of countries No. of servers Linux support (manual config.)
Avast SecureLine 5 34 54 No
Avira Phantom VPN Unlimited[149][150] 25[151] 36[151] No
ExpressVPN 5[152] 94[153] 3,000 circa[154] Yes[27][29]
Hotspot Shield Elite 5[155] 21 No
IPredator 1[156] 1 Yes[157]
IPVanish Unlimited[43] 54[43] 1,500[43] Yes[158]
IVPN 5[99] 27[159] 57[160] Yes[161]
Mullvad 5[162] 36[163] 667[163] Yes[164]
NordVPN 6 58[165] 5,607[165] Yes[166]
Private Internet Access 10[167] 74[168] 11,254[168] Yes[169]
ProtonVPN 10[170] 54[170] 1,060[170] Yes[171]
PureVPN 10[133] 140 circa[172] 2,000 circa[172] Yes[173]
SaferVPN 5[174] 35 circa[175] 700 circa[175] Yes[169]
TunnelBear 5[72][176] 20[176] Yes

Website[]

Example of a warrant canary
Library warrant canary relying on active removal designed by Jessamyn West.

The rating of the services' websites according to SSL server certificate and HTTP cookie test tools. Also listed is whether the websites maintain a warrant canary.

Service SSL certificate Privacy Impact Score Warrant canary
Holder Issued to SSL rating
Avast SecureLine Yes[177] Self[177] A+[177] B[178] No
Avira Phantom VPN Yes[179] Self[179] A[179] E[180] No
blackVPN Yes[181][182] Cloudflare[181] A[181] B[183] No
ExpressVPN Yes[184][185] Self[185] A+[185] B[186] No
Hotspot Shield Elite Yes[187] Self[187] A-[187] F[188] No
IPredator Yes[189] Self[189] A+[189] A[190] Yes
IPVanish Yes[191] Self[191] A[191] B[192] No
IVPN Yes[193] Self[193] A+[193] B[194] Yes
Mullvad Yes[195] Self[195] A+[195] A[196] No
NordVPN Yes[197] Self[197] A+[197] B[198] Yes[199]
Private Internet Access Yes[200] Self[200] A[200] B[201] No
ProtonVPN Yes[202] Self[202] A+[202] B[203] Yes[204]
PureVPN Yes[205] Self[205] A[205] B[206] No
SaferVPN Yes[69] Self[69] A[69] Yes Yes[139]
TunnelBear Yes[207] Self[207] A+[207] B[208] No
VPNBook Yes[209] Self[209] B[209] B[210] No

References[]

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  2. ^ a b Eddy, Max (2018-01-15). "The Best VPN Services of 2018". PC Magazine. Archived from the original on 2018-01-18. It's important to keep a few things in mind when evaluating which VPN service is right for you: reputation, performance, type of encryption used, transparency, ease of use, support, and extra features.
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  30. ^ ExpressVPN. "ExpressVPN Privacy Policy". Archived from the original on 2018-01-04. Retrieved 2018-01-04. We collect information about whether you have successfully established a VPN connection on a particular day (but not a specific time of the day).
  31. ^ ExpressVPN. "ExpressVPN Privacy Policy". Archived from the original on 2018-01-04. Retrieved 2018-01-04. We may know, for example, that our customer John had connected to our New York VPN location on Tuesday and had transferred an aggregate of 823 MB of data across a 24-hour period.
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  34. ^ "AnchorFree Hotspot Shield Privacy Policy". When you launch Hotspot Shield. 2017-11-29. Archived from the original on 2017-12-28. Retrieved 2017-12-28. When you use Hotspot Shield to access the internet, we collect only anonymous, aggregate data about which websites you visit and which apps you use.
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  54. ^ "We accept all kinds of payment methods... including all major gift cards!".
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  58. ^ "PureVPN's Privacy Policy". 2016-01-15. Archived from the original on 2017-12-27. We do not monitor user activity [...]. We therefore have no record of your activities such as which software you used, which websites you visited, what content you downloaded, which apps you used, etc. after you connected to any of our servers.
  59. ^ "PureVPN's Privacy Policy". 2018-07-30. We are unable to identify at what time you connected to the VPN, with which IP address and which VPN IP was assigned to you.
  60. ^ "PureVPN's Privacy Policy". 2016-01-15. Archived from the original on 2017-12-27. The time when a successful connection is made with our servers is counted as a “connection” and the total bandwidth used during this connection is called “bandwidth”. Connection and bandwidth are kept in record [...].
  61. ^ "PureVPN's Privacy Policy". 2018-07-30. From here on forward, we do not keep any records of anything that could associate any specific activity to a specific user.
  62. ^ U.S.A. v. Lin, p. 22 (D. Mass. 10/03/2017) ("Further, records from PureVPN show that the same email accounts - Lin's gmail account and the teleportfx gmail account - were accessed from the same WANSecurity IP address. Significantly, PureVPN was able to determine that their service was accessed by the same customer from two originating IP addresses: the RCN IP address from the home Lin was living in at the time, and the software company where Lin was employed at the time.").Text
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