William Fowler (makar)
William Fowler (c. 1560–1612) was a Scottish poet or makar (royal bard), writer, courtier, and translator.
Early life[]
William Fowler was the son of Janet Fockart and William Fowler, a well connected Edinburgh burgess.[1] He graduated from St Leonard's College, St Andrews in 1578. By 1581 he was in Paris studying civil law. At this time he published An ansvver to the calumnious letter and erroneous propositions of an apostat named M. Io. Hammiltoun a pamphlet criticising John Hamilton and other Catholics in Scotland, who he claimed had driven him from that country. In response, two Scottish Catholics, Hamilton and Hay manhandled him and dragged him through the streets to the Collège de Navarre.
Following his return to Scotland, he visited London to retrieve some money owed to his father by Mary, Queen of Scots. Here he frequently visited the house of Michel de Castelnau, Sieur de Mauvissiere, where he met Giordano Bruno, currently staying there. He was soon recruited by Francis Walsingham to act as a spy until 1583, by which time he felt his consorting with French Catholics was compromising his religious integrity. His letters to Walsingham mention his widowed mother's concern at his role in London and her moneylending activities, and information he obtained in January 1583 from the exiled Scottish Duke of Lennox.[2] In May 1583, while William was intriguing in London, his sister Susannah Fowler married John Drummond the king's doorkeeper and son of Robert Drummond of Carnock, their son was the poet William Drummond of Hawthornden.
A Career at Court[]
In September 1584 he met the German traveller Lupold von Wedel in Edinburgh and told him that he been teaching King James the art of memory.[3] Fowler later noted that while he was teaching James the art of memory, the king taught him poetry and imprese or emblems.[4]
Fowler was part of a literary circle around King James which has become known as the "Castalian Band" and included Alexander Montgomerie, John Stewart of Baldynneis, Alexander Hume, Thomas and , and James VI himself. In 1591 Fowler contributed a prefatory sonnet To the Only Royal Poet to James VI's poem the Furies, printed in His Majesties Poeticall Exercises;[5] while James, in return, commended, in verse, Fowler's Triumphs of Petrarke.
Fowler dedicated his Triumphs to Jean Fleming, wife of the Chancellor, John Maitland of Thirlestane. Mary Beaton, Lady Boyne the former companion of Mary, Queen of Scots, and "E. D.", probably Elizabeth Douglas, wife of Samuel Cockburn of Temple-Hall,[6] contributed sonnets in praise of the author. Fowler dedicated a translation from Ariosto to Mary Beaton, who was a member of his literary circle. He wrote an epitaph for Elizabeth Douglas, Samuel Cockburn's wife, who died in 1594.[7]
Secretary to the queen[]
In 1589 he was appointed to the diplomatic mission to Denmark to arrange the marriage of James VI to Anne of Denmark with John Skene. He was a paid negotiator for the city of Edinburgh, charged with raising the profile of the burgh.[8] Fowler wrote from Denmark about the progress of the marriage negotiations to the English ambassador in Scotland William Ashby who forwarded his letter to William Cecil.[9]
King James sailed to Norway to meet his bride. On 28 November 1589, at Oslo, Fowler was appointed private secretary and Master of Requests to Anne of Denmark. He retained these positions when Anne went to England.[10]
Fowler returned to Scotland before James VI, and planned to rejoin the royal party in Denmark in April 1590.[11] The English diplomat in Edinburgh Robert Bowes reported to Burghley and Walsingham that Fowler had obtained two letters in cipher, one to the Earl of Erroll and the other mysteriously addressed to "Assuerus the Painter". Fowler gave the letters to the Provost of Edinburgh, Sir John Arnot to show them to the Privy Council. The Earl of Bothwell said the letters meant nothing to him, Bowes thought they looked like letters he had previously seen which referred to alleged Catholic and Spanish plots.[12]
Fowler left Scotland for a while on 17 September 1591 with the Laird of Buccleuch, and seems to have attended the University of Padua.[13] At this time Giacomo Castelvetro, an Italian writer, served James VI and Anne of Denmark as a language tutor and secretary. He lodged at Janet Fockart's house where the ambassador Robert Bowes stayed, and Eleanor Bowes made friends with his wife, Isotta de Canonici, the widow of Thomas Erastus.[14]
John Geddie, a calligrapher, was also a secretary to the queen. He drew out a Latin acrostic poem for a manuscript of Fowler's discourse on the history of mathematics titled 'Methodi, sive compendii mathematici'. This work was not printed.[15]
Fowler wrote an account of the entertainments at the baptism of Prince Henry in 1594,[16] and taught the queen the art of memory, a subject upon which he also wrote a treatise.
In April 1595 the queen went to Stirling to see her son Prince Henry. She had joined a factional struggle, and the court at Stirling was filled with her adversaries. Roger Aston wrote that Fowler had stayed behind in Edinburgh for this reason.[17]
In 1598 Fowler agreed to send intelligence from the royal court to England, and was to be known by the cipher 'Ib' in correspondence. George Nicholson mentioned in March that Fowler needed encouragement and reassurance by a letter from the Secretary, Sir Robert Cecil. However, nothing from him or mentioning 'Ib' survives, except perhaps a newsletter of March 1602 that reached Sir Robert Cecil and appears to be in his handwriting.[18]
Shortly after the Union of the Crowns, on 5 April 1603, before joining the king in London, Fowler wrote a note describing the devices or emblems embroidered on a bed belonging to Mary, Queen of Scots, which seems to have been in place in a chamber at Holyrood Palace with matching chairs. The bed was also recorded by his nephew, William Drummond of Hawthornden.[19] On 28 April he wrote to Robert Cecil from Edinburgh, enclosing royal letters (from Anne of Denmark) and offering his service.[20]
England[]
He was confirmed as secretary and Master of Requests to Anne of Denmark.[21] In September 1603, he met Arbella Stuart at Woodstock Palace, and sent her two sonnets, one addressed to her, and another, Upon an Horologe of the Clock at Loseley which contains a partial anagram of her name.[22] Fowler wrote to the Earl and Countess of Shrewsbury that Arbella was the "eighth wonder of the world," and "the phoenix of her sex."[23]
On 26 May 1604 he wrote to Lord Cecil apologising for delays in expediting Anna of Denmark's business. He said suits and patents were "in the custody of the women" and he blamed one "Margarete" who usurped authority in the queen's name.[24] In July, at Greenwich Palace, he drew up the queen's warrant in support of founding a college or university at Ripon in Yorkshire, which was promoted by Cecily Sandys, widow of the Bishop Edwin Sandys, and supported by Bess of Hardwick.[25] In October 1604 he wrote to the Earl of Shrewsbury from Hampton Court with court news and news of death of the son of the Earl of Dunbar, who he called "our great St George, the Lord of Berwick."[26]
Fowler wrote to Cecil in February 1605 mentioning their recent meeting at Woodstock Palace. Anne of Denmark had placed in his custody portraits of Albert VII, Archduke of Austria and Isabella Clara Eugenia. They had been gifts to her from the Flemish ambassador, the Count of Arenberg, in September 1603. She was considering giving them to a friend in Scotland. Fowler thought they would be better at Cecil's house, Theobalds. In the mean time they were to be displayed in the gallery at Somerset House.[27]
His older brother William died in 1606, and he was made a burgess of Edinburgh.[28] The poet John Donne had some hopes of gaining a position in the queen's household by Fowler's means, and heard from a clerk of her council, Mr Powell, that Fowler might retire. Donne wrote to Henry Goodyer (1571-1627), a gentleman of the king's privy chamber about his interest in employment in the queen's household in June 1607, fearing that Fowler's retirement might scupper his chances, but no more is known and Fowler did not retire. The rumour was perhaps connected with death of Fowler's older brother in Edinburgh.[29]
In 1609 he received a grant of 2,000 acres (8 km²) in Ulster as reward for his services. In October 1610 he answered William Trumbull's inquiry about the Scottish Order of the Thistle, an order of knighthood of doubtful history. Fowler believed that there had been an Order, founded to honour Scots who fought for Charles VII of France. He thought it had been discontinued in the time of James V, and could say nothing of its ceremonies or regalia.[30]
Fowler wrote two poems to Mary Middlemore, a lady in waiting in the queen's household, one including her name, "My harte as Aetna burnes, and suffers MORE / Paines in my MIDDLE than ever MARY proved".[31]
He died in 1612 and was buried in St Margaret's, Westminster.
His will mentions a chain of gold of jewels worth £300, and three diamond rings, presents from Anne of Denmark, which he left to his brother John Fowler. The Earl of Shrewsbury owed him £843. The will was witnessed by James Cleghorn, a waiter in the queen's household, and James Gibson, the king's bookbinder.[32]
The green tree and the anagram[]
At Denmark House, the queen had a green palm tree with a crown and a Latin epigram in gilt letters on the queen's fruitfulness by Fowler based on his anagram of her name; "Anna Brittanorum Regina" - "In anna regnantium arbor". The palm tree was admired and described by John Ernest I, Duke of Saxe-Weimar who visited London in 1613.[33] This seems to have been a salt, described in 1620 with other items of the queen's tableware scheduled for sale as; " a salt of gold in pieces, having a clock within crystal, the foot of same being gold triangle wise, the cover thereof being a castle, and out of the same castle a green tree, the flowers being diamonds and rubies in roses, the same clock salt and crystal garnished with gold, diamonds, and rubies, wanting a dial in the same clock".[34]
Legacy[]
His nephew William Drummond of Hawthornden bequeathed a manuscript collection of seventy-two sonnets, entitled The Tarantula of Love, and a translation (1587) from the Italian of the Triumphs of Petrarke to the library of the University of Edinburgh. Two other volumes of his manuscript notes, poems and other papers. are preserved among the Drummond of Hawthornden manuscripts held by the National Library of Scotland. Fowler's poetry was featured in the 1803 publication by John Leyden of Scottish Descriptive Poems.
Family[]
William Fowler's children included;
- A daughter who married James Ruch.
- A daughter who married Patrick Stirling.
- Ludovick Fowler, burgess of Haddington and owner of the Deanery at Restalrig. He married Jean Cathcart in 1622.[35]
- Anna Fowler. After the death of her husband, a Mr Delille, she lived in Cambridge in 1665 in poverty and sent begging letters to William Sancroft, Dean of St Paul's.[36]
Editions[]
- A True Reportarie of the Most Triumphant, and Royal Accomplishment of the Baptisme of the Most Excellent, Right High, and Mightie Prince, Frederik Henry, By the Grace of God, Prince of Scotland. Solemnized the 30 Day of August 1594, Robert Waldegrave, Edinburgh (1594)
- Henry Meikle, ed., The Works of William Fowler, 3 vols, vol. I 1914, vol. II 1936, vol. III 1940, Scottish Text Society, Edinburgh
References[]
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Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article Fowler, William. |
- William Fowler, The Literary Encyclopedia
- Allison L. Steenson, The Hawthornden Manuscripts of William Fowler and the Jacobean Court 1603–1612 (Routledge, 2020).
- ^ Margaret H. B. Sanderson, Mary Stewart's People, (Edinburgh, 1987), p. 91.
- ^ Calendar of State Papers, Scotland: volume 6: 1581-83 (1910), 262-3, 265-6.
- ^ Gottfied von Bülow, 'Journey Through England and Scotland made by Lupold von Wedel in the years 1584 and 1585', in Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, vol. 9 (London, 1895), p. 247.
- ^ Henry Meikle, Works of William Fowler, vol. 3 (STS, Edinburgh, 1940), p. xix fn. 4.
- ^ James VI, His Majesties Poeticall Exercises, (Edinburgh, Robert Waldegrave, 1591), (p. 7)
- ^ Gordon MacGregor, 'Cockburn of Ormiston', Red Book of Scotland, vol. 3 (2020), pp. 78-9.
- ^ Sebastiaan Verweij, The Literary Culture of Early Modern Scotland (Oxford, 2017), pp. 84-87.
- ^ John Marwick, Extracts from the Burgh Records of Edinburgh: 1573-1589 (Edinburgh, 1882), pp. 543-4: Clare McManus, 'Marriage and the Performance of the Romance Quest: Anne of Denmark and the Stirling Baptismal Ceremonies for Prince Henry', in L.A.J.R. Houwen, A.A. MacDonald, S.L. Mapstone, Peeters, A Palace in the Wild: Essays on Vernacular Culture and Humanism in Late-Medieval and Renaissance Scotland (Leuven, 2000), p. 177.
- ^ Thomas Wright, Queen Elizabeth and Her Times: A Series of Original Letters, vol. 2 (London, 1838), p. 392, misdated by Wright to 1588.
- ^ National Records of Scotland, Privy Seal Register, PS1/66 f78r.
- ^ Marguerite Wood, Extracts from the Burgh Records of Edinburgh: 1589-1603, vol. 6 (Edinburgh, 1927), p. 17.
- ^ Calendar State Papers Scotland, vol. 10 (Edinburgh, 1936), pp. 257, 264-5.
- ^ Henry Meikle, Works of William Fowler, vol. 3 (Edinburgh, 1914), pp. xxv, cxxv.
- ^ Henry Meikle, Works of William Fowler, vol. 3 (Edinburgh, 1914), pp. cxxvi, cxxviii, cxxx, citing British Library Harley 7004.
- ^ Sebastiaan Verweij, The Literary Culture of Early Modern Scotland (Oxford, 2017), p. 98.
- ^ Bath, Michael, 'Rare Shewes, the Stirling Baptism of Prince Henry', in Journal of the Northern Renaissance, no.4 (2012)
- ^ Thomas Birch, Memoirs of the Reign of Queen Elizabeth, vol. 1 (London, 1754), p. 228, as 'Mr William Foulis'.
- ^ Calendar State Papers Scotland, vol. 13 part 2 (Edinburgh, 1969), p. xvii, xxvii, 151, 164, 169; HMC Salisbury Hatfield, vol. 14 (London, 1923), pp. 211-212.
- ^ Michael Bath, Emblems for a Queen (London, 2008), pp. 17-20.
- ^ HMC Calendar of the Manuscripts of the Marquis of Salisbury, vol. 15 (London, 1930), pp. 60, 70.
- ^ Edmund Lodge, Illustrations of British History, vol. 3 (London, 1791), p. 209.
- ^ The sonnets sent to Arbella are nos 260 & 261 in Meikle's edition, the approximate anagram is in 'BELL ... DISTEMPERED HAPP.'
- ^ G. R. Batho., ed., HMC Calendar of Talbot Papers (London, 1971), pp. 229-30, 233, (Lambeth Talbot K. fols. 121, 163): Edmund Lodge, Illustrations of British History, vol. 3 (London, 1838), pp. 16-19, 47-9.
- ^ HMC Salisbury Hatfield, vol. 16, pp. 114-5.
- ^ Francis Peck, Desiderata Curiosa, vol. 1 (London, 1779), p. 284.
- ^ Edmund Lodge, Illustrations of British History, vol. 3 (London, 1838), pp. 97-99.
- ^ Karen Hearn, Dynasties (London, 1995), p. 182: HMC Salisbury Hatfield, vol. 17 (London, 1938), p. 54.
- ^ Charles Boog Watson, Roll of Edinburgh Burgesses (Edinburgh, 1929), p. 191.
- ^ Edmund Gosse, Life and Letters of John Donne, vol. 1 (London, 1899), pp. 155-6.
- ^ E. K. Purnell & A. B. Hinds, HMC Downshire, vol. 2 (London, 1936), pp. xxii-xxiii, 388.
- ^ Sara M. Dunnigan, Eros and Poetry at the Courts of Mary Queen of Scots and James VI (Basingstoke, 2002), p. 208 fn. 6: Alastair Fowler, Literary names: Personal names (Oxford, 2012), p. 84.
- ^ E. Margaret Thompson, 'The Daughter of Anne of Denmark's Secretary', Scottish Historical Review, 19:73 (October 1921), pp. 21-32 at p. 24: TNA PROB 11/122/81.
- ^ Alastair Fowler, Literary names: Personal names (Oxford, 2012), p. 84: William Brenchley Rye, England as Seen by Foreigners (London, 1865), p. 166: Alessandra Petrina, Machiavelli in the British Isles (Ashgate, 2009), p. 102.
- ^ Thomas Rymer, Foedera, vol. 7 part 3 (Hague, 1739), pp. 130, 132.
- ^ Francis Grant, Parish of Holyroodhouse of Canongate: Marriages 1564-1800 (Edinburgh, 1915), p. 621.
- ^ E. Margaret Thompson, 'The Daughter of Anne of Denmark's Secretary', Scottish Historical Review, 19:73 (October 1921), pp. 21-32.
- 1560s births
- 1612 deaths
- 16th-century Scottish writers
- 16th-century male writers
- 17th-century Scottish writers
- 16th-century Scottish poets
- 17th-century Scottish poets
- 16th-century spies
- 17th-century spies
- Alumni of the University of St Andrews
- University of Paris alumni
- Castalian Band
- Scottish translators
- Scottish writers
- Scottish spies
- Scottish Renaissance writers
- Household of Anne of Denmark
- Scots Makars
- Kingdom of Scotland expatriates in France