Vampire number

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In number theory, a vampire number (or true vampire number) is a composite natural number with an even number of digits, that can be factored into two natural numbers each with half as many digits as the original number and not both with trailing zeroes, where the two factors contain precisely all the digits of the original number, in any order, counting multiplicity. The first vampire number is 1260 = 21 × 60.

Definition[]

Let ${\displaystyle N}$ be a natural number with ${\displaystyle 2k}$ digits:

${\displaystyle N={n_{2k}}{n_{2k-1}}...{n_{1}}}$

Then ${\displaystyle N}$ is a vampire number if and only if there exist two natural numbers ${\displaystyle A}$ and ${\displaystyle B}$, each with ${\displaystyle k}$ digits:

${\displaystyle A={a_{k}}{a_{k-1}}...{a_{1}}}$

${\displaystyle B={b_{k}}{b_{k-1}}...{b_{1}}}$

such that ${\displaystyle A\times B=N}$, ${\displaystyle a_{1}}$ and ${\displaystyle b_{1}}$ are not both zero, and the ${\displaystyle 2k}$ digits of the concatenation of ${\displaystyle A}$ and ${\displaystyle B}$ ${\displaystyle ({a_{k}}{a_{k-1}}...{a_{2}}{a_{1}}{b_{k}}{b_{k-1}}...{b_{2}}{b_{1}})}$ are a permutation of the ${\displaystyle 2k}$ digits of ${\displaystyle N}$. The two numbers ${\displaystyle A}$ and ${\displaystyle B}$ are called the fangs of ${\displaystyle N}$.

For example: 1260 is a vampire number, with 21 and 60 as fangs, since 21 × 60 = 1260 and the digits of the concatenation of the two factors (2160) are a permutation of the digits of the original number (1260). However, 126000 (which can be expressed as 21 × 6000 or 210 × 600) is not, as 21 and 6000 do not have the correct number of digits, and both 210 and 600 have trailing zeroes. Similarly, 1023 (which can be expressed as 31 × 33) is not, because although 1023 contains all the digits of 31 and 33, the four digits of the pair (3133) is not a permutation of the digits of the original number.

Vampire numbers were first described in a 1994 post by Clifford A. Pickover to the Usenet group sci.math, and the article he later wrote was published in chapter 30 of his book Keys to Infinity.

Examples[]

The vampire numbers are:

1260, 1395, 1435, 1530, 1827, 2187, 6880, 102510, 104260, 105210, 105264, 105750, 108135, 110758, 115672, 116725, 117067, 118440, 120600, 123354, 124483, 125248, 125433, 125460, 125500, ... (sequence A014575 in the OEIS)

There are many known sequences of infinitely many vampire numbers following a pattern, such as:

1530 = 30×51, 150300 = 300×501, 15003000 = 3000×5001, ...

That's why at most one number may include trailing zeroes, such as:

1530 = 30×51, 153000 = 300×510, 15300000 = 3000×5100, ...

Multiple fang pairs[]

A vampire number can have multiple distinct pairs of fangs. The first of infinitely many vampire numbers with 2 pairs of fangs:

125460 = 204 × 615 = 246 × 510

The first with 3 pairs of fangs:

13078260 = 1620 × 8073 = 1863 × 7020 = 2070 × 6318

The first with 4 pairs of fangs:

16758243290880 = 1982736 × 8452080 = 2123856 × 7890480 = 2751840 × 6089832 = 2817360 × 5948208

The first with 5 pairs of fangs:

24959017348650 = 2947050 × 8469153 = 2949705 × 8461530 = 4125870 × 6049395 = 4129587 × 6043950 = 4230765 × 5899410

Variants[]

Pseudovampire numbers (disfigurate vampire numbers) are similar to vampire numbers, except that the fangs of an n-digit pseudovampire number need not be of length n/2 digits. Pseudovampire numbers can have an odd number of digits, for example 126 = 6×21.

More generally, more than two fangs are allowed. In this case, vampire numbers are numbers n which can be factorized using the digits of n. For example, 1395 = 5×9×31. This sequence starts (sequence A020342 in the OEIS):

126, 153, 688, 1206, 1255, 1260, 1395, ...

A vampire prime or prime vampire number, as defined by Carlos Rivera in 2002, is a true vampire number whose fangs are its prime factors. The first few vampire primes are:

117067, 124483, 146137, 371893, 536539

As of 2007 the largest known is the square (94892254795×10¹⁰³²⁹⁴+1)², found by Jens K. Andersen in September, 2007.

A double vampire number is a vampire number which has fangs that are also vampire numbers, an example of such a number is 1047527295416280 = 25198740 × 41570622 = (2940 × 8571) × (5601 × 7422) which is the smallest double vampire number.

A roman numeral vampire number is roman numerals with the same character. An example of this number is II × IV = VIII.

References[]

• Pickover, Clifford A. (1995). Keys to Infinity. Wiley. ISBN 0-471-19334-8
• Pickover's original post describing vampire numbers
• Andersen, Jens K. Vampire Numbers
• Rivera, Carlos. The Prime-Vampire numbers

External links[]

• Weisstein, Eric W. "Vampire Numbers". MathWorld.
• Sweigart, Al. Vampire Numbers Visualized
• Grime, James; Copeland, Ed. "Vampire numbers". Numberphile. Brady Haran.