Black Hawk Down (film)

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Black Hawk Down
Black hawk down ver1.jpg
Theatrical release poster
Directed byRidley Scott
Screenplay byKen Nolan
Based onBlack Hawk Down: A Story of Modern War
by Mark Bowden
Produced byJerry Bruckheimer
Ridley Scott
Starring
CinematographySławomir Idziak
Edited byPietro Scalia
Music byHans Zimmer
Production
companies
Distributed bySony Pictures Releasing
Release date
  • December 28, 2001 (2001-12-28) (United States)
Running time
144 minutes[1]
CountriesUnited States
United Kingdom[2]
LanguageEnglish
Budget$110.5 million[3]
Box office$173 million[4]

Black Hawk Down is a 2001 war film directed and produced by Ridley Scott, and co-produced by Jerry Bruckheimer, from a screenplay by Ken Nolan. It is based on the 1999 non-fiction book of the same name by journalist Mark Bowden, about the U.S. military's 1993 raid in Mogadishu. The film features a large ensemble cast, including Josh Hartnett, Ewan McGregor, Eric Bana, Tom Sizemore, William Fichtner, Sam Shepard, Jeremy Piven and Tom Hardy in his first film role.

Black Hawk Down had a limited release on December 28, 2001, and went into the public on January 18, 2002. The film received positive reviews from film critics, although it was heavily criticized for its inaccuracies, and sparked controversy for its portrayal of Somalis. The film performed modestly well at the box office, grossing $172 million worldwide against a production budget of $92 to $110 million. Black Hawk Down won two Academy Awards for Best Film Editing and Best Sound at the 74th Academy Awards.[5] In 2006, an extended cut of the film was released on DVD. The cut contains an additional eight minutes of footage, increasing the running time to 152 minutes. This extended cut was released on Blu-ray and in 4K on May 7, 2019.[citation needed]

Plot[]

Following the ousting of the central government in 1993 amid the civil war in Somalia, the United Nations Security Council authorizes a military operation with a peacekeeping mandate. After the bulk of the peacekeepers withdraw, the Mogadishu-based militia loyal to Mohamed Farrah Aidid declares war on the remaining UN personnel. In response, U.S. President Clinton deploys Task Force Ranger - consisting of 3rd Battalion/75th Ranger Regiment, Delta Force operators, and flight crew of the 160th SOAR – to Mogadishu to capture Aidid, who has proclaimed himself president.

To consolidate his power and subdue the population in the south, Aidid and his militia seize Red Cross food shipments. The UN forces are powerless to intervene directly. Outside Mogadishu, Rangers and Delta Force capture Osman Ali Atto, a faction leader selling arms to Aidid's militia. The US then plans a mission to capture Omar Salad Elmi and Abdi Hassan Awale Qeybdiid, two of Aidid's top advisers.

The U.S. forces include experienced men as well as new recruits, including 18-year-old Private First Class Todd Blackburn and Specialist John Grimes, a desk clerk. Staff Sergeant Matthew Eversmann receives his first command, of Ranger Chalk Four, after his lieutenant suffers a seizure. Eversmann responds to mocking remarks about Somalis from fellow soldiers by saying he respects the Somalis and has compassion for the terrible conditions of civil war for the Somali people, saying there are two things they can do, "We can help, or we can sit back and watch a country destroy itself on CNN."

The operation begins, and Delta Force operators capture Aidid's advisers inside the target building, while the Rangers and helicopters escorting the ground-extraction convoy take heavy fire. Blackburn is severely injured when he falls from one of the Black Hawk helicopters, so three Humvees led by Staff Sergeant Jeff Struecker are detached from the convoy to return Blackburn to the UN-held Mogadishu Airport.

Sergeant Dominick Pilla is shot and killed just as Struecker's column departs, and shortly thereafter Black Hawk Super Six-One, piloted by Chief Warrant Officer Clifton "Elvis" Wolcott, is shot down by a rocket-propelled grenade. Wolcott and his co-pilot are killed, the two crew chiefs are wounded, and one Delta Force sniper on board, Busch, escapes in an MH-6 Little Bird helicopter but dies later from his wounds.

The ground forces are rerouted to converge on the crash site. The Somali militia erects roadblocks, and Lieutenant Colonel Danny McKnight's Humvee column is unable to reach the crash area and sustains heavy casualties. Meanwhile, two Ranger Chalks, including Eversmann's unit, reach Super-Six One's crash site and set up a defensive perimeter to await evacuation with the two wounded men and the fallen pilots. In the interim, Super Six-Four, piloted by Chief Warrant Officer Michael Durant, is also shot down by a rocket-propelled grenade and crashes several blocks away.

With Captain Mike Steele's Rangers pinned down and sustaining heavy casualties, no ground forces can reach Super Six-Four's crash site nor reinforce the Rangers defending Super Six-One. Two Delta Force snipers, Sergeant First Class Randy Shughart and Master Sergeant Gary Gordon, are inserted by helicopter to Super Six-Four's crash site, where they find Durant still alive. The site is eventually overrun, Gordon and Shughart are killed, and Durant is captured by Aidid's militia.

McKnight's column relinquishes their attempt to reach Six-One's crash site, and returns to base with their prisoners and the casualties. The men prepare to go back to extract the Rangers and the fallen pilots, and Major General Garrison sends Lieutenant Colonel Joe Cribbs to ask for reinforcements from the 10th Mountain Division, including Malaysian and Pakistani armored units from the UN coalition.

As night falls, Aidid's militia launches a sustained assault on the trapped Americans at Super Six-One's crash site. The militants are held off throughout the night by strafing runs and rocket attacks from AH-6J Little Bird helicopter gunships until the 10th Mountain Division's relief column is able to reach the American soldiers. The wounded and casualties are evacuated in the vehicles, but a few Rangers and Delta Force soldiers are forced to run on foot from the crash site to reach the Safe Zone at the stadium.

The end titles recount the immediate aftermath of the mission and end of US military operations in Somalia: Michael Durant was released after 11 days of captivity, after which President Bill Clinton withdrew all US forces from Somalia. During the raid, more than 1000 Somalis and 19 American soldiers died. The names of the 19 soldiers who died, including Delta Sgts. Gordon and Shughart, who were the first soldiers to receive the Medal of Honor posthumously since the Vietnam War, were listed by name. Mohamed Farah Aidid was killed in 1996. The following day, General Garrison retired.

Cast[]

75th Rangers[]

Delta Force[]

160th SOAR (Night Stalkers)[]

  • Ron Eldard as CWO4 Michael Durant, pilot of Super 64
  • Glenn Morshower as COL Thomas Matthews, commander of 1st Battalion, 160th SOAR
  • Jeremy Piven as CW4 Clifton Wolcott, pilot of Super 61
  • Boyd Kestner as CW3 Mike Goffena, pilot of Super 62
  • Pavel Vokoun as CW3 Bull Briley, co-pilot of Super 61
  • Jason Hildebrandt as CW3 Dan Jollota, pilot of Super 68
  • Keith Jones as himself, co-pilot of Star 41

Miscellaneous[]

Production[]

Adapting Black Hawk Down: a Story of Modern War by Mark Bowden was the idea of director Simon West, who suggested to Jerry Bruckheimer that he should buy the film rights and let West direct. West moved on to direct Lara Croft: Tomb Raider (2001) instead.[6]

Ken Nolan was credited as screenwriter, and others contributed uncredited: Mark Bowden wrote an adaptation of his own book, Stephen Gaghan was hired to do a rewrite, Steven Zaillian and Ezna Sands rewrote the majority of Gaghan and Nolan's work, actor Sam Shepard (MGen. Garrison) rewrote some of his own dialogue, and Eric Roth wrote Josh Hartnett and Eric Bana's concluding speeches. Ken Nolan was on set for four months rewriting his script and the previous work by Gaghan, Zaillian, and Bowden. He was given sole screenwriting credit by a WGA committee.

The book relied on a dramatization of participant accounts, which were the basis of the movie. SPC John Stebbins was renamed as fictional "John Grimes." Stebbins had been convicted by court martial in 1999 for the rape and forcible sodomy of his six-year-old daughter.[7] Mark Bowden said the Pentagon, ever sensitive about public image decided to alter factual history by requesting the change.[8] Bowden wrote early screenplay drafts, before Bruckheimer gave it to screenwriter Nolan. The POW-captor conversation, between pilot Mike Durant and militiaman Firimbi, is from a Bowden script draft.

To keep the film at a manageable length, 100 key figures in the book were condensed to 39. The movie also does not feature any Somali actors.[9] Additionally, no Somali consultants were hired for accuracy, according to writer Bowden.[10]

For military verisimilitude, the Ranger actors took a one-week Ranger familiarization course at Fort Benning, the Delta Force actors took a two-week commando course from the 1st Special Warfare Training Group at Fort Bragg, and Ron Eldard and the actors playing 160th SOAR helicopter pilots were lectured by captured aviator Michael Durant at Fort Campbell.

The U.S. Army supplied the materiel and the helicopters from the 160th Special Operations Aviation Regiment. Most pilots (e.g., Keith Jones, who speaks some dialogue) had participated in the historic battle on October 3–4, 1993.[11]

On the last day of their week-long Army Ranger orientation at Fort Benning, the actors who portrayed the Rangers received letters slipped under their doors. It thanked them for their hard work, and asked them to "tell our story true", signed with the names of the men who died in the Mogadishu firefight.[11] A platoon of Rangers from B-3/75 did the fast-roping scenes and appeared as extras; John Collette, a Ranger Specialist during the battle, served as a stunt performer.[12]

Many of the actors bonded with the soldiers who trained them for their roles. Actor Tom Sizemore said, "What really got me at training camp was the Ranger Creed. I don't think most of us can understand that kind of mutual devotion. It's like having 200 best friends and every single one of them would die for you".[11]

Filming began in March 2001 in Salé, Morocco, and concluded in late June.[13]

Although the filmmakers considered filming in Jordan, they found the city of Amman too built up and landlocked. Scott and production designer Arthur Max subsequently turned to Morocco, where they had previously worked on Gladiator. Scott preferred that urban setting for authenticity.[11] Most of the film was photographed in the cities of Rabat and Salé; the Task Force Ranger base sequences were filmed at Kénitra[14] and Mehdya.

Music[]

Main article: Black Hawk Down (soundtrack)

The musical score for Black Hawk Down was composed by Hans Zimmer, who previously collaborated with director Scott on several films including Thelma & Louise (1991) and Gladiator (2000). Zimmer developed the score through a collaboration with a variety of musicians that blended "east African rhythms and sounds with a more conventional synthesizer approach."[15] In doing so, Zimmer avoided a more traditional composition in favor of an experimental approach that would match the tone of the film. "I wanted to do it like the way the movie was," said Zimmer. "So I got myself a band together and we just went into my studio [...] and we'd just be flailing away at the picture, I mean, you know with great energy."[16] A soundtrack album was released on January 15, 2002, by Decca Records.[17]

Reception[]

Box office[]

Black Hawk Down had a limited release in four theaters on December 28, 2001, in order to be eligible for the 2001 Oscars. It earned $179,823 in its first weekend, averaging $44,956 per theater. On January 11, 2002, the release expanded to 16 theaters and continued to do well with a weekly gross of $1,118,003 and an average daily per theater gross of $9,982. On January 18, 2002, the film had its wide release, opening at 3,101 theaters and earning $28,611,736 in its first wide-release weekend to finish first at the box office for the weekend. Opening on the Martin Luther King holiday, the film grossed $5,014,475 on the holiday of Monday, January 21, 2002, for a 4-day weekend total of $33,628,211. Only Titanic had previously grossed more money over the Martin Luther King holiday weekend. Black Hawk Down finished first at the box office during its first three weeks of wide release. When the film was pulled from theatres on April 14, 2002, after its 15th week, it had grossed $108,638,746 domestically and $64,350,906 overseas for a worldwide total of $172,989,651.[4]

Critical response[]

On Rotten Tomatoes the film has an approval rating of 76% based on 173 reviews, with an average rating of 7.00/10. The website's critical consensus reads, "Though it's light on character development and cultural empathy, Black Hawk Down is a visceral, pulse-pounding portrait of war, elevated by Ridley Scott's superb technical skill."[18] On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 74 out of 100, based on reviews from 33 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".[19] Audiences surveyed by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A-" on an A+ to F scale.[20]

Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times gave the film four stars out of four, saying that films like this "help audiences understand and sympathize with the actual experiences of combat troops, instead of trivializing them into entertainments."[21] Empire magazine gave it a verdict of "ambitious, sumptuously framed, and frenetic, Black Hawk Down is nonetheless a rare find of a war movie which dares to turn genre convention on its head".[22] Mike Clark of USA Today wrote that the film "extols the sheer professionalism of America's elite Delta Force—even in the unforeseen disaster that was 1993's Battle of Mogadishu," and praised Scott's direction: "in relating the conflict, in which 18 Americans died and 70-plus were injured, the standard getting-to-know-you war-film characterizations are downplayed. While some may regard this as a shortcoming, it is, in fact, a virtue".[23]

The film has had a small cultural legacy, which has been studied academically by media analysts dissecting how media reflects American perceptions of war. Newsweek writer Evan Thomas considered the movie one of the most culturally significant films of the George W. Bush presidency. He suggested that although the film was presented as being anti-war, it was at its core pro-war. He further wrote that "though it depicted a shameful defeat, the soldiers were heroes willing to die for their brothers in arms … The movie showed brutal scenes of killing, but also courage, stoicism and honor ... The overall effect was stirring, if slightly pornographic, and it seemed to enhance the desire of Americans for a thumping war to avenge 9/11."[24]

Stephen A. Klien, writing in Critical Studies in Media Communication, argued that the film's sensational rendering of war had the effect of encouraging audiences to empathize with the film's pro-soldier leitmotif and "conflate personal support of American soldiers with support of American military policy" and discourage "critical public discourse concerning justification for and execution of military interventionist policy."[25]

Accolades[]

Black Hawk Down received four Academy Award nominations for Best Director (lost to A Beautiful Mind) and Best Cinematography (lost to The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring) and won two Oscars for Best Sound and Best Film Editing. It received three BAFTA Award nominations for Best Cinematography, Best Sound and Best Editing.

Award Category Nominee Result Ref.
Academy Awards Best Director Ridley Scott Nominated
Best Cinematography Slawomir Idziak Nominated
Best Film Editing Pietro Scalia Won
Best Sound Michael Minkler
Myron Nettinga
Chris Munro		 Won
BAFTA Award Best Cinematography Slawomir Idziak Nominated
Best Editing Pietro Scalia Nominated
Best Sound Chris Munro
Per Hallberg
Michael Minkler
Myron Nettinga
Karen Baker Landers		 Nominated
AFI Award Cinematographer of the Year Slawomir Idziak Nominated
Director of the Year Ridley Scott Nominated
Editor of the Year Pietro Scalia Nominated
Movie of the Year Jerry Bruckheimer
Ridley Scott		 Nominated
Production Designer of the Year Arthur Max Nominated
NBR Award Top Ten Films Won
Saturn Award Best Action/Adventure/Thriller Film Nominated
Eddie Award Best Edited Feature Film – Dramatic Pietro Scalia Won
ADG Excellence in Production
Design Award		 Contemporary Film Keith Pain
Marco Trentini
Gianni Giovagnoni
Cliff Robinson
Pier Luigi Basile
Ivo Husnjak
Arthur Max		 Nominated
Harry Award Won
Golden Reel Award Best Sound Editing – Dialogue and ADR
in a Feature Film		 Per Hallberg
Karen Baker Landers
Chris Jargo
Mark L. Mangino
Chris Hogan		 Won
Best Sound Editing – Effects & Foley,
Domestic Feature Film		 Per Hallberg
Karen Baker Landers
Craig S. Jaeger
Jon Title
Christopher Assells
Dino Dimuro
Dan Hegeman
Michael A. Reagan
Gregory Hainer
Perry Robertson
Peter Staubli
Bruce Tanis
Michael Hertlein
Solange S. Schwalbe		 Won
Plus Camerimage Golden Frog Slawomir Idziak Nominated
Cinema Audio Society Award Outstanding Sound Mixing
for Motion Pictures		 Michael Minkler
Myron Nettinga
Chris Munro		 Nominated
Directors Guild of America Award Outstanding Directorial Achievement
in Motion Pictures		 Ridley Scott Nominated
Golden Trailer Award Best Drama Trailer Park, Inc. Nominated
MTV Movie Award Best Movie Nominated
Best Action Sequence First helicopter crash Nominated
PFCS Award Best Acting Ensemble Eric Bana
Ewen Bremner
William Fichtner
Josh Hartnett
Jason Isaacs
Ewan McGregor
Sam Shepard
Tom Sizemore		 Nominated
Best Cinematography Slawomir Idziak Nominated
Best Film Editing Pietro Scalia Nominated
Teen Choice Award Choice Movie Actor: Action/Drama Josh Hartnett Nominated
Choice Movie: Action/Drama Nominated
World Soundtrack Award Best Original Soundtrack of the Year Hans Zimmer Nominated
Soundtrack Composer of the Year Nominated
Writers Guild of America Award Best Screenplay Based on Material
Previously Produced or Published		 Ken Nolan Nominated
ASCAP Award Top Box Office Films Hans Zimmer (also for The Ring) Won
DVD Exclusive Award Best Overall DVD, New Movie
(Including All Extra Features)		 Charles de Lauzirika (Deluxe Edition) Nominated
Saturn Award Best DVD Special Edition Release Nominated

Controversies and inaccuracies[]

Soon after Black Hawk Down's release, the Somali Justice Advocacy Center (SJAC) in California denounced what they felt was its brutal and dehumanizing depiction of Somalis and called for its boycott.[26] The SJAC in Minnesota called for a boycott of the film' for its portrayal of Somalis as "'savage beasts shooting each other.''[27]

In a radio interview, Brendan Sexton, who portrayed fallen ranger PVT. Richard "Alphabet" Kowalewski, said the version of the film which made it onto theater screens significantly differed from the one recounted in the original script. According to him, many scenes asking hard questions of the US regarding the violent realities of war and the true purpose of their mission in Somalia were cut.[28]

In a review featured in The New York Times, film critic Elvis Mitchell expressed dissatisfaction with the film's "lack of characterization" and opined that the film "reeks of glumly staged racism".[29] Owen Gleiberman and Sean Burns, the film critics for the mainstream magazine Entertainment Weekly and the alternative newspaper Philadelphia Weekly, respectively, echoed the sentiment that the depiction was racist.[30]

American film critic Wheeler Winston Dixon also found the film's "absence of motivation and characterization" disturbing, and wrote that while American audiences might find the film to be a "paean to patriotism", other audiences might find it to be a "deliberately hostile enterprise"; nevertheless, Dixon lauded the film's "spectacular display of pyrotechnics coupled with equally adroit editing."[31]

Jerry Bruckheimer, the film's producer, rejected such claims on The O'Reilly Factor, putting them down to political correctness in part due to Hollywood's liberal leanings.[32][33]

Somali nationals charge that the African actors chosen to play the Somalis in the film do not resemble the culturally unique features of the Horn of Africa, nor does the language they communicate in sound like the Afro-Asiatic tongue spoken by the Somali people. They also claim the abrasive way lines are delivered and lack of authenticity regarding Somali culture fails to capture the tone, mannerisms, and spirit of actual life in Somalia. No Somali actors were used in the movie.[9]

In an interview with the BBC, the faction leader Osman Ali Atto said that many aspects of the film are factually incorrect. Taking exception with the ostentatious depiction of his character, Ali Atto claimed he looks nothing like the actor who portrayed him, nor that he smoked cigars or wore earrings.[34] These details were later confirmed by SEAL Team Six sniper Howard E. Wasdin in his 2012 memoirs. Wasdin also indicated that while the character in the movie ridiculed his captors, in reality, Atto seemed concerned that Wasdin and his men had been sent to kill rather than apprehend him.[35] Atto additionally stated that he had not been consulted about the project, nor was he approached for permission to use his likeness, and that the film sequence re-enacting his arrest contained several inaccuracies:[34]

First of all when I was caught on 21 September, I was only travelling with one Fiat 124, not three vehicles as it shows in the film[…] And when the helicopter attacked, people were hurt, people were killed[...] The car we were travelling in, (and) I have got proof, it was hit at least 50 times. And my colleague Ahmed Ali was injured on both legs[…] I think it was not right, the way they portrayed both the individual and the action. It was not right.[34]

Navy SEAL Wasdin similarly remarked that while olive green military rigger's tape was used to mark the roof of the car in question in the movie, his team in actuality managed to track down Atto's whereabouts using a much more sophisticated technique involving the implantation of a homing device. This was hidden in a cane presented to Atto as a gift from a contact who routinely met with him, which eventually led the team directly to the faction leader.[35]

Malaysian military officials whose own troops were involved in the fighting have likewise raised complaints regarding the film's accuracy. Retired Brigadier-General Abdul Latif Ahmad, who at the time commanded Malaysian forces in Mogadishu, told the AFP news agency that Malaysian moviegoers would be under the erroneous impression that the real battle was fought by the Americans alone, with Malaysian troops relegated to serving as "mere bus drivers to ferry them out".[36]

General Pervez Musharraf, who later became President of Pakistan after a coup, similarly accused the filmmakers of not crediting the work done by the Pakistani soldiers. In his autobiography In the Line of Fire: A Memoir, Musharraf wrote:

The outstanding performance of the Pakistani troops under adverse conditions is very well known at the UN. Regrettably, the film Black Hawk Down ignores the role of Malaysia and Pakistan in Somalia. When U.S. troops were trapped in the thickly populated Madina Bazaar area of Mogadishu, it was the Seventh Frontier Force Regiment of the Pakistan Army that reached out and extricated them. The bravery of the U.S. troops notwithstanding, we deserved equal, if not more, credit; but the filmmakers depicted the incident as involving only Americans.[37]

Somalis attending a screening of a pirated copy of the film at a theater in Mogadishu claimed the film ignored the deaths of hundreds, if not thousands, of civilian adults and children caused by the Americans.[27][38]

Mogadishu Mile[]

It is often believed that the soldiers involved in the Mogadishu Mile had to run all the way to the Mogadiscio Stadium, as shown in the film. However, in that scene the filmmakers took artistic license and dramatized the event, departing from the book. In the film, the Mogadishu Mile ends with about a dozen soldiers entering the Mogadiscio Stadium having run all the way through the city. In the book, it ends with soldiers reaching a rendezvous point on National Street (in the opposite direction from the stadium):

"As he approached the intersection of Hawlwadig Road and National Street, about five blocks south of the Olympic Hotel, he saw a tank and the line of APCs and Humvees and a mass of men in desert battle dress. He ran until he collapsed, with joy"[39]

The Rangers and Delta Force soldiers were not the only members of the U.S. military operation who walked the Mogadishu Mile; they were also joined by soldiers from the U.S. 10th Mountain Division:

"We didn't ride off the crash site. We didn't run out. We walked expediently in a tactical formation for about a mile to get to an awaiting convoy."[40][41]

For the most part, the scene in the film where the convoy leaves the soldiers running through the city streets alone does not accurately portray what really happened:

"No one ran out of the city. The Mog mile was to a rally point where the Pakistani tanks and the vehicles from 10th Mountain were, waiting to take the men of TFR out to the Pakistani stadium."[42][43][41]

"These APCs were headed back about 800 meters to a strongpoint where reserve element has stayed behind with the tanks, and the plan was to move the wounded via the vehicles and the healthy by foot back to the strongpoint. That's exactly what happened. That, in all its non-dramatic form, is the so-called "Mogadishu mile"..."[44]

"Only the dead have seen the end of war."[]

The film begins with the quote "Only the dead have seen the end of war.", which is misattributed to Plato. Research shows this quote first appeared in the works of George Santayana.[45][46][47]

See also[]

References[]

  1. ^ "BLACK HAWK DOWN". bbfc.co.uk. British Board of Film Classification. January 9, 2002. Retrieved January 24, 2019.
  2. ^ "Black Hawk Down (2002)". British Film Institute. Retrieved June 23, 2017.
  3. ^ Lang, Brent (September 1, 2011). "'Inside the Revolution Library: Where Joe Roth Went Wrong". TheWrap.com. Retrieved June 28, 2017.
  4. ^ Jump up to: a b "Black Hawk Down (2001)". Box Office Mojo. Amazon.com. Retrieved October 26, 2007.
  5. ^ "The 74th Academy Awards (2002) Nominees and Winners". Oscars.org. Retrieved November 19, 2011.
  6. ^ "Black Hawk Down". The Hollywood Reporter. 401. 2007. p. 94.
  7. ^ "Text of the decision from USCourts.gov". Retrieved February 21, 2011.
  8. ^ Turner, Megan (November 18, 2001). "War-Film "Hero" Is A Rapist". New York Post. Retrieved December 10, 2006.
  9. ^ Jump up to: a b "Somalis flock to bootleg 'Black Hawk'". ljworld. Retrieved February 21, 2011.
  10. ^ "Institute for Social and Cultural Communications". Z Magazine. 15 (1–6): 6. 2002.
  11. ^ Jump up to: a b c d Rubin, Steven Jay (2011). "Black Hawk Down". Combat Films: American Realism, 1945-2010 (2 ed.). McFarland. pp. 257–262. ISBN 978-0-7864-5892-9.
  12. ^ Laurence, John Shelton; McGarrahan, John G. (2008). "Operation Restore Honor in Black Hawk Down". In Peter C. Rollins; John E. O'Connor (eds.). Why we fought: America's wars in film and history. University Press of Kentucky. p. 431. ISBN 978-0-8131-9191-1.
  13. ^ Production Notes.
  14. ^ Raw, Laurence (2009). The Ridley Scott Encyclopedia. Scarecrow Press. Lanham, Maryland. p. 209. ISBN 978-0-8108-6951-6.
  15. ^ Clarke, James (2002). Ridley Scott. London: Virgin Books. ISBN 0753507315.
  16. ^ Appelo, Tim (November 3, 2014). "Composer Hans Zimmer Talks 'Interstellar' Origin, Punk Influence on 'Dark Knight' (Exclusive Video)". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved May 29, 2018.
  17. ^ "Black Hawk Down Soundtrack". Soundtrack.Net. Autotelics, LLC. Retrieved May 29, 2018.
  18. ^ "Black Hawk Down". Rotten Tomatoes. Fandango Media. Retrieved November 5, 2020.
  19. ^ "Black Hawk Down". Metacritic. CBS Interactive. Retrieved November 5, 2020.
  20. ^ "BLACKHAWK DOWN (2001) A-". CinemaScore. Archived from the original on December 20, 2018.
  21. ^ Ebert, Roger (January 18, 2002). "Black Hawk Down movie review & film summary (2002)". Chicago Sun-Times.
  22. ^ Dinning, Mark. "Empire's Black Hawk Down Movie Review". Empire (film magazine). Retrieved October 20, 2020.
  23. ^ Clark, Mike (December 28, 2001). "Black Hawk' turns nightmare into great cinema". USA Today. Retrieved October 20, 2020.
  24. ^ (2008-12-12). "'Black Hawk Down': Arts and culture in the Bush era". TheDailyBeast.com, Newsweek. Retrieved October 23, 2011.
  25. ^ (2010-12-21). "Black Hawk Down, Down, Down: Three Perspectives on the Film" Archived March 19, 2012, at the Wayback Machine. UncurledFist.com. Retrieved October 23, 2011.
  26. ^ "Black Hawk Rising". ZMag.org. Retrieved September 15, 2014.
  27. ^ Jump up to: a b Jr, Donald G. McNeil (January 22, 2002). "Mogadishu Journal; For the Somalis, a Manhunt Movie to Muse Over (Published 2002)". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved January 24, 2021.
  28. ^ "As 'Black Hawk Down' Director Ridley Scott Is Nominated for An Oscar, An Actor in the Film Speaks Out Against Its Pro-War Message". DemocracyNow.org. Retrieved February 21, 2011.
  29. ^ Mitchell, Elvis (December 28, 2001). "Mission Of Mercy Goes Bad In Africa". The New York Times. Retrieved April 26, 2010.
  30. ^ "Sean Burns: "Ridley Scott and Jerry Bruckheimer's latest is racist crap"". PhiladelphiaWeekly. July 2017. Archived from the original on October 12, 2018. Retrieved February 21, 2011.
  31. ^ Dixon, Wheeler, Winston (2003). Visions of the Apocalypse: Spectacles of Destruction in American Cinema (Paperback ed.). London and New York: Wallflower Press. ISBN 1-903364-74-4.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) ISBN 1-903364-38-8 (hardcover), see page 76, lines 11-15
  32. ^ "Down the Tubes". Philadelphia Weekly.
  33. ^ "Defending Black Hawk Down". FoxNews. January 15, 2002. Retrieved February 21, 2011.
  34. ^ Jump up to: a b c "Warlord thumbs down for Somalia film". BBC News. January 29, 2002. Retrieved February 3, 2012.
  35. ^ Jump up to: a b Wasdin, Howard (2011). SEAL Team Six – Memoirs of a US Navy Sniper. pp. 225–226.
  36. ^ "Jingoism jibe over Black Hawk Down". BBC News. January 21, 2002. Retrieved January 1, 2010.
  37. ^ Musharraf, Pervez (2006). In the Line of Fire: A Memoir. Free Press. p. 76.
  38. ^ "Somalis Watch Black Hawk Down | On the Media". WNYC Studios. Retrieved January 24, 2021.
  39. ^ Bowden, Mark (2001). Black Hawk Down: A Story of Modern War. Signet. p. 350.
  40. ^ "The Mogadishu Mile" Archived 2011-09-10 at the Wayback Machine
  41. ^ Jump up to: a b Black Hawk Down 93 discussion forum [https://web.archive.org/web/20110207204108/http://blackhawkdown93.com/ Archived 2011-02-07 at the Wayback Machine (registration required)
  42. ^ "Question for Belman or anyone else who ran out of the City"
  43. ^ Archived July 8, 2011, at the Wayback Machine
  44. ^ Col. Lee A. Van Arsdale. "Audio Commentary by Task Force Rangers". Black Hawk Down 3-Disk Deluxe Edition
  45. ^ SUZANNE, Bernard F. "Plato FAQ: Did plato write :"Only the dead have seen the end of war"?". plato-dialogues.org. Retrieved April 29, 2018.
  46. ^ "Who Really Said That?". The Chronicle of Higher Education. September 16, 2013. Retrieved April 29, 2018.
  47. ^ ""Only the dead have seen the end of war." Who said that?". Millard Fillmore's Bathtub. February 25, 2011. Retrieved April 29, 2018.

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