Wilmer Angier Jennings
Wilmer Angier Jennings (born 1910, Atlanta, Georgia) was an African-American printmaker, painter, and jeweler. He was hired by the Rhode Island WPA to create wood-engraved prints that explored themes of economic and social hardships experienced by African-Americans.[1] Jennings' work also included Southern themes inspired by oral folklore traditions. During his later years, Jennings studied jewelry design, which prompted him to develop new methods of jewelry manufacturing.[2]
Wilmer Angier Jennings | |
|---|---|
| Born | 1910 Atlanta, Georgia |
| Died | 1990 |
| Nationality | American |
| Education | Morehouse College, Atlanta, Georgia, Rhode Island School of Design, Providence, Rhode Island, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island |
Personal life[]
Jennings has a daughter named Corrine Jennings, who is the director of Kenkeleba House, Inc. in New York City, which is dedicated to showcasing the work of underrepresented African artists. Kenkeleba House was founded in 1974 by Joe Overstreet and Samuel C. Floyd in addition to Corrine. Its name, Kenkeleba, is derived from the healing properties of the Seh-Haw plant grown in West Africa.[3]
Artistic career[]
Education[]
While attending Morehouse College in Atlanta, Georgia, Jennings studied under the artist Hale Woodruff who introduced him to the principles of modernism. Under the Graphic Arts Division of the WPA in 1934, they worked together on two notable murals that reflected on the African-American experience: The Negro in Modern American Life: Agriculture and Rural Life, Literature, Music and Art and the second, titled The Dream.[1][4] The first of the two was displayed in the David T. Howard School in Atlanta, Georgia while the second was showcased at the School of Social Work at Atlanta University. However, both are currently destroyed. During that stay in Atlanta, Jennings was able to learn the creative production that contributed to community murals. Woodruff already had an unconventional relationship with his students in which he was opposed to the typical teacher role. Because of that, Jennings was able to form a personal friendship with Woodruff, who he called by the nickname "Count" as a playful title, rather than calling him Hale.[5] In regards to this relationship, art historian Winifred L. Stoelting, quoted Woodruff saying:
[...] "I remember they wanted to call me 'Hale' and I was reluctant for them to do that, but Wilmer Jennings always called me 'Count,' a kind of a warm title. I always appreciated it because he not only needed [to] but he wanted this kind of relationship that developed between us."[5]
Jennings continued to work with Woodruff throughout his early career and was able to exhibit his oil painting Rendezvous, 1942, in the First Atlanta University Annual Exhibition of Works by Negro Artists, an exhibition that was organized by Woodruff.[2]
After graduating from Morehouse College, Jennings moved to New England to attend the Rhode Island School of Design. There, he was hired by the WPA where he was able to create works that represented the economic hardships of African-Americans during the Depression.[1] During this time, he mostly used wood engraving and lino-cut relief processes. Wood engraving uses a dense block for processing and as a result, Jennings was able to create thin lines that displayed subtle detail. His Still Life, 1937 used this technique to create a shadowy quality. Lino-cut, however, uses a softer linoleum block which cannot be processed in the same way. Jennings’ Statuette, 1937, was able to emphasize contrast by creating free bold lines.[2]
Influence[]
Jennings was influenced by his African roots and began incorporating African sculpture into his works. Both Still life, 1937 and Statuette, 1937 include images of an African Fang sculpture in addition to the objects found in Gabon working-class households. This included vases, urns, baskets, metal ashtrays, and textiles.[2]
Jennings enjoyed reading and was influenced by the African-American folklore that was recorded by Zora Neale Hurston and by the poetry of Sterling Brown. Jennings's wood engraving Just Plain Ornery, 1938, represents the humor associated with folklore by presenting the stubborn mule and mule races.[2]
After moving to Providence, Rhode Island in the mid-1930s, Jennings represented the effect of the urban development on the black community in some of his works. His prints included images of ferry boats, oil industry sites, race tracks, and the transformation of residential areas.[2]
Jewelry design and later work[]
In addition to establishing himself as a printmaker, Jennings supported his family by working as a jewelry designer. From 1943 until his death in 1990, Jennings developed a series of new techniques that benefited the company for which he worked, the Imperial Pearl Company. As a head jewelry designer and chief model maker, Jennings was able to reduce the thickness of castings by casting with rubber molds. And while studying at the University of Rhode Island he was able to teach himself how to cast precious metals using a lost-wax method. He also developed a method to color glass beads using alabaster and crushed colored glass which created a new jade color. His adoption of centrifugal casting as opposed to injection-molded pieces also reduced costs.[2]
After injuring his right hand in 1957, Jennings began to train himself to draw and paint left-handed, which he continued to do up until the time of his death. The subjects of his later work included landscape and social realist scenes of his community.[2]
Selected exhibitions[]
1851–1990 Exhibition of the Art of the American Negro, Chicago, Illinois[6]
1935 An Art Commentary on Lynching, New York[2]
1939 Contemporary Negro Art, Washington D.C[2]
1942 First Atlanta University Annual Exhibition of Works by Negro Artists, Atlanta, Georgia[2]
1946 Negro Artist Comes of Age, Providence, Rhode Island[2]
1939 New York World's Fair, Rhode Island[2]
1935 Arthur U. Newton Galleries, New York[4]
Selected works[]
| Year | Title | Collection | Medium |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1938 | Just Plain Ornery | The Metropolitan Museum of Art | Wood Engraving |
| 1942 | Harangue | Wood Engraving | |
| 1946 | Dead Tree | Woodcut | |
| 1937 | Still Life With Fetish | Wood Engraving | |
| ca.1939 | Lazy Bones | Woodcut |
References[]
- ^ Jump up to: a b c Messinger, Lisa; Collins, Lisa; Mustalish, Rachael (February 8, 2003). African-American Artists, 1929–1945: Prints, Drawings, and Paintings in the Metropolitan Museum of Art (1 ed.). New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art. p. 23. ISBN 0300098774.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m Elliot, Claude (August 1, 2000). Pressing On: The Graphic Work of Wilmer Jennings. Rhode Island: Museum of Art, Rhode Island School of Design. pp. 21–39. ISBN 0911517685.
- ^ Overstreet, Jennings, Floyd, Joe, Corrine, Samuel. "History". KENKELEBA HOUSE.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
- ^ Jump up to: a b Taylor, William E. (William Edward), 1934– (1996). A shared heritage : art by four African Americans. Indianapolis Museum of Art, with Indiana University Press. pp. 64, 131. ISBN 0936260629. OCLC 33357899.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
- ^ Jump up to: a b Davis, Donald F. (1984–1987). "Hale Woodruff of Atlanta: Molder of Black Artists". The Journal of Negro History. 69 (3–4): 147–154. doi:10.2307/2717619. ISSN 0022-2992. JSTOR 2717619.
- ^ American Negro Exposition (1940 : Chicago, Ill.). Exhibition of the Art of the American Negro (1851 to 1940) Assembled By the American Negro Exposition, On View July 4 to September 2, 1940, Tanner Art Galleries. 2019.
- 1910 births
- 1990 deaths
- African-American printmakers
- American jewellers
- Artists from Atlanta
- Morehouse College alumni
- Rhode Island School of Design alumni