Vow of allegiance of the Professors of the German Universities and High-Schools to Adolf Hitler and the National Socialistic State

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Bekenntnis der Professoren an den Universitäten und Hochschulen zu Adolf Hitler und dem nationalsozialistischen Staat officially translated into English as the Vow of allegiance of the Professors of the German Universities and High-Schools to Adolf Hitler and the National Socialistic State was a document presented on 11 November 1933 at the Albert Hall in Leipzig. It had statements in German, English, Italian, and Spanish by selected German academics and included an appendix of signatories. The purge to remove academics and civil servants with Jewish ancestry began with a law being passed on 7 April 1933.[1] This document was signed by those that remained in support of the Third Reich.[2][3]

Martin Heidegger in his inaugural lecture in May 1933 as ''Rektor'', and who was later in October appointed "Führer of the university", said (translated):[4]

"The much celebrated "academic freedom" is being banished from the German university; for this freedom was not genuine, since it was only negative. It meant primarily freedom from concern, arbitrariness of intentions and inclinations, lack of restraint in what was done and left undone. The concept of freedom of the German is now brought back to its truth".

List of institutions[]

Appeal in English

The academics of the following institutions were included as signatories:

Signatories[]

There were nearly 900 signatories to the document including the following professors and academics apart from some independent scholars.

A[]

(Leipzig ), Narziß Ach (Göttingen psychologist), (Leipzig veterinarian), (Freiberg physicist), (Marburg geologist), (Hamburg), (Kiel), (Leipzig sports trainer), (Marburg zoologist), Georg Anschütz (Hamburg psychologist), (Bonn scientist), Emil Artin (Hamburg mathematician), (Dresden)

B[]

(Marburg chemist), (Bonn Germanist), Heinrich Barkhausen (Dresden physicist), (Hamburg), Julius Bartels (Eberswald geophysicist), (Leipzig chemist), (Theologian), Friedrich Baumann (Marburg physician), Karl Baumann (Bonn physicist), (Marburg pharmacist), (Dresden botanist), (Dresden), (Leipzig art historian), (Hannover mineralogist), (Göttingen theologist), (Hamburg ophthalmologist), (Hamburg), (Leipzig veterinarian), (Dresden geologist), (Leipzig agronomist), (Dresden physicist), (Marburg Germanist), (Leipzig historian), (Dresden administrator), Erich Bethe (Leipzig philologist), Kurt Beyer (Dresden civil engineer), (Hamburg physician), Wilhelm Biltz (Hannover chemist), (Dresden electrotechnician), (Clausthal chemist), (Marburg musicologist), (Hamburg teacher), (Leipzig chemist), (Göttingen soil scientist), Wilhelm Blaschke (Austrian mathematician), Hermann Block (Hamburger teacher), (Hannover civil engineer), Werner Blume (Göttingen anatomist), (Hamburg Germanist), (Leipzig teacher), (Kiel), Gerrit Bol (Dutch Mathematician, Hamburg), Otto Friedrich Bollnow (Göttingen philosopher), (Hamburg Germanist), (Leipzig Anglicist), (Leipzig chemist), Kurt Brand (Marburg pharmacist), Erich Brandenburg (Leipzig historian), (Hamburg surgeon), (Dresden zoologist), (Hamburg aviation medicine specialist), (Leipzig Germanist), (Hannover chemist), (Leipzig orientalist), (Hamburg agronomist), (Leipzig chemist), (Freiberg metallurgist), (Hamburger geographer), (1873–1950, Freiberg), (Marburg pediatrician), (Hamburg anatomist), (Bonn psychologist), (Kiel biologist), (Leipzig art historian), (Freiberg chemist), Curt Brunst (Dresden), (Danziger physicist), , (Bonner Kirchenhistoriker), (Leipzig statistician), (Rostock teacher), (Hamburg art-historian), Adolf Busemann (Dresden aeronatician), Adolf Butenandt (Danzig Chemist and later Nobel prize winner)

C–D[]

(Göttingen theologian), (Leipzig chemist), Wilhelm Cauer (Göttingen mathematician), Peter Claussen (Marburg botanist), (Leipzig veterinarian), (Mechanical engineer, Hannover), (Geographer, Danzig), Rudolf Criegee (Marburg chemist), (Marburg physician), Hans Dachs (Regensburg), (Theologian), (Hamburg physician), (Dresden theologian), (Eberswald forester), (Hannover technician), (Hamburg teacher), (Leipzig economist), (Marburg Anglicist), Hans Diller (Hamburg philologist), (Marburg ophthalmologist), (Leipzig linguist), (Marburg botanist), (Göttingen geographer), (Civil engineer, Hannover), (Dresden zoologist), (Rostock teacher), (Bonn teacher), Karlfried Graf Dürckheim (Kiel psychologist), (Leipzig Orientalist), Gerhard Duters

E[]

(Leipzig veterinarian), (Hamburg teacher), (Moral theologian), (Nürnberg), (Hamburg law historian), (Rostock biologist), (Theologian), Rudolf Ehrenberg (Göttingen biologist), (Danzig psychologist), (Hannoversch Münden, entomologist), (Marburg physician, (Danzig architect), (Eichstätt theologian), (Hamburg administrator), (Marburg Germanist), (Freiberg mineralogist), (Regensburg philosopher), (Marburg psychiatrist), (Hamburg), (Bonn music teacher), Erich Everth (Leipzig publicist)

F[]

(Hamburg pathologist), (Marburg Germanist), (Lübeck-Hamburger historian), (Göttinger pharmacist), Friedrich Feld (Berlin), Rainer Fetscher (Dresden geneticist), (Dresden art historian), (Dresden teacher), (Hannover architect), (Hamburg), Eugen Fischer (physician), Friedrich Fischer (TH Hannover), (Technician TU Hannover), (Göttingen neurologist), (Marburg dentist), (Hamburg teacher), (Hamburg Japanologist), (Danzig), (Rostock historian), (Hamburg Sinologist), (Marburg historian), (Civil engineer, Hannover), (Dresden architect), (Hamburg gynaecologist), (Bischop of Augsburg), Hans Freyer (Leipzig sociologist), (Hamburg), (Leipzig geographer), (Leipzig Rektor), (Leipzig Germanist), (Freiberg engineer), Gotthold Frotscher (Danzig musicologist), (Göttingen anatomist), (theologian), Erwin Fues (Hannover physicist)

G[]

Hans-Georg Gadamer (Marburg philosopher), (Hannover civil engineer), (Hannover geographer), (Hamburg teacher), Arnold Gehlen (Leipzig sociologist), (Dresden civil engineer), Hans Gehrig (Dresden), (Rostock art historian), (moralist), (Hannover ), (Dresden civil engineer), (Marburg), Herbert Gerdessen (1892– , Rostock), (forest researcher), Hans Geyr von Schweppenburg (forest researcher), Gustav Giemsa (Hamburg chemist), (Hamburg), (Bonn art historian), (Leipzig), Engelhardt Glimm (1877- , Danzig chemist), (Danzig romanist), (Hannover), (Dresden orthopaedist), (Clausthal geologist), Arthur Golf (Leipzig), Fritz Goos (Hamburg physicist), Hugo Grau (Leipzig veterinarian), Georg Grimpe (Leipzig zoologist), Waldemar Grix (Danziger E-Techniker), (Hamburg physician), (Leipzig economist), H. Großmann (Göttingen geneticist), Hermann Großmann (Leipzig economist), (Hamburg), Eduard Grüneisen (Marburg physicist), Georg (Marburg ophthalmologist), Herbert Grundmann (Leipzig historian), (Regensburg theologian), (Dresden physicist)

H[]

Rudolf Habermann (1884–1941, Hamburg dermatologist), (Hamburg radiologist), (Danzig Anglicist), (Hamburg zoologist), (Kiel geographer), (Hamburg teacher), (Hamburg ophthalmologist), (Göttingen), Helmut Hasse (Marburg mathematician), (Dresden geographer), (Göttingen dentist), (Leipzig veterinarian), (historian), Erich Hecke (Hamburg mathematician), Otto Heckmann (Göttingen astronomer), (Dresdner Maschinenbauer und Rektor 1946), Martin Heidegger (philosopher), (Leipzig archaeologist), (Eichstätt theologian), (Dresden food chemist), (1880–1944, Freiberg metallurgist), Franz Hein (Leipzig), Wilhelm Heinitz (Hamburg musicologist), Rudolf Heinz (Hamburg), (Dresden engineer), (Hamburg), (economist), Gustav Heller (Leipzig chemist), (Marburg Germanist), Eberhard Hempel (Dresden art historian), (Göttinger Theologe), (Leipziger Zoologe), (Hamburger Zoologe), (Göttinger Linguist), (Leipziger Augenmediziner), Johannes Hertel (Leipzig Indologist), (Hannover physicist), (Dresden textile engineer), (Dresden forester), (Eberswald forester), (Göttingen agronomist), (Leipzig art historian), (church historian), (Rostock philosopher), (Hamburg gynaecologist), Emil Hilarius (Dresden teacher), (Marburg), (Anglicist in Leipzig and Dresden), Emanuel Hirsch (Göttingen theologian), (Dresden sculptor), (Dresden architect), Otto Hölder (Leipzig mathematician), (Marburg teacher), (Danzig chemist), (Leipzig administrator), Hans Hoffmann (Hamburg), Walter Hoffmann (Freiberg), (Marburg historian), (Göttingen linguist), (librarian, Leipzig), Paul Hofmann(Dresden), (Hamburg dermatologist), (Marburg art historian), (Dillingen), Alfred Hübner (Göttingen Germanist), (Dresden aircraft engineer), (Dresden geodesicist ), (Hannover technician)

I–J[]

(Hamburg botanist), (Dresden geodesicist ), (Kiel music teacher), Arnold Jacobi (Dresden zoologist), (Marburg anatomist), (Marburg sports researcher), (Hamburg sinologist), (Marburg psychologist), (Berlin sports medicine), (botanist), (Marburg psychologist), (Leipzig Romanist), (Dresden Germanist), (Leipzig soil scienst), (Marburg Anglicist), (Hamburg physicist), (Marburg Hittitologist), (Danzig engineer), (Dresden architect), (Marburg law expert), (Leipzig linguist), (theologian)

K[]

Felix Kämpf (Leipzig physicist ), (Dresden zoologist), (Danzig physicist), (Hannover architect), (Hamburg geographer), (Leipzig Germanist), (Leipzig physicist), Walter Kayser (Berlin sports researcher), (Hamburg pharmacologist), (Freiberg mining engineer), Erwin Kehrer (1874–1959, Marburg gynaecologist), (Hamburg dermatologist), (Hannover chemist), (Hamburg physician), (Eichstätter Theologe), Hans Kienle (Göttingen astronomer), (, Theologe und Naturwissenschaftler), Heinz Kindermann (Danzig), (Hamburg pharmacologist), (Leipzig historian), (Hamburg neurologist), (Dresden physicist), Julius Kister (Hamburg bacteriologist), (Marburg surgeon), Heinrich Klebahn (Hamburg mycologist), Johannes Klein (Marburg), (Hannover machine maker), Otto Klemm (Leipzig psychologist), Wilhelm Klemm (Danzig), (Marburg physician), (Leipzig veterinarian), Erich Klinge(Berlin-Charlottenburg), (Hamburg Africanist), Friedrich Klingner (Leipzig philologist), (Danzig architect), (1887–1970, Dresden optician), Friedrich Knauer (Hamburg), Alfred Kneschke (Dresden mathematician), (Marburg physicist), (Dresden machine maker), (Hamburg Internist), (Hamburg sports medicine specialist), (Hamburg geographer), (Hamburg physicist), (Leipzig geologist), Paul Koebe (Leipzig mathematician), (Freiberg civil engineer), (Dresden), (Bonn agronomist), Alfred Körte (Leipzig philologist), Rudolf Kötzschke (Leipzig historian), (Freiberg geologist), (Rostock teacher), (Danzig meteorologist), Walter Kossel (Danzig physicist), Franz Kossmat (Leipzig geologist), Gerhard Kowalewski (Dresden mathematician), (Marburg mathematician), (Marburg), (Leipzig geologist), Ernst Kretschmer (Marburg psychiatrist), (Regensburg theologian), (Leipzig chemist), Felix Krueger (Leipzig psychologist), (Hamburg), (Marburg), (Marburg archivist), Karl Küpfmüller (Danzig electrotechnician), Hermann Kümmell (Hamburg surgeon), (Eichstätt theologian), Hans Kuhn (Marburger Germanist), (Marburg), (Dresden machinist)

L[]

(Dresden mathematician), (Hamburg psychiatrist), Otto Lauffer (Hamburg folklorist), Fritz Laves (Göttingen mineralogist), (Eichstätt canon), (Hamburg philosopher), (Dresden), (Nürnberg economist), (Leipzig ethnologist), Walther Lehmann (Hamburg), (Kiel teacher), (Eberswalde), (Hamburg physicist), (Leipzig psychologist), E. H. Lieber, (Danzig ship builder), Paul Lindemann (Hamburg), (Regensburg Old Testament scholar), Hans Lipps (Marburg philosopher), (philosopher), Theodor Litt (philosopher), (Marburg physician), (Marburg philologist), Hans Lorenz (Danzig engineer), (Hamburg radiologist), (Dresden chemist), (Hamburg physiologist), (Hamburg geographer), (Dresden)

M[]

(Marburg jurist), (Freiberg geologist), Dietrich Mahnke (Marburg philosopher), (Göttingen chemist), (Folklorist), (Marburg zoologist), (Freiberg metallurgist), Friedrich Mauz (Marburg psychiatrist), Kurt May (Göttingen Germanist), (Hamburg physician), Franz Xaver Mayr (Eichstätt), (Hannoversch Münder forest researcher), (Marburg Germanist), (Leipzig statistician), Hans Meerwein (Marburg chemist), Carl Meinhof (Hamburg Africanist), (Dresden textile engineer), (Berlin economist), (Leipzig economist), (Dresden chemist), (Hamburg archaeologist), (Marburg jurist), (Hamburg biologist), Hans Meyer (Hamburg), (Hamburg Germanist), (Leipzig veterinarian), (Göttingen chemist), (Hannover architect), (Marburg jurist), (Göttingen jurist), (Göttingen political scientist), (Passau theologian), (Marburg linguist), (Leipzig physicist), (Hamburg), Eugen Mogk (Leipzig Nordist), (Leipzig economist), Wilhelm Mommsen (Marburg historian), (Kiel teacher), (Göttingen Anglicist), (Dresden architect), (Hamburg public health), (Hannover mathematician), (Chemist), Friedrich Müller (Dresden), (Göttingen), (Leipzig agronomist), (Hamburg dermatologist), (Hamburg)

N[]

(Hannover engineer), (Dresden engineer), (Dresden mathematician), (Hamburg physician), (Marburg gynaecologist), Friedrich Neesen (Danzig civil engineer), (Clausthal mine surveyor), (Hamburg mathematician), (Dresden civil engineer), (Hamburg economist), (Marburg mathematician), (Göttingen), Johannes Neumann (Hamburg veterinarian), (Hannover engineer), Rudolf Otto Neumann (Hamburg bacteriologist), (Leipzig veterinarian), (Dresden jurist), Hermann Noack (Hamburg), Johannes Nobel (Marburg Indologist), (Hamburg tropical medicine specialist), (Marburg botanist)

O–P[]

(Leipzig Germanist), Erich Obst (Hannover geographer), (Hamburg haematologist), (Hannoversch Münder forest researcher), (Hannover engineer), Wolfgang Ostwald (Leipzig chemist), (Hamburg jurist, (Leipzig veterinarian), (Hamburg phonetician), (Freiberg mathematician), (Kiel art teacher), (Hamburg physician), Siegfried Passarge (Hamburg geographer and folklorist), (Dresden energy researcher), Gustav Pauli (Hamburg art historian), Friedrich Peemöller (Hamburg physician), (Leipzig economist), Hans Pesta (Hamburg teacher), (Hamburg teacher), Ulrich Peters (Kiel rector), (Danzig engineer), Hans Petersson (Hamburg mathematician), Robert Petsch (Hamburg Germanist), (Hamburg neurologist), Wilhelm Pfannenstiel (Marburg eugenicist), (München church historian), (Leipzig geologist), (München art historian), (Göttingen ethnologist), (Danzig mathematician), (Hannover engineer), (Hannover mathematician), (Hannover physicist), (Dresden forester), (Marburg historian), (Leipzig orientalist), (Hannover aircraft engineer), (Leipzig musicologist)

R[]

(Hamburg), Michael Rackl (Eichstätt theologian), (Director of the Bonn academy of pedagogy), (Leipzig chemist), (Dresden architect), Hans Rebel (Göttingen dentist), Otto Reche (Leipzig anthropologist), (Marburg dentist), Konstantin Reichardt (Leipzig Nordist), Eduard Reichenow (Hamburg biologist), (Marburg chemist), (Hamburg historian), (Göttingen physician), Richard Reinhardt (Leipzig veterinarian), (Leipzig teacher), (Danzig ship builder), (Hamburg chemist), (Bonn forester), (Dresden archaeologist), (Leipzig), Paul Riebesell (Hamburg actuary), (Hamburg surgeon), (Göttingen microbiologist), (Hannover railway engineer), (Dresden geologist), Curt Risch (Hannover civil engineer), Joachim Ritter (Hamburg philosopher), (Marburg pathologist), (Hamburg surgeon), Karl Röder (Hannover engineer), (Hamburg physician), (Marburg philologist), Hermann Rose (Hamburg geologist), Heinrich Roth (Elektrotechnician) (Danzig, 1880–1945), (Dresden forester), (Leipzig geographer), (Dresden engineer), (Marburg dermatologist), (Leipzig botanist), (Nürnberg sociologist), Hermann Gustav Runge (Hamburg physician)

Sa–Sch[]

(Dresden academic administrator), (Hannover mathematician), Curt Sandig (Leipzig economist), (Hamburg), Ferdinand Sauerbruch (Berlin physician), (Nürnberg economist), (Regensburg theologian), (Eberswald zoologist), (Leipzig chemist), Georg Schaltenbrand (Hamburg neurologist), (Dresden), (Leipzig chemist), (Hamburg eugenicist), (Nürnberg), Martin Schenck (Leipzig chemist), Harald Schering (Hannover technician), (Göttingen veterinarian), (Leipzig geologist), (Leipzig veterinarian), (Nürnberg jurist), (Leipzig veterinarian), (Leipzig mineralogist), (Freiberg metallurgist), (Leipzig physicist), (Dresden mathematician), Friedrich Schilling (Danzig mathematician), (Leipzig philosopher), (Leipzig chemist), Carl Schlieper (Marburg zoologist), Josef Schmid (Dillingen theologian), Ernst Schmidt (Danzig physicist), Harry Schmidt (Leipzig chemist), Johannes Schmidt (Leipzig veterinarian), Jonas Schmidt (Göttingen zoologist), Werner Schmidt (Eberswalde forest researcher), (Marburg Anglicist), G. Schmitthenner, Eugen Schmitz (Dresden musicologist), (Passau theologian), Friedrich Schneider (Bonn), Hermann Schneider (Leipzig philosopher), Paul Schneider (Hamburg), Wilhelm Schneider-Windmüller (Bonn), (Dresden psychologist), Roland Scholl (Dresden), (Leipzig historian), Richard Schorr (Hamburg astronomer), Gerhard Schott (Hamburg oceanographer), (Hamburg bacteriologist), Friedrich Schreiber (Dresden), (Dillingen theologian), (Dresden archaeologist), Edward Schröder (Göttingen Germanist), Joseph Schröffer (Eichstätt theologian), (Hannover art historian), (Hamburg Indologist), Levin Ludwig Schücking (Leipzig Anglicist), (Hamburg historian), (Hamburg internist), (Dresden economist), Helmut Schultz (Leipzig, musicologist), (Leipzig), (Hamburg teacher), Leonhard Schultze-Jena (Marburg zoologist), (Leipzig historian), Alfred Schulze (Marburg Romanist), (Marburg physicist), (Danzig), (Danzig engineer), (Hamburg researcher), (Marburg jurist), (Geologist, Freiberg), (Hamburg chemist), (Dresden chemist), Carl (Hamburg public health specialist), Paul Schwarz (Leipzig Orientalist), Bernhard Schweitzer (Leipzig archaeologist), (Marburg Internist), (Hannover engineer), (Dresden metallurgist)

Se-Sz[]

(Göttingen agroeconomist), (Danzig engineer), (Göttingen Indo-Germanist), Arthur Simon (Dresden chemist), (Hannover chemist), (Belgian linguist), (Dresden engineer), (Marburg sociologist), (Danzig mathematician), (Hamburg tropical medicine specialist), (Dresden Germanist), (Leipzig veterinarian), (Göttingen historian), (Göttingen anatomist), (Rostock theologian), (Leipzig zoologist), (Marburg art historian), (Kiel teacher), Wilhelm Steinkopf (Dresden chemist), (Marburg historian), Hermann Stephani (Marburg musicologist), (Eichstätt mathematician), (Leipzig chemist), (Regensburg physicist), Rose Stoppel (Hamburg botanist), (Dresden psychologist), (Eberswald), (Marburg chemist), (Leipzig economist), (Danzig soil scientist), (Dresden folklorist), (Hamburg teacher), (Freiberg geologist), (Hamburg surgeon), (Hannoversch Münden soil scientist), (Dresden public health expert), (Dresden civil engineer), (Leipzig art historian)

T–U[]

(Hamburg geophysicist), Jehangir S. Tevadia (Hamburg Indologist), (Dresden physicist), (Hamburg economist), (Dresden teacher), (Leipzig economist), (Marburg chemist), (Göttingen archaeologist), Georg Thilenius (Hamburg folklorist), Arthur Thost (Hamburg physician), William Threlfall (British Mathematician in Dresden), (Dresdnen botanist), (Dresden physicist), Rudolf Tomaschek (Marburg physicist), Reinhold Trautmann (Leipzig Slavist), (Dresden mathematician), (Freiberg mining engineer), (Marburg biologist), (Dresden mineralogist), (Hamburg economist), (Leipzig Japanologist), Jakob Johann von Uexküll (Hamburg environmental researcher), (Marburg physician), Wolfgang Heinz Uhlitzsch (Freiberg), (Marburg Mathematician), (Leipzig botanist), (Göttingen jurist)

V[]

(Clausthal physicist), (Marburg physician), (Economist), Wilhelm Ernst Vetter (Dresden theologian), (Hannover architect), Hermann Vogel (Göttingen agronomist), (1877–1960; Leipzig teacher), Richard Vogel (Dresden), Rudolf Vogel (Göttingen physicist), (Passau historian), (Marburg physicist), Walter Voigtländer (Dresden teacher), (Leipzig psychologist), (Leipzig geographer), Friedrich Voß (Göttingen entomologist), (Hamburg neurosurgeon)

W[]

(Marburg art historian), Kurt Wagner (Marburg Germanist), (Marburg gynaecologist), (Hamburg librarian), (Dillingen theologian), (Regensburg theologian), Andreas Walther (Hamburg sociologist), (Freiberg geographer), (Dresden metallurgist), Anton Weber (Dillingen), (Dresden mechanic), (Leipzig veterinarian), Hermann Weber (TH Danzig), Werner Weber (Göttingen mathematician), Edgar Wedekind (Hannoversch Münden chemist), Rudolf Wedekind (Marburg palaentologist), (Marburg jurist), (Leipzig geophysicist), (Freiberg), (Leipzig economist), (Leipzig historian), (Kiel physicist), (Leipzig Orientalist), (Leipzig Indologe), (Leipzig historian), (Eichstätt art historian), (Dresden engineer), Otto Westphal (Hamburg historian), Wilhelm Weygandt (Hamburg psychiatrist), (Dresden mathematician), (Hamburg dermatologist), (Hannover architect), (Eberswald), (Leipzig economist), (Dresden physicist), (Göttingen chemist), (Freiberg mathematician), Hans Winkler (Hamburg botanist), Hugo Wippler (Leipzig artist), Wilhelm Wirth (Leipzig philosopher), (Dresden forester), (Hamburg physician), Michael Wittmann (Eichstätt), (Göttingen theologian), Gerhard Wörner (Leipzig jurist), (Eichstätt philosopher), (Leipzig Egyptologist), Ludwig Wolff (Göttingen Germanist),  [de] (Eberswald zoologist), Richard Woltereck (Leipzig zoologist), (Marburg linguist), Heinz-Georg Wünscher (Leipzig veterinarian), Feodor Wünschmann (Leipzig economist), Heinz Wulf (Hamburg physician), Wunniger, (Eichstädt theologian), (Hamburg geologist)

Z[]

(Leipzig philologist), (Dresden librarian), (Dresden engineer), (Marburg historian), (Dillingen geologist), (Bonn geographer), (Hamburg historian), (Rostock psychologist), (Marburg historian), (Hamburg), (Dillingen church historian), (Hamburg Africanist)

See also[]

References[]

  1. ^ Grant, Andrew (2018-09-26). "The scientific exodus from Nazi Germany". Physics Today. doi:10.1063/PT.6.4.20180926a.
  2. ^ Sims, Amy R. (1978). "Intellectuals In Crisis: Historians Under Hitler". Virginia Quarterly Review. 54.
  3. ^ Detzen, Dominic; Hoffmann, Sebastian (2019). "Accountability and ideology: The case of a German university under the Nazi regime". Accounting History: 103237321983630. doi:10.1177/1032373219836301.
  4. ^ Rubenstein, Richard L. (1989). "The Philosopher and the Jews: The Case of Martin Heidegger". Modern Judaism. 9 (2): 179–196. doi:10.1093/mj/9.2.179. ISSN 0276-1114. JSTOR 1396313.

External links[]

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