1970 in science

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The year 1970 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.

Astronomy and space exploration[]

February 11 – Japan becomes the fourth country to launch a satellite into orbit.
March 31 – Explorer I reentry (after 12 years in orbit)
April 11 – Apollo 13 ill-fated space mission launched
April 17 – Apollo 13 returns safely to Earth
August 17 – Venera program: Venera 7 is launched. It will later becomes the first spacecraft to successfully transmit data from another planet.
November 17 – Luna program: The Soviet Union lands Lunokhod 1 on Mare Imbrium (Sea of Rains) on the Moon. This is the first roving remote-controlled robot to land on another world and was released by the orbiting Luna 17 spacecraft.

Biology[]

Establishment of Parc naturel régional de Camargue in the south of France.

Chemistry[]

August – Ulrich K. Laemmli publishes his refinement of the SDS-PAGE method.^[1]

Computer science[]

January 1 – Unix time begins at 00:00:00 UTC.
June–August – FLOW (programming language) devised by Jef Raskin.
November 17 – Douglas Engelbart receives a United States patent for the first computer mouse.^[2]
Datapoint 2200 is announced. A mass-produced programmable terminal, designed by Computer Terminal Corporation (CTC) founders Phil Ray and Gus Roche.
Len Deighton's 1943-set Bomber, published this year in England, is the first novel written on a word processor, the IBM MT/ST.^[3]
Niklaus Wirth releases the first Pascal compiler.^[4]
Xerox PARC computer laboratory opens in Palo Alto, California.

Earth sciences[]

January 4 – The 7.1 M_w  Tonghai earthquake shakes Tonghai County, Yunnan province, China, with a maximum Mercalli intensity of X (Extreme). Between 10,000–14,621 are killed and 26,783 injured.
May 24 – Kola Superdeep Borehole drilling begins on the Kola Peninsula of Russia.

Mathematics[]

Conway's Game of Life cellular automaton devised by John Horton Conway.^[5]
Mathematician Kurt Gödel allows circulation of his ontological proof of the existence of God.^[6]

Medicine[]

The Dubowitz Score for estimating the gestational age of babies is published by Lilly and Victor Dubowitz.^[7]
The Exeter hip replacement stem, developed by surgeon Robin Ling and engineer Clive Lee, is first implanted, at the Princess Elizabeth Orthopaedic Hospital in Exeter, England.^[8]

Physics[]

Prediction of the GIM mechanism, requiring the existence of a charm quark, by Sheldon Glashow, John Iliopoulos and Luciano Maiani.^[9]

Psychology[]

Henri Tajfel develops his minimal group paradigm, a constituent of social identity theory.
is published by Konrad Lorenz.

Technology[]

June 2 – Cleddau Bridge in Wales collapses during erection, killing four, leading to introduction of new standards for box girder bridges in the United Kingdom.^[10]^[11]

Events[]

June 19 – The Patent Cooperation Treaty is signed into international law, providing a unified procedure for filing patent applications to protect inventions.

Awards[]

Fields Prize in Mathematics: Alan Baker, Heisuke Hironaka, Sergei Novikov and John Griggs Thompson
Nobel Prizes
- Physics – Hannes Alfvén, Louis Néel
- Chemistry – Luis F. Leloir
- Medicine – Bernard Katz, Ulf von Euler, Julius Axelrod
Turing Award – James H. Wilkinson

Births[]

March 27 – Eleanor Maguire, Irish-born neuropsychologist.
August 1 – Elon Lindenstrauss, Israeli mathematician.
September 3 – Stanislav Smirnov, Russian-born mathematician.

Deaths[]

January 5 – Max Born (b. 1882), German physicist and recipient of the Nobel Prize in physics in 1954.
January 27 – Marietta Blau (b. 1894), Austrian physicist.^[12]
May 1 – Ralph Hartley (b. 1888), American electrical engineer.
July 20 – Margaret Reed Lewis (b. 1881), American cell biologist.
July 29 – Emanuel Miller (b. 1892), British child psychiatrist.
August 1 – Otto Heinrich Warburg (b. 1883), German physiologist and winner of the 1931 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.
September 22 – Vojtěch Jarník (b. 1897), Czech mathematician.

References[]

^ Laemmli, U. K. (1970). "Cleavage of structural proteins during the assembly of the head of bacteriophage T4". Nature. 227 (5259): 680–685. Bibcode:1970Natur.227..680L. doi:10.1038/227680a0. PMID 5432063. S2CID 3105149.
^ U.S. Patent 3,541,541.
^ Kirschenbaum, Matthew (2013-03-01). "The Book-Writing Machine: What was the first novel ever written on a word processor?". Slate. Retrieved 2016-02-21.
^ Wirth, Niklaus. The Development of Procedural Programming Languages. Personal Contributions and Perspectives"[1]"
^ Gardner, Martin (October 1970). Mathematical Games – The fantastic combinations of John Conway's new solitaire game "life". Scientific American. Vol. 223. pp. 120–123. ISBN 0-89454-001-7. Retrieved 2011-06-26.
^ Dawson, John W. Jr. (1997). Logical Dilemmas: The Life and Work of Kurt Godel. Wellesley, Mass.: A. K. Peters Ltd. ISBN 1-56881-025-3.
^ Mercuri, Eugenio (2016-05-08). "Lilly Dubowitz obituary". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 2020-06-24.
^ Timperley, A. John (2017-10-20). "Robin Ling obituary". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 2018-01-07.
^ Glashow, S. L.; Iliopoulos, J.; Maiani, L. (1970). "Weak Interactions with Lepton–Hadron Symmetry". Physical Review D. 2 (7): 1285–1292. Bibcode:1970PhRvD...2.1285G. doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.2.1285.
^ Department of the Environment (Merrison Committee of Inquiry) (1973). Inquiry into the Basis of Design and Method of Erection of Steel Box Girder Bridges. London: HMSO.
^ "How safe are our bridges?". BBC News Online. BBC. 2007-08-03. Retrieved 2008-01-30.
^ Halpen, Leopold E. (1997). "Marietta Blau". In Rayner-Canham, Marelene F.; Rayner-Canham, Geoffrey (eds.). A Devotion to Their Science: Pioneer Women of Radioactivity. Montréal: McGill-Queen's University Press. p. 203. ISBN 978-0-77351-642-7.

[1] Laemmli, U. K. (1970). "Cleavage of structural proteins during the assembly of the head of bacteriophage T4". Nature. 227 (5259): 680–685. Bibcode:1970Natur.227..680L. doi:10.1038/227680a0. PMID 5432063. S2CID 3105149.

[2] U.S. Patent 3,541,541.

[3] Kirschenbaum, Matthew (2013-03-01). "The Book-Writing Machine: What was the first novel ever written on a word processor?". Slate. Retrieved 2016-02-21.

[4] Wirth, Niklaus. The Development of Procedural Programming Languages. Personal Contributions and Perspectives"[1]"

[5] Gardner, Martin (October 1970). Mathematical Games – The fantastic combinations of John Conway's new solitaire game "life". Scientific American. Vol. 223. pp. 120–123. ISBN 0-89454-001-7. Retrieved 2011-06-26.

[6] Dawson, John W. Jr. (1997). Logical Dilemmas: The Life and Work of Kurt Godel. Wellesley, Mass.: A. K. Peters Ltd. ISBN 1-56881-025-3.

[7] Mercuri, Eugenio (2016-05-08). "Lilly Dubowitz obituary". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 2020-06-24.

[8] Timperley, A. John (2017-10-20). "Robin Ling obituary". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 2018-01-07.

[9] Glashow, S. L.; Iliopoulos, J.; Maiani, L. (1970). "Weak Interactions with Lepton–Hadron Symmetry". Physical Review D. 2 (7): 1285–1292. Bibcode:1970PhRvD...2.1285G. doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.2.1285.

[10] Department of the Environment (Merrison Committee of Inquiry) (1973). Inquiry into the Basis of Design and Method of Erection of Steel Box Girder Bridges. London: HMSO.

[11] "How safe are our bridges?". BBC News Online. BBC. 2007-08-03. Retrieved 2008-01-30.

[12] Halpen, Leopold E. (1997). "Marietta Blau". In Rayner-Canham, Marelene F.; Rayner-Canham, Geoffrey (eds.). A Devotion to Their Science: Pioneer Women of Radioactivity. Montréal: McGill-Queen's University Press. p. 203. ISBN 978-0-77351-642-7.

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