Zamrock

Zamrock is a musical genre that emerged in the 1970s in Zambia. It is described as a combination of traditional African music with psychedelic rock, garage rock, hard rock, blues and funk. Some artists also pulled from acid rock, heavy metal and folk music.

It has been described as the combined sound of Jimi Hendrix and James Brown.^[1] Many Zamrock bands were also influenced by the heavy repetitive riffs of bands like Black Sabbath, Blue Cheer, the Rolling Stones, Deep Purple, and Cream.^[2]

and his band are generally credited as the creators of this genre. Other notable artists include WITCH,^[3] The Peace, Amanaz, , and Paul Ngozi and his Ngozi Family.^[4]

History[]

Zamrock's roots can be traced back to the 1950s, with northern singers from the Copperbelt Province such as , , and .^[2] Zamrock as a musical movement came of age in the turbulent first decade after Zambia's independence from British colonialism, rising and falling in tandem with the country's economic success.^[3][1][5] Zambia's boom from its copper mines led to a bust when copper prices fell and the country was devastated by the AIDS epidemic of the 1980s.^[1]

After the country announced its independence in 1964, then-president Kenneth Kaunda introduced the slogan, "One Zambia, one nation" to promote unity.^[6] In order to celebrate the culture of the newly independent nation, Kaunda decreed that 95% of music played on radio stations had to be Zambian in origin.^[1][2] Since Western rock was popular in Africa, many Zamrock artists were inspired by bands that were popular in the West and adopted similar styles to those playing on British and American radios.

The rush to urbanization in mine-adjacent regions meant a variety of new artistic styles.^[4][1] The country's newfound wealth brought with it urban sensibilities and a surge in interest in electric guitar use.^[1] Zamrock player Paul Ngozi of the Ngozi Family is credited with creating the kalindula sound, a rhythmic pop music sound with fuzzy electric guitar leads centred around the bass guitar of the same name.^[1]

While the price of copper fell and Zambia's economy crashed, Zambia found itself surrounded by political turmoil in neighbouring states. This conflict led to a rise in anti-establishment messages in Zamrock music.^[7] When the country offered to shelter refugees, Zambia's power stations were bombed. Once-prosperous cities were at the mercy of blackouts and curfews.^[4] Musicians were reduced to playing unstable sets during daylight hours while their ticket prices became unaffordable for most.^[4][8]

The AIDS epidemic played a huge part in bringing Zamrock to an end. The disease began to spread in the 1980s and has continued to devastate the nation since. It is estimated that between 1.2 million and 1.3 million have died from AIDS in Zambia as of 2019.^[9] Every member of WITCH except Emanuel "Jagari" Chanda had died of AIDS by 2001.^[4]

A resurgence of interest across the globe in recent years, including reissues in North America and the production of a documentary, has allowed some Zamrock performers, including Jagari, to tour, perform, and record new material.^[1][8]

Definition[]

The term "Zamrock" refers to the combination of Western rock with the distinct style of African music. Zambian DJ Manessah Phiri is credited with the creation of the term.^[10]

Zamrock is heavily influenced by psychedelic rock and funk music, popular Western genres of the 1970s. It shares many features of these genres, most notably wah wah and fuzz.^[11]

References[]

External links[]

• We Intend to Cause Havoc – Interview with Chanda about Zamrock – BBC World Service (March 2019)

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