Voiceless labial–velar fricative

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Voiceless labial–velar fricative
ʍ
IPA Number169
Encoding
Entity (decimal)ʍ
Unicode (hex)U+028D
X-SAMPAW
Braille⠖ (braille pattern dots-235)⠺ (braille pattern dots-2456)
Audio sample
0:00
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The voiceless labial–velar (or labial-velar) fricative is a type of consonantal sound, used in spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ɸ͜x⟩, or ⟨ʍ⟩, the latter of which is also ambiguously defined as a voiceless approximant [w̥].[1] The symbol is occasionally used for a labialized voiceless velar fricative [xʷ].

English /ʍ/ is generally an approximant or an [hw] sequence, not a fricative,[2] but Scots /ʍ/ has been described as a fricative,[3] especially older Scots, where it was [xw].[4] Maddieson and Ladefoged were unable to confirm that any language has fricatives produced at two places of articulation.[5] They conclude that "if it is a fricative, it is better described as a voiceless labialized velar fricative."[6]

Features[]

Features of the voiceless labial–velar fricative:

  • Its manner of articulation is fricative, which means it is produced by constricting air flow through a narrow channel at the place of articulation, causing turbulence.
  • Its place of articulation is labialized velar, which means it is articulated with the back part of the tongue raised toward the soft palate (the velum) while rounding the lips.
  • Its phonation is voiceless, which means it is produced without vibrations of the vocal cords.
  • It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
  • It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
  • The airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the lungs and diaphragm, as in most sounds.

Occurrence[]

Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
English Irish whine [ʍʌɪ̯n] 'whine' described as a labial fricative[7]
Scots older pronunciation whine [xwaɪ̯n][4] 'whine' A semivowel in standard modern Scots. Northern dialects have [f] instead.
Washo Wáʔi [ˈxʷaʔi] 'he's the one who's doing it' a labialized velar fricative

See also[]

Notes[]

  1. ^ Šuštaršič, Rastislav; Komar, Smiljana; Petek, Bojan (1999), "Slovene", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p. 136, doi:10.1017/S0025100300004874, ISBN 0-521-65236-7
  2. ^ Ladefoged, Peter (2006), A Course in Phonetics (5th ed.), Fort Worth: Harcourt College Publishers, p. 68.
  3. ^ Handbook of the International Phonetic Association. Cambridge University Press, New York, USA: Cambridge University. 2007. p. 22. ISBN 978-0-521-65236-0.
  4. ^ Jump up to: a b Johnston, Paul (1997). "Regional Variation". In Jones, Charles (ed.). The Edinburgh History of the Scots Language. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. p. 499, 510.
  5. ^ Ladefoged, Peter; Maddieson, Ian (1996). The Sounds of the World's Languages. Oxford: Blackwell. pp. 330–332. ISBN 978-0-631-19815-4.
  6. ^ Ladefoged, Peter; Maddieson, Ian (1996). The Sounds of the World's Languages. Oxford: Blackwell. pp. 330–326. ISBN 978-0-631-19815-4.
  7. ^ "Irish English and Ulster English" (PDF). p. 4. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 April 2014.

References[]

  • Greenberg, Mark L. (2006), A Short Reference Grammar of Standard Slovene, Kansas: University of Kansas
  • Hall, Robert A. Jr. (1944). "Italian phonemes and orthography". Italica. American Association of Teachers of Italian. 21 (2): 72–82. doi:10.2307/475860. JSTOR 475860.
  • Labov, William; Ash, Sharon; Boberg, Charles (2006), The Atlas of North American English, Berlin: Mouton-de Gruyter, ISBN 3-11-016746-8
  • Lass, Roger (2002), "South African English", in Mesthrie, Rajend (ed.), Language in South Africa, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 9780521791052
  • McMahon, April (2002), An Introduction to English Phonology, Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press Ltd, ISBN 0-7486-1252-1
  • Rogers, Henry (2000), The Sounds of Language: An Introduction to Phonetics, Essex: Pearson Education Limited, ISBN 978-0-582-38182-7
  • Šuštaršič, Rastislav; Komar, Smiljana; Petek, Bojan (1999), "Slovene", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 135–139, doi:10.1017/S0025100300004874, ISBN 0-521-65236-7
  • Wells, John C. (1982). Accents of English. Volume 1: An Introduction (pp. i–xx, 1–278), Volume 3: Beyond the British Isles (pp. i–xx, 467–674). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-52129719-2 , 0-52128541-0 .

External links[]

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