Verulam Formation

Verulam Formation Stratigraphic range: Katian (-) ~455–446 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N
Type	Formation
Unit of	Simcoe Group
Sub-units	Cystid Beds
Overlies	Bobcaygeon Formation
Lithology
Primary	Limestone
Other	Mudstone, shale, siltstone
Location
Coordinates	44°36′N 79°06′W / 44.6°N 79.1°W / 44.6; -79.1Coordinates: 44°36′N 79°06′W / 44.6°N 79.1°W / 44.6; -79.1
Approximate paleocoordinates	23°54′S 52°06′W / 23.9°S 52.1°W / -23.9; -52.1
Region	Ontario
Country	Canada
Type section
Named by	Liberty
Year defined	1969
Verulam Formation (Canada) Verulam Formation (Ontario) Show map of CanadaShow map of OntarioShow all

The Verulam Formation is a geologic formation and Lagerstätte in Ontario, Canada. It preserves fossils dating back to the Katian stage of the Ordovician period, or to in the regional stratigraphy.^[1]

Description[]

The Verulam Formation belongs to the Simcoe Group and overlies the Bobcaygeon Formation. Both the Bobcaygeon and Verulam Formations are composed of bioclastic wackestones, grainstones, and packstones interbedded with calcareous shales and siltstones. The Verulam contains more shale than the underlying Bobcaygeon Formation. Several hardgrounds have been documented in detail from the upper Bobcaygeon and lower Verulam. The paleoenvironments in which the Bobcaygeon and Verulam Formations were deposited have been interpreted as a proximal carbonate shelf that ranged in depth and proximity from shoal to shallow shelf in the Bobcaygeon and from deep shelf to shoal or shallow shelf in the Verulam Formation.^[2]

Fossil content[]

The Verulam Formation and the underlying Bobcaygeon Formation have provided many fossils. Both formations form the Brechin Lagerstätte, a Lagerstätte of excellent preservation of numerous exceptionally preserved crinoid specimens with arms, stems, and attachment structures intact.^[2][3][4] Also ostracods, trilobites, bivalves, gastropods, cephalopods and other fossils were found in the formation.^[5]

See also[]

• List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Ontario
• Arnheim Formation, contemporaneous fossiliferous formation of Ohio
• San Benito Formation, contemporaneous fossiliferous formation of Bolivia
• Late Ordovician glaciation
• Ordovician meteor event
• Taconic orogeny

References[]

Bibliography[]

• Cole, Selina R.; David F. Wright; 2020. Paleocommunity composition, relative abundance, and new camerate crinoids from the Brechin Lagerstätte (Upper Ordovician). Journal of Paleontology Online edition. .. doi:10.1017/jpa.2020.32
• Wright, D.F.; S.R. Cole, and W.I. Ausich. 2019. Biodiversity, systematics, and new taxa of cladid crinoids from the Ordovician Brechin Lagerstätte. Journal of Paleontology x. 1.
• Cole, S.R.; W.I. Ausich; D.F. Wright, and J.M. Koniecki. 2018. An echinoderm Lagerstätte from the Upper Ordovician (Katian), Ontario: taxonomic re-evaluation and description of new dicyclic camerate crinoids. Journal of Paleontology x. 1-18.
• Sproat, C.D., and J. Jin. 2013. Evolution of the Late Ordovician plaesiomyid brachiopod lineage in Laurentia. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 50. 872-894.
• Sumrall, C.D., and F.J. Gahn. 2006. Morphological and systematic reinterpretation of two enigmatic edrioasteroids (Echinodermata) from Canada. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 43. 497-507.
• Peters, S.E. 2003. Evenness, richness and the Cambrian-Paleozoic faunal transition in North America: an assemblage-level perspective, 1-279. University of Chicago.
• Waddington, J.B. 1980. A soft substrate community with edrioasteroids, from the Verulam Formations (Middle Ordovician) at Gamebridge, Ontario. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 17. 674-679.
• Liberty, B.A. 1969. Palaeozoic geology of the Lake Simcoe Area, Ontario. 355. 1-201.
• Wilson, A.E. 1951. Gastropoda and Conularida of the Ottawa Formation of the Ottawa - St. Lawrence Lowland. Geological Survey of Canada Bulletin 17. 1-149.
• Wilson, A.E. 1946. Echinodermata of the Ottawa Formation of the Ottawa-St. Lawrence lowland. Geological Survey of Canada Bulletin 4. 1-61.