18-point agreement

The 18-point agreement, or the 18-point memorandum, was a list of 18 points drawn up by Sarawak, proposing terms to form Malaysia, during negotiations prior to the creation of the new federation in 1963.

A Commission of Enquiry, headed by Lord Cameron Cobbold, and The Lansdowne Committee, an inter-governmental committee, were appointed to aid in the drafting of the Malaysia Agreement. Lord Lansdowne served for Britain and Tun Abdul Razak, Deputy Prime Minister of the Federation of Malaya, served for Malaya.^[1] The 18 points were based on the Nine Cardinal Principles of the rule of the English Rajah.^[2]^[3] A similar memorandum, known as the 20-point agreement, was prepared and submitted by North Borneo. The 18-point agreement often serves as a focal point amongst those who argue that Sarawak's rights within the Federation have been eroded over time like Sabah.

The 18 points[]

Point 1:Religion[]

Point 2: Language[]

Point 3: Constitution[]

Point 4: Head of Federation[]

Point 5: Name of Federation[]

Point 6: Immigration Power[]

Point 7: Right of Secession[]

Point 8: Borneanisation[]

Point 9: British Officers[]

Point 10: Citizenship[]

Point 11: Tariffs and Finance[]

Point 12: State Government[]

Point 13: Transitional Period[]

Point 14: Education[]

Point 15: Constitutional safeguards[]

Point 16: Representation in Parliament[]

Point 17: Name of Head of State[]

Point 18: Land, Forests, Local Government, etc.[]

References[]

^ Bastin, John Sturgus (1979). Malaysia; Selected Historical Readings. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. ISBN 9783262012165.
^ Rawlins, Joan (1965). Sarawak - 1839 to 1963. Macmillan & Company, (Original from the University of Michigan Press. p. 240.
^ Sarawak Constitution

v t History of East Malaysia
Common history¹	Empire of Brunei Japanese occupation Battle of Borneo (1941–1942) Borneo campaign British Military Administration Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation Malaysia Agreement Proclamation of Malaysia 2019 failed federal constitution amendment 2020 Malaysia coronavirus pandemic
History of Sabah	Brunei Civil War Sultanate of Sulu Austrian colony North Borneo Chartered Company North Borneo Antanum Mat Salleh Madrid Protocol Jesselton revolt Sandakan camp Sandakan Death Marches Battle of North Borneo Crown Colony of North Borneo Self-government of North Borneo Cobbold Commission 20-point agreement Keningau Oath Stone Double Six Crash Cross border attacks from the Philippines 1985 Lahad Datu ambush 2000 Sipadan kidnappings 2013 Lahad Datu standoff 1986 Sabah riots 1991 Sabah political arrests Project IC Sabah State Water Department corruption probe 2020 Sabah coronavirus pandemic
History of Sarawak	Sultanate of Sarawak Raj of Sarawak Rentap Liu Shan Bang Syarif Masahor Crown Colony of Sarawak Anti-cession movement of Sarawak Communist insurgency in Sarawak Self-government of Sarawak Cobbold Commission 18-point agreement 1966 Sarawak constitutional crisis 1987 Ming Court Affair 1997 Sarawak HFMD outbreak Sarawak rabies outbreak (2017–present) 2020 Sarawak coronavirus pandemic
History of Labuan	Crown Colony of Labuan North Borneo Chartered Company North Borneo (1890–1904) Straits Settlements (1907–46) Battle of North Borneo Battle of Labuan Colony of Singapore (1946) Crown Colony of North Borneo (1946–63) Cobbold Commission 20-point agreement Sabah (1963–84) Federal territory (1984–)
¹ Covers the three territories