Viking ring fortress

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For other uses, see Trelleborg (disambiguation).
Aerial view of the Viking ring fortress of Trelleborg, near Slagelse in Denmark. This was the first rediscovered Viking ring fortress, and the geometry is clearly visible.

A Viking ring fortress, or Trelleborg-type fortress,[1] is a type of circular fort of a special design, built in Scandinavia in the Viking Age. They are also known simply as trelleborgs. All trelleborgs have a strictly circular shape, with roads and gates pointing in the four cardinal directions. These common structures are sometimes partially encircled by advanced ramparts, but these additions are not always circular.

There are a total of seven known Viking ring fortresses at present, located in Denmark and Scania, Sweden. Most of them have been dated to the reign of Harold Bluetooth of Denmark (died 986). The fort in Borgeby[2][citation needed] has been dated to around 1000 AD, so it is possible that it too, was built by the same king.

Denmark and Sweden are currently applying for admission of the Viking ring fortresses as UNESCO World Heritage sites.[3]

Etymology[]

This specific type of fortification was named after the first discovered example: Trelleborg near Slagelse, excavated in the years 1936–1941. Traditionally, the name trelleborg has been translated and explained as ″a fortress built by slaves″, since the Old Norse word for slave was thrall (The modern word is træl in Danish and träl in Swedish) and borg means fortress or city. The word trel (pl. trelle) is also a plausible explanation and relates to the wooden staves, covering both sides of the protective circular walls.[4]

List of trelleborgs[]

Map of Viking ring fortresses

The existence of a Viking ring fortress at Helsingborg in modern Sweden, was suggested in 2009 after archaeological excavations since 1987. The Helsingborg ring fort might have been the largest of them all, at a diameter of 270 m.[1] Also in Lund, Scania, the street topography indicates a Trelleborg.

Comparison of the seven fortifications[]

Map all coordinates using: OpenStreetMap 
Download coordinates as: KML
Name Inner
diameter		 Rampart
width		 Number of
houses		 Length of
houses		 Position Year of discovery Year of construction
Aggersborg 240 m 11 m 48 32.0 m 56°59′44″N 9°15′18″E / 56.99556°N 9.25500°E / 56.99556; 9.25500 (Aggersborg) 975–980[13]
Borgeby 150 m 15 m 55°45′05″N 13°02′12″E / 55.75139°N 13.03667°E / 55.75139; 13.03667 (Borgeby) 1997
Borrering 122 m 10–11 m 55°28′11″N 12°7′19″E / 55.46972°N 12.12194°E / 55.46972; 12.12194 (Vallø Borgring) 2014 (1875)
Fyrkat 120 m 13 m 16 28.5 m 56°37′24″N 9°46′14″E / 56.62333°N 9.77056°E / 56.62333; 9.77056 (Fyrkat) 1950 980
Nonnebakken 120 m 55°23′32″N 10°23′17″E / 55.39222°N 10.38806°E / 55.39222; 10.38806 (Nonnebakken) 1953 980–1000
Trelleborg 136 m 19 m 16 (30) 29.4 m 55°23′39″N 11°15′55″E / 55.39417°N 11.26528°E / 55.39417; 11.26528 (Slagelse) 1936 981
Trelleborgen 112 m 55°22′34″N 13°08′51″E / 55.3762°N 13.1476°E / 55.3762; 13.1476 (Trelleborg, Sweden) 1988 c. 800

The ring castles and the contemporary Ravning Bridge over Vejle River – together with minor bridges erected on Zealand (Bakkendrop bridge between Gørlev Tissø and Risby bridge by Præstø) and Lolland (over Flintinge river) – differ clearly from others from the Viking Age. Unlike other ring castles from the period the ring castles which follow the Trelleborg model are constructed after a strictly geometrical plan and measured with the Roman foot. The pointed bottoms of the moats is another element borrowed from the Ancient Romans.

Aerial view of the Viking ring fortress of Aggersborg. The similarity in design with Trelleborg near Slagelse, is clearly evident.

All five fortresses had similar designs, "perfectly circular with gates opening to the four corners of the earth, and a courtyard divided into four areas which held large houses set in a square pattern."[14]

Similar structures have been found throughout Northern Europe, particularly in Ireland, but none of them have the same strict and precise geometrical design of the Scandinavian ring fortresses. On the coasts of the Netherlands and Belgium there are ring castles with certain points of resemblance and on the island Walcheren there are the remnants of a castle with gateways in the four points of the compass, combined with streets. Similar forts can be found in England, such as Warham Camp. These generally date though from around the time of the Roman conquest of Celtic Britain and had been lying in ruins for hundreds of years prior to the building of the Viking ring forts.

Datings by dendrochronology have found the wood used for the construction of Trelleborg (near Slagelse) to have been felled in the autumn of 980 and thus being used for building presumedly in the spring of 981. The rather short construction time and the complete lack of any signs of maintenance indicate an only short use of the buildings, maybe five years but hardly more than twenty. The others have been dated to roughly the same time. Fyrkat may be a little older, Aggersborg somewhat younger. Not enough has been found at the other sites for a precise dating but the construction and layout of the trelleborgs at Slagelse, Fyrkat, Aggersborg, Nonnebakken under Odense and the fort under modern Trelleborg in Sweden is so similar that it is believed most probable that they were conceived by a single mind.

Around 974 the Danish Viking king Harald Bluetooth lost control of the Danevirke and parts of Southern Jutland to the Saxons. The entire complex of fortifications, bridges and roads which were built around 980 are presumed by some to be Harald's work, and part of a larger defensive system.

Another theory is that the ring castles were boot camps for the troops used by Sweyn Forkbeard in his attack on England. Sweyn and his men sacked London in 1013.

In Scandinavia, fortifications of a similar design and date have been found around some old towns, like in Aarhus for example, but they lack the perfect circular geometry.[15]

Scholars have offered various hypotheses on the functions served by the fortresses. Soren Sindbæk has offered the hypothesis that the fortresses allowed local populations to seek shelter within the fortress walls against an enemy while waiting for assistance from friendly forces from afar; this means that the fortresses helped Harald Bluetooth to control vast territory and send his army to a particular part of his territory without worrying that the undefended parts would be conquered or plundered.[16] Andres Dobat has argued that the fortresses were means of control and administration by Harald Bluetooth.[17] Others have debated whether the fortresses were defensive structures, military strongholds, or primarily served as barracks, as well as the economic, religious, and symbolic significance of the fortresses.[18]

Speculation[]

In 1990, Danish hobby pilot Preben Hansson observed that the Trelleborgs at Aggersborg, Fyrkat, and Slagelse, and a ringwall at Eskeholm (Samsø,

 WikiMiniAtlas
55°53′08″N 10°39′08″E / 55.88543°N 10.6522°E / 55.88543; 10.6522 (Eskholm, Samsø (not a trelleborg))), appear to be aligned, a kind of Ley line.[19] The theory that the fortresses were planned by prehistoric aviators has been popularized by Erich von Däniken.[20][21]

See also[]

References[]

  1. ^ a b Margareta Weidhagen-Hallerdt (2009). "A possible ring fort from the late Viking period in Helsingborg" (PDF). Current Swedish Archaeology. 17. Retrieved 6 September 2014.
  2. ^ The second circular fort "Trelleborg" found in Sweden Archived June 16, 2004, at the Wayback Machine
  3. ^ "The Viking Era's Trelleborg fortresses". Danish Agency for Culture. 20 May 2010. Retrieved 29 May 2015.
  4. ^ Janne Bøje Andersen (2010). Veje ind i arkæologien (PDF) (in Danish). p. 66. ISBN 978-87-993972-0-4. Retrieved 7 September 2014.
  5. ^ "Two Scanian ring forts from the Viking Age" (in Danish). Poul Erik Lindelof. Retrieved 6 September 2014. A private homepage. Sourced.
  6. ^ "Enigmatic Viking Fortress discovered in Denmark". Danish Castle Center. Retrieved 6 September 2014.
  7. ^ "Borgerring". Fund og Fortidsminder (in Danish). Danish Agency for Culture. Retrieved 6 September 2014.
  8. ^ Lund, Julie; Sindbæk, Søren M. (2021-05-15). "Crossing the Maelstrom: New Departures in Viking Archaeology". Journal of Archaeological Research. doi:10.1007/s10814-021-09163-3. ISSN 1573-7756.
  9. ^ Runge, Mads (2017). "New archaeological investigations at Nonnebakken, a Viking Age fortress in Odense". Hansen, J. & M. Bruus: The Fortified Viking Age. 36th Interdisciplinary Viking Symposium, S. 44-59.
  10. ^ Runge, Mads (2019-07-03). "Revitalising the Danish Viking Age Ring Fortress Nonnebakken, Odense, Denmark". Landscapes. 20 (2): 98–119. doi:10.1080/14662035.2020.1861726. ISSN 1466-2035. S2CID 232080910.
  11. ^ "Trelleborgen". Trelleborg Municipality. Retrieved 16 September 2014. Official Homepage.
  12. ^ "The Trelleborg" (in Swedish). Trelleborg Municipality. 2012. Retrieved 16 September 2014.
  13. ^ Ten Harkel, Letty. "Aggersborg. The Viking-age settlement and fortress". www.proquest.com. Retrieved 2021-06-22.
  14. ^ A. Forte, R. Oram, and F. Pederson. Viking Empires. 1st. ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005 ISBN 0-521-82992-5 p. 180.
  15. ^ "The Vikings' Aros – The Ramparts". The Viking Museum (in Danish). Moesgård Museum. Retrieved 6 September 2014.
  16. ^ Sindbæk, Søren. Borgring and Harald Bluetooth's Burgenpolitik.
  17. ^ Dobat, Andres Siegfried (2009). "The State and the Strangers: The Role of External Forces in a Process of State Formation in Viking-Age South Scandinavia (c. ad 900-1050)". Viking and Medieval Scandinavia. 5: 65–104. doi:10.1484/J.VMS.1.100674. ISSN 1782-7183. JSTOR 45019120.
  18. ^ Price, T. Douglas (2015). Ancient Scandinavia: An Archaeological History from the First Humans to the Vikings. Oxford University Press. p. 350. ISBN 978-0-19-023199-6.
  19. ^ Hansson, Preben: Und sie waren doch da (1990) Bayreuth, ISBN 3-7770-0419-7
  20. ^ Däniken, Erich von: Die Steinzeit war ganz anders (1993) Munich, ISBN 3-442-12438-7
  21. ^ Däniken, Erich von: Auf den Spuren der Allmächtigen (1993) Munich, ISBN 3-570-01726-5


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