1492: Conquest of Paradise

1492: Conquest of Paradise
Theatrical release poster
Directed by	Ridley Scott[1]
Written by	Roselyne Bosch
Produced by	Alain Goldman Ridley Scott
Starring	Gérard Depardieu Armand Assante Sigourney Weaver
Cinematography	Adrian Biddle
Edited by	William M. Anderson Françoise Bonnot Les Healey Armen Minasian Deborah Zeitman
Music by	Vangelis
Production companies	Gaumont Film Company Légende Entreprises France 3 Cinéma Due West CYRK Films
Distributed by	Gaumont (France) Lauren Films (Spain)
Release date	8 October 1992 (1992-10-08) (Spain) 12 October 1992 (1992-10-12) (France)
Running time	156 minutes
Countries	France Spain
Language	English
Budget	$47 million
Box office	$59 million[2]

1492: Conquest of Paradise is a 1992 epic historical drama film directed and produced by Ridley Scott and starring Gérard Depardieu, Armand Assante, and Sigourney Weaver. It portrays a version of the travels to the New World by the Genoese explorer Christopher Columbus and the effect this had on indigenous peoples.

The film was released by Paramount Pictures to celebrate the 500th anniversary of Columbus' voyage.^[3] The premiere debuted at almost exactly the same time as Christopher Columbus: The Discovery, often leading to confusion between the two films.

Plot[]

Aware that the world is round, Christopher Columbus lobbies for a trip westwards to Asia, but lacks a crew and ship. The Catholic theologians at the University of Salamanca heavily disapprove of Columbus's plan, not being keen on ideas that go against the writings of Ptolemaeus. Columbus is approached by Martín Pinzón, a shipowner from Palos, who introduces him to the banker Santángel, whom Queen Isabella I owes money to. Columbus meets with the queen, who grants him his journey in exchange for his promise to bring back sufficient amounts of riches in gold.

Columbus deceives many crewmen by telling them that the voyage will only last seven weeks. Three ships depart. Nine weeks go by with no sign of land. The crew becomes restless and edges toward mutiny. He tries to reinvigorate them with an inspiring speech, coinciding with a fast wind, which goads the men to return to their duties. At night, Columbus notices mosquitoes on the deck, indicating that land is not far off. Suddenly, out of the mist they see the lush vegetation and sandy beaches of Guanahani.

The Europeans befriend the local natives, who show them gold they have collected. Columbus teaches one of them Spanish so that they are able to communicate. He then informs them that will return to Spain, which will be followed by the arrival of many more Europeans. Columbus leaves behind a group to begin the colonisation of the Americas. Back in Spain, he receives a high honour from the queen and has dinner with the council. They express disappointment with the small amount of gold he brought back, but the queen approves of his gifts. On the second expedition, Columbus takes 17 ships and over 1,000 men with him to the island; however, all the crewmen left behind are found to have been killed. When the tribe is confronted by Columbus and his troops, they tell him that another tribe came and killed them. Columbus chooses to believe them, but his commanding officer Moxica is not convinced. They begin to build the city of La Isabela and eventually manage to hoist the town bell into its tower.

Four years later, the natives are being forced to mine for gold. Moxica punishes one who fails to find any gold by cutting off his hand. The word of this act of violence spreads throughout the native tribes and they all disappear into the forest. Columbus begins to worry about a potential war, with the natives heavily outnumbering them. Upon return to his home, he finds his house set ablaze by Moxica and his followers, confirming his unpopularity among a certain faction of the settlers. Soon, the tribes arrive to fight the Spaniards and the island becomes war-torn, with Columbus' governorship being reassigned with orders for him to return to Spain.

Columbus is accused of nepotism and offering administrative positions to his personal friends, thereby injuring the pride of the nobles such as Moxica; he is replaced by de Bobadilla. Columbus returns to Castile to be imprisoned, but is bailed out by his sons. When summoned by the queen, she is reluctantly convinced to allow him to make another voyage, with the proviso that he neither take his brothers nor return to the colonies. As an old man, Columbus is virtually forgotten in Spain, with the discovery of the New World being credited to Amerigo Vespucci. Columbus's son Ferdinand asks his father to tell him his story so he can transcribe it.

Cast[]

Production[]

The production info is based on the Paramount Pictures pressbook.^{[clarification needed]}

The idea for the film began in 1987 when French journalist Roselyne Bosch was researching an article for the upcoming 500th anniversary of Columbus' arrival in the Americas. While examining copies of Columbus' letters to Queen Isabel and King Ferdinand, Bosch realized there was interesting material for a screenplay and began additional research on the events surrounding the voyages such as biographies on Columbus and original documents and translations. Bosch then teamed with French producer Alain Goldman. Hoping to set their sights on attracting a major film director, they met with Ridley Scott as well as , producer of Thelma and Louise and vice president of Scott's production company.

Bosch remembers, "I chose to explore the most exciting theory about him – that he was a rebel who pushed the limits of his time; not just geographically, but also socially and politically. You can't imagine a more complex personality than his. There are several men in one."

After Bosch teamed with French producer Alain Goldman, the duo set their sights on attracting a major film director. "Bosch's approach satisfied my curiosity about what kind of leader, seaman and father he was," says Goldman.

Goldman and Bosch met with director Ridley Scott and , executive vice president of his production company and producer of Thelma and Louise. According to Polka-Sotela, "We thought Roselyne's approach was very interesting. As a journalist, she had clearly done her research and her approach was to be honest but fair about Columbus – his obsessions, what he did in order to try and fulfill his dreams: both the positive and the negative results from the pursuit of this quest." According to Scott,"He was a bright light emerging from a dark age, a man looking for renaissance."

Ridley Scott and Alain Goldman joined forces in the autumn of 1990 and the film went into pre-production. While Bosch was finishing the script the producers, CAA, Sinclair Tenenbaum, and Marriott Harrison Solicitors secured financing for what became an international co-production through , and in North America with Paramount Pictures.

Gerard Depardieu was cast in the lead and prepared for the role researching Columbus's letters.

Armand Assante was cast as Sanchez, treasurer of the Spanish crown. According to Ridley Scott, "Sanchez actually existed, but very little is known about him. He personifies the nobility and the forces that eventually brought Columbus down."

Sigourney Weaver was cast as Queen Isabel. According to Scott, "I think Sigourney has a kind of stature as well as a vulnerability that I think Isabel must have had. And that's where the impact lay in the relationship between her and Columbus. It would be silly to suggest it was ever anything approaching sexual, but there was something that obviously impressed Isabel about him."

Michael Wincott was cast as the villain, the disturbed nobleman Adrian de Moxica, who incites a brutal mutiny in the New World. According to Wincott, "Moxica is a creature of his lineage, a man of absolute and corrupt power. To him, Columbus is a peasant and a foreigner, and taking orders from someone so beneath his station is total humiliation. It would have been impossible for them to get along."

Scott and his production team scouted in Spain for more than four months before choosing locations in such historic cities as Caceres, Trujillo, Seville, and Salamanca. The filmmakers were given permission by Spanish authorities to film in world-famous monuments like the Alcazar and Casa de Pilatos in Seville and the Old Cathedral of Salamanca. In Spain, 350 carpenters, laborers and painters worked on the film. Era appropriate props were specially constructed and later-era replicas were secured from antique dealers and prop houses in Madrid, Seville, Rome, and London.

Costume Designer Charles Knode created more than 3,000 costumes. According to Knode, "What we always tried to do was have clothing, not costumes. We tried to make everything look lived-in." Eight outfits were created for Queen Isabel, including a gold brocade gown with a 30-foot printed velvet train and gem-encrusted headdress.

According to Gerard Depardieu, "Once I'm on the set, it's like an explosion of joy," Depardieu says. "I am happy to follow the director and I don't want to convince him of a different approach to a scene. With Ridley Scott I've managed to build up exactly the kind of relationship I yearn for on the set." For settings for the New World, Cuba, Mexico, the Dominican Republic, and Colombia were considered, but Costa Rica was chosen. According to Scott, "Costa Rica has been called 'the Switzerland of the Indies.' It's balanced politically, has no army, and has 95% literacy. Apart from that I needed to have islands, beaches, mainlands, and jungle, and I found it all in Costa Rica." While filming in Costa Rica, the production was based in Jacó, a small town on the Pacific coast. In addition to heavy humidity and 100+ °F (37.8+ °C) temperatures, the production crew had to deal with alligators, scorpions and poisonous snakes. A snake handler was on hand to help keep them away. Ten major sets were built, including three Indian villages, a gold mine, and Columbus's city of Isabel, a twenty acre set which included a cathedral, city hall, an army barracks, a jail, and a two-story governor's mansion for Columbus. Scenes in the New World were often enhanced by atmospheric effects such as mist, smoke, rain, and fire.

170 indigenous people of Costa Rica comprising four tribes, the Bribri, Maleku, Boruca, and Cabecar, were cast as the natives that Columbus encountered. One of the featured natives was , who played Utapan, Columbus's translator. Moya's father, Alejandrino, was cast as Chief Guarionex, and his grandfather, Florin, was cast as the tribe's shaman. Other members of Moya's tribe, the Colombian Waunana, helped build totem poles, dugout canoes, furniture, and weapons. According to cast member Alejandrino Moya, "I feel that the people we are portraying are both noble and dignified, and I would have been proud to have been part of their tribe."

, a British-based company, refashioned the Santa Maria and Pinta replicas from the hull up from two early 20th century era brigantines. The Nina was constructed in Brazil specifically for the film for the film's 500th anniversary by the Columbus Foundation. The Santa Maria and Nina sailed from Britain to Costa Rica, arriving 10 December 1991 where they joined the Nina.

Filming commenced on 2 December 1991 and ended 10 March 1992, according to imdb.com

Music[]

Renowned Greek composer Vangelis composed the score. Its main theme, "Conquest of Paradise", was used by former Portuguese Prime-Minister António Guterres at his 1995 election and it was used by the Portuguese Socialist Party as its campaign and rally anthem,^[4][5][6] although it was replaced by the main theme from Gladiator (curiously another Ridley Scott film) since the first José Sócrates legislative elections campaign,^[7] which doesn't prevent the theme from still being deeply associated with the Socialist Party.^[8]

Russia used it in the 2nd round of the 1996 Russian presidential election^[9]

The theme is also used at the starting line of the Ultra-Trail du Mont-Blanc ultramarathon. The German boxer Henry Maske (former world champion (IBF) in the Light heavyweight category) used the main theme as his official entry theme during his professional career. Other usages of the theme include New Zealand Super 15 Rugby franchise the Canterbury Crusaders, as they run onto the field, often accompanied by actors dressed as knights and riding on horseback, and rugby league team Wigan Warriors who play in the Super League, as well as being played before the start of every match in the 2010 and 2014 cricket World Twenty20 championships as well as the 2011 Cricket World Cup. In these events the theme was played right before the national anthems of the two competing nations, as the flags of the two nations were carried into the ground, accompanied by the players of the two teams. The theme was also played in the Top Gear: US Special and became a signature piece for World Professional Champion figure skaters Anita Hartshorn and Frank Sweiding. Despite the film's dismal box office intake in the United States, the film's score became a successful album worldwide.

Reception[]

Box office[]

1492: Conquest of Paradise opened on 66 screens in Spain, grossing $1 million in its first five days.^[10] In the United States and Canada, it opened 9 October 1992 in 1,008 theaters. The version released there was edited to 150 minutes, with some violence and brutality removed in order to achieve a PG-13 rating.^[11] The film was a flop in the United States, debuting at number 7 with a gross of $3,002,680; worse than the opening of Christopher Columbus: The Discovery earlier in the year, and went on to gross just $7 million.^[12][13][14] It opened in France on 12 October 1992, grossing $1.46 million for the weekend from 264 screens.^[10] In its second week in Europe, it was the highest-grossing film with a gross of over $7.7 million, including $1.77 million in its opening week in Germany from 213 screens. It did not open well in Italy with $261,800 in its opening weekend from 33 screens.^[15][16] By the end of 1992, it had grossed $40 million internationally, for a worldwide total of $47 million.^[17] It went on to gross $59 million.^[18]

Critical response[]

Overall, the film received mixed reviews from critics,^{[19][20][21][22][23]} with the review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes giving the film a 32% rating based on 22 reviews with the critical consensus: "Historically inaccurate and dramatically inert, Ridley Scott's retelling of Christopher Columbus' exploits is an epic without grandeur or insight".^[24] However, film critic Roger Ebert said that the film was satisfactory, and that "Depardieu lends it gravity, the supporting performances are convincing, the locations are realistic, and we are inspired to reflect that it did indeed take a certain nerve to sail off into nowhere just because an orange was round."^[25] Audiences surveyed by CinemaScore gave the film a grade of "B+" on scale of A+ to F.^[26]

See also[]

• Christopher Columbus: The Discovery, another film about Columbus released in 1992
• Carry On Columbus, a comedy-film about Columbus released in 1992
• The Magic Voyage, an animated film about Christopher Columbus also released in 1992

References[]

External links[]

Wikiquote has quotations related to: 1492: Conquest of Paradise

• 1492: Conquest of Paradise at IMDb
• 1492 Conquest of Paradise at Rotten Tomatoes
• 1492: Conquest of Paradise at Box Office Mojo