Vishva Dixit

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Vishva M. Dixit
GiraffeVishvaDixit.jpg
Vishva M. Dixit eats breakfast at the Giraffe Manor in Nairobi, Kenya.
Born1956
Kisii, Kenya
NationalityAmerican
Alma materUniversity of Nairobi
Known forapoptosis
inflammation
ubiquitin signaling
AwardsMember of National Academy of Sciences
Member of National Academy of Medicine
Member of American Academy of Arts and Sciences
Foreign Member of The Royal Society (ForMemRS)
Foreign Member of The Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences
Foreign Member of European Molecular Biology Organization
Gutenberg Research Award
G.H.A. Clowes Memorial Award
Dawson Prize in Genetics
Fellow of the American Association for Cancer Research
Cell Death & Differentiation (CDD) Jurg Tschopp Prize
Elected Member of Association of American Physicians
Vilcek Prize in Biomedical Science
Scientific career
Fieldsmolecular biology
immunology
cancer research
InstitutionsGenentech
University of Michigan Medical School
Washington University School of Medicine

Vishva Mitra Dixit (born in 1956) is a physician of Indian origin who is the current Vice President of Discovery Research at Genentech.[1]

Early life and education[]

Vishva Dixit was born in Kisii, Kenya in 1956.[2] His parents were both physicians, working for the British colonial authorities. The family settled in Kericho, Kenya, where Dixit attended primary school. After the end of colonial rule in 1963, he transferred to the newly desegregated “European schools.”[2]

Dixit was fascinated by science from an early age, and his parents encouraged him to pursue a career in medicine.[2] He studied the sciences at university, and graduated from medical school in 1980 with an MD from the University of Nairobi.

During medical school, Dixit was published by journals including Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology and The Lancet.[2]

Career[]

Academia[]

Following medical school, Dixit completed a residency in the Department of Pathology at the Washington University School of Medicine. He told Nature that he decided to pursue pathology because he has always been fascinated by death and wanted to “do something in science that would influence the lives of people.”[3]

Encouraged to train in research as part of the residency program, Dixit found a position in the lab of biochemistry professor William Frazier and became involved in a project on thrombospondin, a protein in the extracellular matrix.[2] The project’s success a few years later resulted in a number of publications. Congruent with his research, Dixit chose to specialize in hemostasis and thrombosis during his last year of clinical training.[2]

From 1986 to 1997, he was associated with the University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, where he rose through the ranks from assistant professor to associate and then full professor.[2] During his early years as an assistant professor, Dixit’s research focused on thrombospondin. In 1991, he changed fields and began investigating cell death, the subject in which he would make landmark discoveries and gain worldwide recognition.[2]

Genentech[]

In 1997, Dixit became the Director of Molecular Oncology at Genentech,[1] a company known for focusing on high-quality research in an informal atmosphere and viewed as a cross between academia and industry.[4]

In 2005, he was appointed Vice President of Discovery Research and in 2007, took over leadership of the Department of Physiological Chemistry.[1] He later became the Vice President of Discovery Research, while maintaining responsibility for the Department of Physiological Chemistry. He also oversees Genentech’s postdoctoral program.[3]

Notable research discoveries[]

As one of the world’s most cited scientists, some of Dixit’s publications have garnered more than 2,000 citations.[3] He was the second most highly cited scientist in the world in 1996.[5] His work on apoptosis is taught in biomedical textbooks. His lab’s discovery of MyD88 (25) as a central conduit for signals emanating from the interleukin-1 receptor is considered as one of the “Pillars in Immunology” by the Journal of Immunology.[6]

Dixit’s papers, including his work on apoptosis and inflammation, have been designated “hot papers” on multiple occasions by The Scientist.[7] This designation signifies emerging work that has a disproportionate impact on a field.

His research on apoptosis (programmed cell death) is now commonly found in introductory textbooks in both biology and medicine.[2]

Early research on thrompospondin[]

While at the University of Michigan, he received funding from the National Institutes of Health to support research into thrombospondin, as his laboratory had shown this protein had a role in promoting cancer metastases.[3]

Caspases and apoptosis[]

In 1991, an article in Scientific American inspired Dixit to study how tumor necrosis factors, which are responsible for the regulation of immune cells, trigger inflammation and cell death.[8]

Dixit switched research tracks and began investigating cell death mechanisms. The research identified each component of the cell-death pathway and explained how they were all connected.

In 1996, he published the first evidence that death receptors engaged a mammalian deathase, a molecular scissors (protease) that cleaves proteins.[9] His team’s work on death receptor-induced apoptosis was notable, for prior to that time, cell surface receptors were thought to signal by functioning as ion channels or altering intracellular phosphorylation. Death receptors, however, signal by a different mechanism—activation of a death protease.[10]

Collaborating with Guy Salvesen’s group at the Burnham Institute, Dixit’s group proposed the model of proximity-induced autoactivation in 1998 to explain how the first proteolytic signal is generated by caspase precursors recruited to death receptors.[11]

RIP kinases, NF-κB signaling and necroptosis[]

At Genentech, Dixit formed a team with the goal of unraveling the complex interplay between cell death and inflammation at the molecular level.[2] During his tenure, he has worked on the innate immune system, particularly its role in orchestrating an inflammatory response to fight pathogens and cancer.[12]

In 1999, his team discovered RIPK2 and RIPK3, which later were shown to be key mediators of NF-κB signaling and necroptosis, respectively.[13] Incorrect regulation of NF-κB has been linked to cancer, inflammatory and autoimmune diseases, and improper immune development.

Dixit’s work contributed to the discovery of a core complex composed of three proteins that enabled antigen receptors to activate the canonical NF-κB pathway: CARD11, BCL10 and MALT1/paracaspase.[14] Furthermore, he postulated a protease activity for MALT1, which plays a role in T cell activation and MALT lymphomas.[15] His team described the family of metacaspase proteases in plants in a paper published in 2000.[15]

In a series of significant papers between 2016 and 2020, Dixit and his colleagues at Genentech also worked out the complex molecular mechanisms that regulate activity of caspase-8, OTULIN, RIPK1, RIPK3 and other proteins that modulate inflammation, apoptosis and necroptosis signaling by death receptors and TLRs.[16][17][18][19][20]

Inflammasomes and pyroptosis[]

By 2002, Dixit was among the first scientists to demonstrate that pro-inflammatory caspases are part of a molecular complex named inflammasomes that are integral to the proper functioning of the innate immune system.[21] In particular, he defined regulatory components upstream of caspase-1 that proteolytically activate the pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin-1beta and interleukin-18.[3]

In 2004 and 2006, Dixit provided unequivocal genetic evidence by identifying the NOD-like receptors NLRP3 and NLRC4 as proximal components of inflammasomes responsible for caspase-1 activation.[3][22] The research showed that inflammasomes distinguish between inflammatory triggers, such as differentiating between types of bacteria, through the use of different sensors. 

More specifically, the intracellular protein NLRC4 was identified as a sensor for Salmonella that triggered assembly of an inflammasome complex.[23] NLRP3 and the inflammasome adaptor ASC, on the other hand, were found to be required for activation of the inflammasome by diverse pathogenic agents, including microbial toxins, and Gram-positive bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus or Listeria monocytogenes.

In 2009, his group followed up on these findings with the discovery of the first small molecule inhibitors of the NLRP3 inflammasome.[24] Derived analogs of this sulfonylurea class of compounds are currently in clinical development for inflammatory and neurodegenerative diseases.[25]

Dixit’s team discovered the non-canonical inflammasome pathway and its critical role in mediating lethal systemic inflammation in response to Gram-negative pathogens, detailed in three papers in 2011,[26] 2013,[27] and 2015.[28] This illuminated a new pathway to sepsis, a syndrome responsible for millions of deaths worldwide. Hence, targeting this pathway for therapeutic benefit is a substantial effort in pharmaceutical companies.

The 2011 paper showed that mice lacking the gene that encodes caspase-1 also carry a mutation in a neighboring caspase gene, caspase-11 (caspase-4 in humans), which is responsible for many of the effects previously attributed to caspase-1, including sensitivity to sepsis.[29]

The 2013 paper clarified the role of Toll-like receptor 4 and caspase-11 in inducing innate immune responses to Lipopolysaccharides (LPS), a cell wall component of Gram-negative bacteria. The research showed that recognition of intracellular LPS by innate immune cells leads to a form of necrotic, proinflammatory death, termed pyroptosis. They showed that these mechanisms did not depend on TLR4, but were rather mediated by caspase-11. This was significant, because for years it was assumed that TLR4 was solely responsible for cellular responses to LPS.[30]

In the 2015 paper, they used mice subjected to random mutation to find mediators of caspase-11-dependent non-canonical inflammasome signaling. This led to the discovery that caspase-mediated cleavage of the protein GSDMD creates a pore forming, plasma membrane disrupting amino-terminal fragment that induces pyroptosis.[31] The advances contributed to firmly establishing the sequence of events leading from inflammasome activation to pyroptosis, DAMP release, and lethal septic shock.[32]

Using a similar research strategy, in 2021, they reported NINJ1 to be a mediator of plasma membrane rupture and DAMP release from pyroptotic cells.[33]

Ubiquitin signaling (A20, LUBAC, OTULIN)[]

In 1990, Dixit’s lab at the University of Michigan discovered tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-inducible genes in endothelial cells, including A20/TNFAIP3.[34] In later years, A20/TNFAIP3 would also achieve prominence as a modulator of inflammation.[35]

In 2004, Dixit’s group at Genentech discovered “ubiquitin editing” as a damping mechanism  that attaches ubiquitin tags to TNF-receptor associated proteins to switch off pro-inflammatory signaling.[3][36]

In 2018, in a similar vein, his group showed that the ubiquitin-cleaving enzyme, OTULIN, regulates cell death and inflammation by removing inhibitory linear ubiquitin chains from LUBAC, an enzyme that activates NF-kB.[16]

Awards and honors[]

Dixit is the recipient of the 2022 Vilcek Prize in Biomedical Science.[37] Awarded by the Vilcek Foundation, the Vilcek Prize in Biomedical Science honors outstanding immigrant scientists for their research leadership in the United States.

Dixit is an elected member of the National Academy of Sciences,[38] the National Academy of Medicine, the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, and a Foreign Member of the European Molecular Biology Organization, The Royal Society (ForMemRS),[39] and The Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences.[40]

In 2016, Dixit received the Gutenberg Research Award in Munz, Germany.[41] He also received the G.H.A. Clowes Memorial Award from the American Association for Cancer Research[42] and the Dawson Prize in Genetics from Trinity College Dublin.[43]

In 2017, he was elected Fellow of the American Association for Cancer Research.[44] That same year, he participated in the Harvey Lecture Series, held by the Harvey Society at The Rockefeller University in New York City.[45]

In 2018, Dixit received the Cell Death & Differentiation (CDD) Jurg Tschopp Prize at Clare College in Cambridge, United Kingdom.[46] He has served on the boards of the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, and the Keystone Symposia on Cellular and Molecular Biology.[2] He was also on the Life Sciences jury for the Infosys Prize in 2009 and 2020.[47]

References[]

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  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Dixit, Vishva M. (2019). "Interview: A conversation with Vishva M Dixit on his journey from remote African village to apoptosis, necroptosis and the inflammasome". Cell Death & Differentiation. 26 (4): 597–604. doi:10.1038/s41418-019-0294-9. PMC 6460394. PMID 30737474.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g Wenner, Melinda (May 15, 2008). "Learning from death: Vishva Dixit's study of cellular demise led to the discovery of a new molecular-signalling mechanism--one with implications for inflammation and perhaps much more".
  4. ^ BonettaOct. 2, Laura; 2009; Am, 4:00 (2009-10-02). "Innovation more critical than ever". Science | AAAS. Retrieved 2020-10-27.CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  5. ^ Dixit, V. M. (2013-11-01). "An interview with Vishva M. Dixit". Trends in Pharmacological Sciences. 34 (11): 596–598. doi:10.1016/j.tips.2013.09.005. ISSN 0165-6147. PMID 24157182.
  6. ^ Muzio, Marta; Ni, Jian; Feng, Ping; Dixit, Vishva M. (2013-01-01). "Pillars article: IRAK (Pelle) family member IRAK-2 and MyD88 as proximal mediators of IL-1 signaling. Science. 1997. 278: 1612-1615". Journal of Immunology. 190 (1): 16–19. ISSN 1550-6606. PMID 23264670.
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  8. ^ "Curiosity, cell death and caspases: One researcher's journey to big discoveries" (PDF). Research Outreach.
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  10. ^ Ashkenazi, A.; Dixit, V. M. (1998-08-28). "Death receptors: signaling and modulation". Science. 281 (5381): 1305–1308. doi:10.1126/science.281.5381.1305. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 9721089.
  11. ^ Muzio, Marta; Stockwell, Brent R.; Stennicke, Henning R.; Salvesen, Guy S.; Dixit, Vishva M. (1998-01-30). "An Induced Proximity Model for Caspase-8 Activation". Journal of Biological Chemistry. 273 (5): 2926–2930. doi:10.1074/jbc.273.5.2926. ISSN 0021-9258. PMID 9446604. S2CID 17836035.
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  14. ^ Ruefli-Brasse, Astrid A.; French, Dorothy M.; Dixit, Vishva M. (2003-11-28). "Regulation of NF-kappaB-dependent lymphocyte activation and development by paracaspase". Science. 302 (5650): 1581–1584. Bibcode:2003Sci...302.1581R. doi:10.1126/science.1090769. ISSN 1095-9203. PMID 14576442. S2CID 19381027.
  15. ^ a b Uren, A. G.; O'Rourke, K.; Aravind, L. A.; Pisabarro, M. T.; Seshagiri, S.; Koonin, E. V.; Dixit, V. M. (October 2000). "Identification of paracaspases and metacaspases: two ancient families of caspase-like proteins, one of which plays a key role in MALT lymphoma". Molecular Cell. 6 (4): 961–967. doi:10.1016/s1097-2765(00)00094-0. ISSN 1097-2765. PMID 11090634.
  16. ^ a b Heger, Klaus; Wickliffe, Katherine E.; Ndoja, Ada; Zhang, Juan; Murthy, Aditya; Dugger, Debra L.; Maltzman, Allie; de Sousa E Melo, Felipe; Hung, Jeffrey; Zeng, Yi; Verschueren, Erik (July 2018). "OTULIN limits cell death and inflammation by deubiquitinating LUBAC". Nature. 559 (7712): 120–124. Bibcode:2018Natur.559..120H. doi:10.1038/s41586-018-0256-2. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 29950720. S2CID 49480206.
  17. ^ Gitlin, Alexander D.; Heger, Klaus; Schubert, Alexander F.; Reja, Rohit; Yan, Donghong; Pham, Victoria C.; Suto, Eric; Zhang, Juan; Kwon, Youngsu C.; Freund, Emily C.; Kang, Jing (2020-09-24). "Integration of innate immune signaling by caspase-8 cleavage of N4BP1". Nature. 587 (7833): 275–280. Bibcode:2020Natur.587..275G. doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2796-5. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 32971525. S2CID 221884330.
  18. ^ Newton, Kim; Wickliffe, Katherine E.; Maltzman, Allie; Dugger, Debra L.; Reja, Rohit; Zhang, Yue; Roose-Girma, Merone; Modrusan, Zora; Sagolla, Meredith S.; Webster, Joshua D.; Dixit, Vishva M. (November 2019). "Activity of caspase-8 determines plasticity between cell death pathways". Nature. 575 (7784): 679–682. Bibcode:2019Natur.575..679N. doi:10.1038/s41586-019-1752-8. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 31723262. S2CID 207987096.
  19. ^ Newton, Kim; Wickliffe, Katherine E.; Dugger, Debra L.; Maltzman, Allie; Roose-Girma, Merone; Dohse, Monika; Kőműves, László; Webster, Joshua D.; Dixit, Vishva M. (October 2019). "Cleavage of RIPK1 by caspase-8 is crucial for limiting apoptosis and necroptosis". Nature. 574 (7778): 428–431. Bibcode:2019Natur.574..428N. doi:10.1038/s41586-019-1548-x. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 31511692. S2CID 202550560.
  20. ^ Newton, Kim; Wickliffe, Katherine E.; Maltzman, Allie; Dugger, Debra L.; Strasser, Andreas; Pham, Victoria C.; Lill, Jennie R.; Roose-Girma, Merone; Warming, Søren; Solon, Margaret; Ngu, Hai (1 December 2016). "RIPK1 inhibits ZBP1-driven necroptosis during development". Nature. 540 (7631): 129–133. Bibcode:2016Natur.540..129N. doi:10.1038/nature20559. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 27819682. S2CID 4467713.
  21. ^ Martinon, Fabio; Burns, Kimberly; Tschopp, Jürg (August 2002). "The inflammasome: a molecular platform triggering activation of inflammatory caspases and processing of proIL-beta". Molecular Cell. 10 (2): 417–426. doi:10.1016/s1097-2765(02)00599-3. ISSN 1097-2765. PMID 12191486.
  22. ^ Mariathasan, Sanjeev; Newton, Kim; Monack, Denise M.; Vucic, Domagoj; French, Dorothy M.; Lee, Wyne P.; Roose-Girma, Meron; Erickson, Sharon; Dixit, Vishva M. (2004-07-08). "Differential activation of the inflammasome by caspase-1 adaptors ASC and Ipaf". Nature. 430 (6996): 213–218. Bibcode:2004Natur.430..213M. doi:10.1038/nature02664. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 15190255. S2CID 4317409.
  23. ^ Mariathasan, Sanjeev; Newton, Kim; Monack, Denise M.; Vucic, Domagoj; French, Dorothy M.; Lee, Wyne P.; Roose-Girma, Meron; Erickson, Sharon; Dixit, Vishva M. (2004-07-08). "Differential activation of the inflammasome by caspase-1 adaptors ASC and Ipaf". Nature. 430 (6996): 213–8. Bibcode:2004Natur.430..213M. doi:10.1038/nature02664. PMID 15190255. S2CID 4317409.
  24. ^ Lamkanfi, Mohamed; Mueller, James L.; Vitari, Alberto C.; Misaghi, Shahram; Fedorova, Anna; Deshayes, Kurt; Lee, Wyne P.; Hoffman, Hal M.; Dixit, Vishva M. (2009-10-05). "Glyburide inhibits the Cryopyrin/Nalp3 inflammasome". Journal of Cell Biology. 187 (1): 61–70. doi:10.1083/jcb.200903124. ISSN 0021-9525. PMC 2762099. PMID 19805629.
  25. ^ Mullard, Asher (2019-05-10). "NLRP3 inhibitors stoke anti-inflammatory ambitions". Nature Reviews Drug Discovery. 18 (6): 405–407. doi:10.1038/d41573-019-00086-9. PMID 31160775. S2CID 164673917.
  26. ^ Kayagaki, Nobuhiko; Warming, Søren; Lamkanfi, Mohamed; Walle, Lieselotte Vande; Louie, Salina; Dong, Jennifer; Newton, Kim; Qu, Yan; Liu, Jinfeng; Heldens, Sherry; Zhang, Juan (November 2011). "Non-canonical inflammasome activation targets caspase-11". Nature. 479 (7371): 117–121. Bibcode:2011Natur.479..117K. doi:10.1038/nature10558. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 22002608. S2CID 2131385.
  27. ^ Kayagaki, Nobuhiko; Wong, Michael T.; Stowe, Irma B.; Ramani, Sree Ranjani; Gonzalez, Lino C.; Akashi-Takamura, Sachiko; Miyake, Kensuke; Zhang, Juan; Lee, Wyne P.; Muszyński, Artur; Forsberg, Lennart S. (2013-09-13). "Noncanonical Inflammasome Activation by Intracellular LPS Independent of TLR4". Science. 341 (6151): 1246–1249. Bibcode:2013Sci...341.1246K. doi:10.1126/science.1240248. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 23887873. S2CID 206549725.
  28. ^ Kayagaki, Nobuhiko; Stowe, Irma B.; Lee, Bettina L.; O’Rourke, Karen; Anderson, Keith; Warming, Søren; Cuellar, Trinna; Haley, Benjamin; Roose-Girma, Merone; Phung, Qui T.; Liu, Peter S. (October 2015). "Caspase-11 cleaves gasdermin D for non-canonical inflammasome signalling". Nature. 526 (7575): 666–671. Bibcode:2015Natur.526..666K. doi:10.1038/nature15541. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 26375259. S2CID 4447176.
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  30. ^ Kagan, Jonathan C. (2013-09-13). "Sensing Endotoxins from Within". Science. 341 (6151): 1184–1185. Bibcode:2013Sci...341.1184K. doi:10.1126/science.1243939. ISSN 0036-8075. PMC 3947510. PMID 24031006.
  31. ^ Broz, Petr (October 2015). "Caspase target drives pyroptosis". Nature. 526 (7575): 642–643. doi:10.1038/nature15632. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 26375000. S2CID 4451863.
  32. ^ Aglietti, Robin A.; Dueber, Erin C. (April 2017). "Recent Insights into the Molecular Mechanisms Underlying Pyroptosis and Gasdermin Family Functions". Trends in Immunology. 38 (4): 261–271. doi:10.1016/j.it.2017.01.003. ISSN 1471-4906. PMID 28196749.
  33. ^ Kayagaki, Nobuhiko; Kornfeld, Opher; Lee, Bettina; Stowe, Irma; O'Rourke, Karen; Li, Qingling; Sandoval, Wendy; Yan, Donghong; Xu, Min; Ulas, Gözde; Payandeh, Jian; Roose-Girma, Merone; Modrusan, Zora; Reja, Rohit; Sagolla, Meredith; Webster, Joshua; Cho, Vicky; Andrews, Thomas; Morris, Lucy; Miosge, Lisa; Goodnow, Christopher; Bertram, Edward; Dixit, Vishva (2020-08-28). "NINJ1 mediates plasma membrane rupture during lytic cell death". doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-62714/v1. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
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  37. ^ {{Cite web|title=Vishva M. Dixit - 2022 Vilcek Prize in Biomedical Science|url=https://vilcek.org/prizes/prize-recipients/vishva-dixit
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