Victims of Communism Memorial Foundation
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Founded | 1994 |
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Founders | |
Type | Non-profit |
52-1920858 | |
Focus | Anti-communism |
Location | |
Key people |
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Website | victimsofcommunism |
The Victims of Communism Memorial Foundation (VOC) is a non-profit anti-communist organization in the United States, authorized by a unanimous Act of Congress in 1993 for the purpose of "educating Americans about the ideology, history and legacy of communism."[3]
The organization was responsible for building the Victims of Communism Memorial in Washington, D.C. It is a member of the European Union's Platform of European Memory and Conscience.
History[]
In 1991, Senator Steve Symms and Representative Dana Rohrabacher, both of whom are from the Republican Party, introduced concurring resolutions in the United States Congress urging the construction of "an International Memorial to the Victims of Communism at an appropriate location within the boundaries of the District of Columbia and for the appointment of a commission to oversee the design, construction and all other pertinent details of the memorial."[4][5]
In 1993, Rohrabacher and fellow Republican Senator Jesse Helms sponsored amendments to the FRIENDSHIP Act of 1993 which authorized such construction.[6] The act was signed into law by Democratic President Bill Clinton on December 17, 1993.[7] It cited "the deaths of over 100,000,000 victims in an unprecedented imperial holocaust" and resolved that "the sacrifices of these victims should be permanently memorialized so that never again will nations and peoples allow so evil a tyranny to terrorize the world."[3]
According to Title IX, Section 905 of Public Law 103–199, an independent organization was to be established to construct, maintain, and operate the Victims of Communism Memorial in Washington, D.C., as well as to collect the contributions for the establishment of the memorial and to encourage the participation of all groups suffered under Communist regimes.[8] In 2007, the foundation completed the Victims of Communism Memorial, which was dedicated by Repubblican President George W. Bush.[9] In 2016, the foundation released a list of 51 prisoners of conscience in Cuba just before Democratic President Barack Obama visit and meeting with Cuban leader Raúl Castro.[10] In 2020, the organization released a report calling attention to organ harvesting from Falun Gong practitioners and Uyghurs in China.[11]
In 2016, the Dissident blog of the Victims of Communism Memorial Foundation made an effort to compile updated ranges of estimates and concluded that the overall range "spans from 42,870,000 to 161,990,000" killed, with 100 million the most commonly cited figure.[12] According to anthropologist Kristen Ghodsee and professor Scott Sehon, the 100 million estimate favored by the organization is dubious, as their source for this is the controversial introduction to The Black Book of Communism by Stéphane Courtois.[13] Ghodsee and Sehon write that "quibbling about numbers is unseemly. What matters is that many, many people were killed by communist regimes."[13]
According to Ghodsee and Sehon, the Victims of Communism Memorial Foundation is a conservative and anti-communist organization in the United States which seeks to equate communism with murder, such as by erecting billboards in Times Square which declare "100 years, 100 million killed" and "Communism kills";[13] Ghodsee posits that the foundation, along with counterpart conservative and anti-communist organizations in Eastern Europe, seeks to institutionalize the "Victims of Communism" narrative as a double genocide theory, or the moral equivalence between the Nazi Holocaust (race murder) and those killed by Communist regimes (class murder).[13][14] In her view, these are suspect efforts to distract from the global financial crisis and the failures of neoliberalism.[14] In April 2020, the organization announced they would be adding the global victims of the COVID-19 pandemic to their death toll of Communism, blaming the Chinese government for the outbreak and every death caused by it.[15][16]
Programs[]
Victims of Communism Memorial[]
The memorial was dedicated on June 12, 2007, the 20th anniversary of Republican President Ronald Reagan's "Tear down this wall" speech in Berlin. The unveiling of the statue in Washington DC earned international press attention.[17]
The land was a gift of the United States Parks Service, and the remaining cost, over $1 million, was raised from private sources.[18] Sculpted by Thomas Marsh, it is a 10-foot bronze replica of the Papier-mâché Goddess of Democracy statue made by student democracy protesters leading up to the Tiananmen Square massacre in 1989.[19]
Museum[]
The foundation aims to build a museum in Washington, D.C.[1] The foundation is working on a proposed budget for a museum near the National Mall, and has received a $1 million grant toward the museum from the government of Hungary.[20] Plans for the museum include exhibit space, an auditorium, archives, and resident scholars.[21][22]
Truman-Reagan Medal of Freedom[]
The Foundation annually presents its Truman-Reagan Medal of Freedom at an event which honors opponents of communism and has been used to raise funds for the construction of the memorial.[23] Past recipients include Myroslav Marynovych, Chen Guangcheng, Tom Lantos, Pope John Paul II, Vaclav Havel, Yang Jianli, , Yelena Bonner, William F. Buckley Jr., Richard Pipes, Guillermo Fariñas, Lane Kirkland, Armando Valladares, János Horváth, Lech Wałęsa, Anna Walentynowicz, National Endowment for Democracy, and Henry M. Jackson.[23][24][25][26][27]
Projects[]
In 2015, the foundation released a biopic video series called Witness Project, featuring interviews with witnesses of communism.[28] Other projects include national seminars for high-school teachers and for college campuses.[29]
Lobbying[]
The foundation opposed the Foreign Cultural Exchange Jurisdictional Immunity Clarification Act on the grounds that it would protect unlawfully acquired artwork held by Russian museums.[30]
People[]
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Ed_Feulner.jpg/175px-Ed_Feulner.jpg)
VOC's chairman is Edwin Feulner, founder and former president of the American conservative think tank the Heritage Foundation. Its chairman emeritus and co-founder is scholar Lee Edwards,[2] a founding member of Young Americans for Freedom[31] and distinguished fellow at the American conservative think tank The Heritage Foundation.[32] Lev Dobriansky previously served as chairman emeritus. The national advisory council includes Dennis DeConcini, Paul Hollander, John K. Singlaub, John Earl Haynes, and George Weigel. Former or deceased members include Robert Conquest, Richard Pipes, Rudolph Rummel, and Jack Kemp.[33]
The international advisory council includes Sali Berisha, Vladimir Bukovsky, Emil Constantinescu, Mart Laar, Vytautas Landsbergis, Guntis Ulmanis, Armando Valladares, and Lech Walesa. Former members include Yelena Bonner, Brian Crozier, Árpád Göncz, and Václav Havel.[33]
Jay K. Katzen was the Foundation's president from June 2003 until his death in April 2020. As of January 2021, VOC launched a search for a new president and CEO.[34]
See also[]
- Memorial (society)
- Museum of Communism, Czech Republic
- Museum of Communism, Warsaw
- Virtual Museum of Soviet Repression in Belarus
References[]
- ^ Jump up to: a b Smith, Dinitia (December 23, 1995). "For the Victims of Communism". The New York Times. Archived from the original on September 24, 2019. Retrieved November 4, 2009.
- ^ Jump up to: a b "Victims of Communism Memorial Foundation Announces New Board Leadership". Victims of Communism Memorial Foundation. December 30, 2020. Archived from the original on February 5, 2021.
- ^ Jump up to: a b Rauch, Jonathan (December 2003). "The Forgotten Millions". The Atlantic. Archived from the original on October 11, 2008. Retrieved November 4, 2009.
- ^ "S. Con. Res. 55". thomas.loc.gov. Library of Congress. July 26, 1991. Archived from the original on July 4, 2016. Retrieved November 5, 2009.
- ^ "H. Con. Res. 228". thomas.loc.gov. Library of Congress. 1991. Retrieved November 5, 2009.[permanent dead link]
- ^ "U.S. Laws Catch Up to the New Russia". The New York Times. November 29, 1993. Archived from the original on May 26, 2015. Retrieved November 5, 2009.
- ^ "Bill Summary and Status". Library of Congress. December 17, 1993. Retrieved November 5, 2009.[permanent dead link]
- ^ "Public Law 103-199". United States Congress. Archived from the original on June 14, 2011. Retrieved November 3, 2009 – via Mega.nu.
- ^ "China Blasts Bush Tribute to Victims of Communism". Reuters. June 13, 2007. Archived from the original on March 6, 2016. Retrieved May 18, 2016.
- ^ Rhodan, Maya (March 21, 2016). "Advocates List Cuba's Political Prisoners After Castro Says There Are None". Time. Archived from the original on May 17, 2016. Retrieved May 18, 2016.
- ^ Lipes, Joshua (March 12, 2020). "Uyghur, Falun Gong Detainees Likely Source for China's Organ Market: Report". Radio Free Asia. Archived from the original on March 16, 2020. Retrieved March 16, 2020.
- ^ "Victims by the Numbers". Archived March 14, 2018, at the Wayback Machine. Dissident. Victims of Communist Memorial Foundation. July 28, 2016. Retrieved November 14, 2020.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d Ghodsee, Kristen; Sehon, Scott; Dresser, Sam, ed. (March 22, 2018). "The merits of taking an anti-anti-communism stance". Archived September 25, 2018, at the Wayback Machine. Aeon. Retrieved February 11, 2020.
- ^ Jump up to: a b Ghodsee, Kristen (Fall 2014). "A Tale of 'Two Totalitarianisms': The Crisis of Capitalism and the Historical Memory of Communism". Archived November 22, 2020, at the Wayback Machine. History of the Present: A Journal of Critical History. 4 (2): 116–117, 136. doi:10.5406/historypresent.4.2.0115. JSTOR 10.5406/historypresent.4.2.0115.
- ^ "Blame the Chinese Communist Party for the Coronavirus Crisis". Victims of Communism Memorial Foundation. April 5, 2020. Archived from the original on April 11, 2020. Retrieved November 14, 2020.
- ^ Smith, Marion (February 18, 2020). "Rising Coronavirus Death Toll Proves Communism Kills". Victims of Communism Foundation. Archived from the original on March 8, 2021. Retrieved March 1, 2021.
- ^ "Bush Blames 100 Million Deaths on Communists". Kommersant. June 13, 2007. Archived from the original on October 10, 2012. Retrieved May 18, 2016.
- ^ Butler, Don (March 6, 2015). "A tale of Two Monuments: Washington vs. Ottawa". Ottawa Citizen. Archived from the original on May 3, 2016. Retrieved May 18, 2016.
- ^ Miller, John (December 12, 2005). "Memorial Day: Honoring the victims of Communism". The National Review. Archived from the original on September 18, 2009. Retrieved November 4, 2009.
- ^ Kilmas, Jacqueline (June 17, 2014). "Cold War Casualties of Communism Seek Museum on National Mall". The Washington Times. Archived from the original on June 3, 2016. Retrieved May 18, 2016.
- ^ Last, Jonathan (December 1, 2014). "First a Memorial, Then a Museum". The Weekly Standard. Archived from the original on June 1, 2016. Retrieved May 18, 2016.
- ^ Kirchick, James (August 25, 2014). "Communism's Victims Deserve a Museum". The Daily Beast. Archived from the original on April 21, 2016. Retrieved May 18, 2016.
- ^ Jump up to: a b Clyne, Meghan (December 13, 2005). "D.C. Monument To Be Built In Honor of Victims of Communism". The New York Sun. Archived from the original on June 14, 2011. Retrieved November 4, 2009.
- ^ Nordlinger, Jay (July 25, 2014). "Sweet Solidarity, Part II". National Review. Archived from the original on June 10, 2016. Retrieved May 18, 2016.
- ^ "Truman-Reagan Medal of Freedom". Victims of Communism Memorial Foundation. Archived from the original on April 24, 2016. Retrieved May 18, 2016.
- ^ "Chinese Dissident Receives Political Award in Washington". Asia Times. November 16, 2015. Archived from the original on November 7, 2015. Retrieved May 18, 2016.CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
- ^ McMorris, Bill (June 14, 2013). "Feature: Chinese dissident Yang Jianli awarded Reagan-Truman Medal of Freedom at sixth anniversary of Victims of Communism Memorial". Washington Free Beacon. Archived from the original on March 24, 2019. Retrieved March 24, 2019.
- ^ Abigail Clevenger (May 8, 2014). "What About Communism". Philanthropy Daily. Retrieved May 24, 2016.[permanent dead link]
- ^ "Victims of Communism Memorial Foundation Programs". www.guidestar.org. Archived from the original on August 2, 2019. Retrieved August 2, 2019.
- ^ Gwoździewicz-Matan, Paulina; Jakubowski, Andrzej (2019). "Enhancing the mobility of collections and access to cultural heritage: immunity of cultural objects from seizure in Poland". International Journal of Cultural Policy. 25 (3): 350–362. doi:10.1080/10286632.2017.1284827. S2CID 157736409.
- ^ Olmstead, Gracy. "Lee Edwards: When the 'New Right' Was New". The American Conservative. Archived from the original on August 14, 2020. Retrieved June 6, 2020.
- ^ "Lee Edwards, Ph.D." The Heritage Foundation. Archived from the original on June 3, 2020. Retrieved June 6, 2020.
- ^ Jump up to: a b "Board & Advisory Councils". Victims of Communism Memorial Foundation. Archived from the original on March 25, 2016. Retrieved May 18, 2016.
- ^ "Victims of Communism Memorial Foundation Launches Search for New CEO". Victims of Communism. January 20, 2021. Archived from the original on January 26, 2021. Retrieved January 31, 2021.
Further reading[]
- Neumayer, Laure (2018). "Introduction". The Criminalisation of Communism in the European Political Space after the Cold War. London: Routledge. ISBN 9781351141741.
External links[]
- 1994 establishments in Washington, D.C.
- Anti-communist organizations in the United States
- Civic and political organizations of the United States
- Commemoration of communist crimes
- Educational foundations in the United States
- Foundations based in Washington, D.C.
- Organizations established in 1994