Xeromyces

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Xeromyces
Scientific classification edit
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Ascomycota
Class: Eurotiomycetes
Order: Eurotiales
Family:
Genus: Xeromyces
L.R. Fraser 1954
Species:
X. bisporus
Binomial name
Xeromyces bisporus
L.R. Fraser 1954
Synonyms[1]
  • Monascus bisporus (L.R. Fraser) Arx 1970

Xeromyces is a monotypic genus of fungus in the family Monascaceae.[2][3] Its only species, Xeromyces bisporus, was first described by L.R. Fraser in 1954.[4] No subspecies are listed in the Catalogue of Life.[2]

It is a xerophile, being able to germinate at a water activity levels between 0.62 and 0.97,[5] lower than any other known organism with the exception of Aspergillus penicillioides.[6] However, it requires a higher water activity level to produce spores.[5] It is a spoilage microbe in dry foods with high sugar contents, especially chocolate, honey, molasses, dried fruit or tobacco. Isolation of cultures requires media with 50% glucose.[7]

The estimated genome size of X. bisporus is 24.8 Mb and the fungus lacks the genes normally associated with mycotoxin production.[8]

It has unstalked cleistothecia, and each of its asci has two ascospores. Its simple asexual state consists of one or two round terminal chlamydospores.[9]

References[]

  1. ^ Arx (1970) , In: Gen. Fungi Sporul. Cult. (Lehr):84
  2. ^ a b Bisby F.A., Roskov Y.R., Orrell T.M., Nicolson D., Paglinawan L.E., Bailly N., Kirk P.M., Bourgoin T., Baillargeon G., Ouvrard D. (red.) (2011). "Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2011 Annual Checklist". Species 2000: Reading, UK. Retrieved 6 October 2017.CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link)
  3. ^ Species Fungorum. Kirk P.M., 2010-11-23
  4. ^ L.R. Fraser (1954) , In: Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W. 78:245
  5. ^ a b Pitt, J. I., and J. H. B. Christian. "Water relations of xerophilic fungi isolated from prunes." Applied Microbiology 16.12 (1968): 1853-1858.
  6. ^ Stevenson, A., Hamill, P. G., O'kane, C. J., Kminek, G., Rummel, J. D., Voytek, M. A., Dijksterhuis, J., and Hallsworth, J. E. [1] "Aspergillus penicillioides differentiation and cell division at 0.585 water activity." Environmental Microbiology 19.2 (2017):687-697.
  7. ^ Pettersson, OV; Su-lin, LL; Lantz, H; Rice, T; Dijksterhuis, J; Houbraken, J; Samson, RA; Shnürer, J (2011). "Phylogeny and intraspecific variation of the extreme xerophile, Xeromyces bisporus". Fungal Biology. 115 (11): 1100–1111.
  8. ^ Leong, Su-lin L.; Lantz, Henrik; Pettersson, Olga V.; Frisvad, Jens C.; Thrane, Ulf; Helpleper, Hermann J.; Dijksterhuls, Jan; Grabherr, Manfred; Pettersson, Mats; Tellgren-Roth, Christian; Schnürer, Johan (2015). "Genome and physiology of the ascomycete filamentous fungus Xeromyces bisporus, the most xerophilic organism isolated to date". Environmental Microbiology. 17 (2): 496–513. doi:10.1111/1462-2920.12596. PMID 25142400.
  9. ^ Jay, James M. (1998). Modern Food Microbiology (Fifth ed.). Gaithersburg, Maryland: Aspen Publishers, Inc. p. 31. ISBN 978-0-8342-1230-5.


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