1668 Shandong earthquake

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Not to be confused with 1976 Tangshan earthquake.
Great Tancheng earthquake of 1668
1668 Shandong earthquake is located in China
1668 Shandong earthquake
Local dateJuly 25, 1668
Magnitude8.5 Ms
8.5 Mw
Epicenter35°18′N 118°36′E / 35.3°N 118.6°E / 35.3; 118.6Coordinates: 35°18′N 118°36′E / 35.3°N 118.6°E / 35.3; 118.6
Areas affectedQing dynasty (present day China)
Max. intensityXII (Extreme)
TsunamiYes[1]
AftershocksLasted for six years
Casualties42,578–50,000+ dead

The Great Tancheng earthquake (Chinese: 郯城 地震; pinyin: Tánchéng dìzhèn), also known as the Shandong earthquake was a major seismic event that occurred during the rule of the Qing Dynasty somewhere in Shandong Province on July 25 of the year 1668. The earthquake had an estimated magnitude of Ms  8.5,[2] making it the largest historical earthquake in Eastern China,[3] and one of the largest in the world on land. The earthquake had cataclysmic implications to the region, shaking intensity was estimated to reach XII (Extreme) on the Mercalli intensity scale, the most destructive shaking an earthquake could achieve.[4] An estimated 43,000 to 50,000 lives were lost in the earthquake,[5] and its effects were widely felt. The epicenter may have been located between Juxian and Tancheng County, northeast of the prefecture-level city of Linyi in southern Shandong.

Geological setting[]

The earthquake of 1668 occurred along the Yishu Fault, which is part of the massive Tanlu Fault Zone which formed in the Mesozoic. This fault has an estimated silp rate of less than 1 to 2.6 mm/yr.[6][7] The Yishu Fault runs through east Chine for a length of 360 km, and is part of the much longer, 2,000-km-long Tanlu Fault Zone that trends north northeast-south southwest in eastern China. During the earthquake, the Yishu Fault produced a surface rupture for a length of 160 km, with an average offset of 9 meters. Researchers found that the slip sense of the fault was mainly dextral strike-slip with a small thrust component.[8] A hypocenter depth of between 22 and 28 km has been suggested for the 1668 event.

The same fault may have also produced a magnitude 7.5 earthquake in Haicheng, 700 km north of this event.[9]

Impact[]

The powerful earthquake was felt in 379 counties, 29 of which had catastrophic damage.[9]

In Ju County, many structures were totally destroyed. No building was left standing in the area with a diameter of more than 50 km. Wells erupted fountains of water and ground fissures opened, gushing out sand and water. The same was seen in Tancheng County where water shot through the air up to 10 meters high. Fissures were said to be so deep that the bottom of them could not be seen. The earthquake completely obliterated every single home, temple, battlement and storehouse.[4] In Linyi, no house was left standing, and black water was said to emerge from fissures.[4] Many nearby city had their walls fallen and some parts flooded by overflowing rivers and wells. Fissures caused water and sand to erupt, burying homes. Many livestocks also died as a result of the earthquakes.

Casualties[]

Death toll by location[4]
Place Fatalities
Ju County >20,000
Tancheng County >8,700
Linyi >6,900
Zhucheng >2,700
Dongying >1,000
Laiwu Most of the population was killed
Jiaoxian >90
Weifang >470
Yishui 1,725
Jimo 653
Zouxian >100
Yutai 140
Sishui >100

See also[]

References[]

  1. ^ "Tsunami Event Information". NGDC NCEI. NCEI. Retrieved 31 March 2021.
  2. ^ "25 July 1668 Tancheng (Shandong)". Global Historical Earthquake Archive. Retrieved 23 July 2021.
  3. ^ Zhou, C., Diao, G., Geng, J. et al. Fault plane parameters of Tancheng M8½ earthquake on the basis of present-day seismological data. Earthq Sci 23, 567–576 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11589-010-0756-0
  4. ^ a b c d "CHINA: SHANDONG PROVINCE". NGDC. Retrieved 9 Dec 2020.
  5. ^ Jianshe Lei; Dapeng Zhao; Xiwei Xu; Mofei Du; Qi Mi; Mingwen Lu (2020). "P-wave upper-mantle tomography of the Tanlu fault zone in eastern China". Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors. 299 (106402). doi:10.1016/j.pepi.2019.106402.
  6. ^ Mian, Stein, Liu, Seth (2016). "Mid-continental earthquakes: Spatiotemporal occurrences, causes, and hazards" (PDF). Earth-Science Reviews. 162: 364–386 – via Elsevier Science Direct.
  7. ^ Wenliang Jiang; Jingfa Zhang; Zhujun Han; Tian Tian; Qisong Jiao; Xin Wang; Hongbo Jiang (2017). "Characteristic Slip of Strong Earthquakes Along the Yishu Fault Zone in East China Evidenced by Offset Landforms". Tectonics. 36 (10): 1947-1965. doi:10.1002/2016TC004363.
  8. ^ Zhou, Cuiying; Diao, Guiling; Geng, Jie; Li, Yonghong; Xu, Ping; Xu, Xinliang; Feng, Xiangdong. "Fault plane parameters of Tancheng M8½ earthquake on the basis of present-day seismological data" (PDF). Earthquake Science. 23: 567–576. doi:10.1007/s11589-010-0756-0.
  9. ^ a b "Earthquake research in China" (PDF).
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