1976 United States presidential election

1976 United States presidential election

← 1972 November 2, 1976 1980 →
538 members of the Electoral College 270 electoral votes needed to win
Turnout	53.5%[1] 1.7 pp
Nominee Jimmy Carter Gerald Ford Party Democratic Republican Home state Georgia Michigan Running mate Walter Mondale Bob Dole Electoral vote 297 240[a] States carried 23 + DC 27 Popular vote 40,831,881 39,148,634 Percentage 50.1% 48.0%
Presidential election results map. Blue denotes states won by Carter/Mondale and red denotes those won by Ford/Dole. Pink is the electoral vote for Ronald Reagan by a Washington faithless elector. Numbers indicate the number of electoral votes cast by each state and the District of Columbia.
President before election Gerald Ford Republican Elected President Jimmy Carter Democratic

The 1976 United States presidential election was the 48th quadrennial presidential election. It was held on Tuesday, November 2, 1976. Democrat Jimmy Carter of Georgia defeated incumbent Republican President Gerald Ford from Michigan by a narrow victory of 297 electoral college votes to Ford's 240.

President Richard Nixon had won the previous 1972 election with Spiro Agnew as his running mate, but in 1973 Agnew resigned and Ford was appointed as vice president via the 25th Amendment. When Nixon resigned in 1974 in the wake of the Watergate scandal, Ford ascended to the presidency, becoming the first president to take office without having been elected as either president or vice president. Ford promised to continue Nixon's political agenda and govern as a moderate Republican, causing significant backlash from the conservative wing of his party, particularly from former California governor and future president Ronald Reagan to mount a significant challenge against him in the Republican primaries, but Ford narrowly prevailed at the convention. Carter was little-known at the start of the Democratic primaries, but the former governor of Georgia emerged as the front-runner after his victories in the first set of primaries. Campaigning as a political moderate in his own party and as a "Washington DC" outsider, Carter defeated opponents such as Mo Udall and liberal California governor Jerry Brown to clinch the Democratic nomination.

Ford pursued a "Rose Garden strategy" in which he sought to portray himself as an experienced leader focused on fulfilling his role as chief executive. On the other hand, Carter emphasized his status as a reformer who was "untainted" by Washington. Saddled with a poor economy, the fall of South Vietnam and his unpopular pardon of Nixon, Ford trailed by a wide margin in polls taken after Carter's formal nomination in July 1976. Ford's polling rebounded after a strong performance in the first presidential debate, and the race was close on election day.

Carter won a majority of the popular and electoral vote. He was able to carry several Midwestern and Northeastern swing states such as Ohio, Pennsylvania, and New York as well as every state in the Democratic dominated region of the South except for Virginia and Oklahoma, while Ford dominated the Western states. Jimmy Carter also remains the last Democratic candidate in presidential history to win a majority of the Southern states. Ford won 27 states, the most states ever carried by a losing candidate. Both of the major party vice-presidential nominees, Walter Mondale in 1984 and Bob Dole in 1996, would later win their respective party's presidential nominations, but lose in the general election (respectively to incumbent presidents Ronald Reagan and Bill Clinton).

1976 was the last presidential election in which Democrats relied on the New Deal Coalition that composed of labor unions in urban cities, religious minorities (Jews, and Catholics), African Americans, southerners, and blue collar workers in the industrial Midwest who benefited from Democratic President Franklin D Roosevelt's liberal, New Deal economic programs since the Great Depression in the 1930s. Thus, Carter's win represented the last victory in a period of political dominance by the Democratic Party in both presidential, and state levels beginning in 1932 with the start of the Fifth Party System officially ending in 1980. Meanwhile, Ford's defeat marked the first time in 44 years that an incumbent president was voted out of office (after Herbert Hoover's loss in 1932).

As of 2020, this was the last time four southern states: Alabama, Mississippi, South Carolina, and Texas voted for the Democratic candidate in a presidential election, as well as the last election where the winning candidate did not win a majority of the 51 jurisdictions that cast votes in the Electoral College (the 50 states plus the District of Columbia).

Nominations[]

Democratic Party[]

1976 Democratic Party ticket
Jimmy Carter	Walter Mondale
for President	for Vice President
76th Governor of Georgia (1971–1975)	U.S. senator from Minnesota (1964–1976)
Campaign

A Jimmy Carter and Walter Mondale campaign poster.

Candidates in this section are sorted by date of withdrawal from the nomination race
Jerry Brown	George Wallace	Mo Udall	Robert C. Byrd	Ellen McCormack	Walter Fauntroy	Walter Washington	Jesse Gray	Frank Church	Henry M. Jackson	Lloyd Bentsen	Milton Shapp	Fred Harris	Sargent Shriver	Birch Bayh	Terry Sanford
Governor of California (1975–1983)	Governor of Alabama (1963–1967; 1971-1979)	U.S. Representative for Arizona's 2nd congressional district (1961–1991)	U.S. Senator from West Virginia (1959–2010)	Chair of the New York Right to Life Party (1970-1976)	Delegate to the U.S. House of Representatives for District of Columbia's at-large congressional district (1971–1991)	Mayor of the District of Columbia (1967–1979)	New York State Assemblyman from the 70th district (1972–1975)	U.S. Senator from Idaho (1957–1981)	U.S. Senator from Washington (1953-1983)	U.S. Senator from Texas (1971–1993)	Governor of Pennsylvania (1971–1979)	U.S. Senator from Oklahoma (1964–1973)	Democratic nominee for Vice President of the United States in 1972	U.S. Senator from Indiana (1963–1981)	Governor of North Carolina (1961-1965)
Campaign	Campaign	Campaign	Campaign	Campaign	Campaign	Campaign	Campaign	Campaign	Campaign	Campaign	Campaign	Campaign	Campaign	Campaign	Campaign
LN: July 15, 1976 2,449,374 votes	LN: July 15, 1976 1,955,388 votes	LN: July 15, 1976 1,611,754 votes	LN: July 15, 1976 340,309 votes	LN: July 15, 1976 238,027 votes	LN: July 15, 1976 10,149 votes	LN: July 15, 1976 5,161 votes	LN: July 15, 1976 3,574 votes	W: June 14, 1976 830,818 votes	W: May 1, 1976 1,134,375 votes	W: May 1, 1976 4,046 votes	W: April 27, 1976 88,254 votes	W: April 2, 1976 234,568 votes	W: March 16, 1976 304,399 votes	W: March 4, 1976 86,438 votes	W: January 25, 1976 404 votes

The surprise winner of the 1976 Democratic presidential nomination was Jimmy Carter, a former state senator and governor of Georgia. When the primaries began, Carter was little-known at the national level, and many political pundits regarded a number of better-known candidates, such as Senator Henry M. Jackson from Washington, Representative Morris Udall from Arizona, Governor George Wallace of Alabama, and California Governor Jerry Brown, as the favorites for the nomination. However, in the wake of the Watergate scandal, Carter realized that his status as a Washington outsider, political centrist, and moderate reformer could give him an advantage over his better-known establishment rivals. Carter also took advantage of the record number of state primaries and caucuses in 1976 to eliminate his better-known rivals one-by-one.

Senator Jackson made a fateful decision not to compete in the early Iowa caucus and New Hampshire primary, which Jimmy Carter won after liberals split their votes among four other candidates. Though Jackson went on to win the Massachusetts and New York primaries, he was forced to quit the race on May 1 after losing the critical Pennsylvania primary to Carter by twelve percentage points. Carter then defeated Governor Wallace, his main conservative challenger, by a wide margin in the North Carolina primary, thus forcing Wallace to end his campaign. Representative Udall, a liberal, then became Carter's main challenger. He finished second to Carter in the New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Wisconsin, New York, Michigan, South Dakota, and Ohio primaries, and won the caucuses in his home state of Arizona, while running even with Carter in the New Mexico caucuses. However, the fact that Udall finished second to Carter in most of these races meant that Carter steadily accumulated more delegates for the nomination than he did.

As Carter closed in on the nomination, an "ABC" (Anybody But Carter) movement started among Northern and Western liberal Democrats who worried that Carter's Southern upbringing would make him too conservative for the Democratic Party. The leaders of the "ABC" movement – Idaho Senator Frank Church and California Governor Jerry Brown – both announced their candidacies for the Democratic nomination and defeated Carter in several late primaries. However, their campaigns started too late to prevent Carter from gathering the remaining delegates he needed to capture the nomination.

By June 1976, Carter had captured more than enough delegates to win the Democratic nomination. At the 1976 Democratic National Convention, Carter easily won the nomination on the first ballot; Udall finished in second place. Carter then chose Minnesota Senator Walter Mondale, a liberal and political protégé of Hubert Humphrey, as his running mate.

Republican Party[]

Republican candidates

First ballot vote for the presidential nomination by state delegations

• Gerald Ford, President of the United States
• Ronald Reagan, former governor of California

1976 Republican Party ticket
Gerald Ford	Bob Dole
for President	for Vice President
38th President of the United States (1974–1977)	U.S. senator from Kansas (1969–1996)
Campaign

Candidates in this section are sorted by date of withdrawal from the nomination race
Ronald Reagan	Charles H. Percy
Governor of California (1967–1975)	U.S. Senator from Illinois (1967–1985)
Campaign	Campaign
LN: August 19, 1976 4,760,222 votes	W: August 14, 1974 0 votes

The 1976 Republican National Convention at Kemper Arena in Kansas City. Vice Presidential nominee Bob Dole is on the far left, then Nancy Reagan, Ronald Reagan is at the center shaking hands with President Gerald Ford, Vice President Nelson Rockefeller is just to the right of Ford, followed by Susan Ford and First Lady Betty Ford.

The contest for the Republican Party's presidential nomination in 1976 was between two serious candidates: incumbent president Gerald Ford from Michigan, a member of the party's moderate wing, and former governor of California, Ronald Reagan, a member of the party's conservative wing. The presidential primary campaign between the two men was hard-fought and relatively even; by the start of the Republican Convention in August 1976, the race for the nomination was still too close to call. Ford defeated Reagan by a narrow margin on the first ballot at the 1976 Republican National Convention in Kansas City, and chose Senator Bob Dole from Kansas as his running mate in place of incumbent Vice President Nelson Rockefeller, who had announced the previous year that he was not interested in being considered for the Vice Presidential nomination.^[2] Since Rockefeller was the second vice president to assume the office as ruled by the Section 2 of the 25th Amendment and the other one who achieved this feat was Ford who was nominated in 1976, this made Rockefeller the only vice president never contested in the general election both as presidential and vice presidential nominee. All presidents had contested for the office, either as president or vice president, with the exception of Ford who appeared only after being president and all other vice presidents other than Ford had contested for the office. The 1976 Republican Convention was the last political convention to open with the presidential nomination still being undecided until the actual balloting at the convention.

Others[]

• Roger MacBride, who had gained fame in the 1972 election as a faithless elector, ran as the nominee of the Libertarian Party.
• Eugene McCarthy, a former Democratic Senator from Minnesota, ran as an independent candidate.
• Ben Bubar, Prohibition Party nominee.
• Frank Zeidler, former mayor of Milwaukee, Wisconsin, ran as the nominee of Socialist Party USA, which was founded in a split with Socialist Party of America.
• Gus Hall, four-time Communist Party candidate^[3]
• Lester Maddox, the former Democratic Governor of Georgia (and Lieutenant Governor under Carter), ran as the nominee of the American Independent Party

General election[]

Fall campaign[]

Carter and Ford in debate

One of the advantages Ford held over Carter as the general election campaign began was that as president he was privileged to preside over events dealing with the United States Bicentennial; this often resulted in favorable publicity for Ford. The Washington, D.C., fireworks display on the Fourth of July was presided over by the president and televised nationally.^[4] On July 7, 1976, the President and First Lady served as hosts at a White House state dinner for Elizabeth II and Prince Philip of the United Kingdom, which was televised on the Public Broadcasting Service (PBS) network. These events were part of Ford's "Rose Garden" strategy to win the election, meaning that instead of appearing as a typical politician, Ford presented himself as a "tested leader" who was busily fulfilling the role of national leader and chief executive. Not until October did Ford leave the White House to campaign actively across the nation.

Jimmy Carter ran as a reformer who was "untainted" by Washington political scandals,^[5] which many voters found attractive in the wake of the Watergate scandal that had led to President Richard Nixon's resignation. Ford, although personally unconnected with Watergate, was seen by many as too close to the discredited Nixon administration, especially after he granted Nixon a presidential pardon for any crimes he might have committed during his term of office. Ford's pardon of Nixon caused his popularity, as measured by public-opinion polls, to plummet. Ford's refusal to explain his reasons for pardoning Nixon publicly (he would do so in his memoirs several years later), also hurt his image.

Ford unsuccessfully asked Congress to end the 1950s-era price controls on natural gas, which caused a dwindling of American natural gas reserves after the 1973 Oil Crisis.^[6] Carter stated during his campaign that he opposed the ending of the price controls and thought such a move would be "disastrous".^[7]

After the Democratic National Convention, Carter held a 33-point lead over Ford in the polls.^[8] However, as the campaign continued, the race greatly tightened. During the campaign Playboy magazine published a controversial interview with Carter; in the interview, Carter admitted to having "lusted in my heart" for women other than his wife and used the word "screw," which cut into his support among women and evangelical Christians.^[9] On September 23, Ford performed well in what was the first televised presidential debate since 1960. Polls taken after the debate showed that most viewers felt that Ford was the winner. Carter was also hurt by Ford's charges that he lacked the necessary experience to be an effective national leader, and that Carter was vague on many issues.

Carter campaign headquarters

However, Ford also committed a costly blunder in the campaign that halted his momentum. During the second presidential debate on October 6, in a response to Max Frankel, Ford stumbled when he asserted that "there is no Soviet domination of Eastern Europe and there never will be under a Ford administration". He added that he did not "believe that the Poles consider themselves dominated by the Soviet Union" and made the same claim with regard to Yugoslavia and Romania (Yugoslavia was not a Warsaw Pact member).^[10] Ford refused to retract his statement for almost a week after the debate; as a result his surge in the polls stalled and Carter was able to maintain a slight lead in the polls.

A vice-presidential debate, the first ever formal one of its kind,^[11] between Bob Dole and Walter Mondale also hurt the Republican ticket when Dole asserted that military unpreparedness on the part of Democratic presidents was responsible for all of the wars the U.S. had fought in the 20th century. Dole, a World War II veteran, noted that in every 20th-century war from World War I to the Vietnam War, a Democrat had been president. Dole then pointed out that the number of U.S. casualties in "Democrat wars" was roughly equal to the population of Detroit. Many voters felt that Dole's criticism was unfairly harsh and that his dispassionate delivery made him seem cold. Years later, Dole would remark that he regretted the comment, having viewed it as hurting the Republican ticket.^[12] One factor which did help Ford in the closing days of the campaign was a series of popular television appearances he did with Joe Garagiola Sr., a retired baseball star for the St. Louis Cardinals and a well-known announcer for NBC Sports. Garagiola and Ford appeared in a number of shows in several large cities. During the show Garagiola would ask Ford questions about his life and beliefs; the shows were so informal, relaxed, and laid-back that some television critics labelled them the "Joe and Jerry Show". Ford and Garagiola obviously enjoyed one another's company, and they remained friends after the election was over.

Presidential debates[]

There were three presidential debates and one vice presidential debate during the 1976 general election.^[13][14]

Results[]

Election results by county.

  Jimmy Carter

  Gerald Ford

Results by congressional district.

Despite his campaign's blunders, Ford managed to close the remaining gap in the polls and by election day, the race was judged to be even. It took most of that night and the following morning to determine the winner. It was not until 3:30 am (EST), that the NBC television network was able to declare that Carter had carried Mississippi and had thus accumulated more than the 270 electoral votes needed to win (seconds later, ABC News also declared Carter the winner based on projections for Carter in Wisconsin and Hawaii while CBS News announced Carter's victory at 3:45 am).^[16] Carter defeated Ford by two percentage points in the national popular vote.

The electoral vote was the closest since 1916; Carter carried 23 states with 297 electoral votes, while Ford won 27 states with 240 electoral votes (one elector from Washington state, pledged to Ford, voted for Reagan). Carter's victory came primarily from his near-sweep of the South (he lost only Virginia and Oklahoma) and his narrow victories in large Northern states, such as New York, Ohio, and Pennsylvania. Ford did well in the West, carrying every state in that region except for Hawaii. The most tightly contested state in the election was Oregon; Ford won that state by under 2,000 votes.

A switch of 3,687 votes in Hawaii and 5,559 votes in Ohio, or 144,384 votes from New York from Carter to Ford would have triggered the first contingent election since 1825, as Ford would have received 269 electoral votes and Carter would have received 268, or 282 for Ford and 256 for Carter.^[17] By percentage of the vote, the states that secured Carter's victory were Wisconsin (1.68% margin) and Ohio (.27% margin). Had Ford won these states and all other states he carried, he would have won the presidency. The 27 states he won were and still are the most states ever carried by a losing candidate for president. Had Ford won the election, the provisions of the 22nd amendment would have disqualified him from running in 1980, as he served more than two years of Nixon's second term.

Carter was the first Democrat since John F. Kennedy in 1960 to carry the states of the Deep South (Bill Clinton was the only Democrat since 1976 to carry more than one state from the Deep South, doing so in both 1992 and 1996, until Biden carried Georgia in the 2020 election) and the first since Lyndon B. Johnson in 1964 to carry a majority of all southern states. Carter performed very strongly in his home state of Georgia, carrying 66.7% of the vote and every county in the state. His winning of 23 states was only the first time since the 1960 election and the second time in history that the winner of the election won fewer than half the states. His 50.1% of the vote was the only time since 1964 that a Democrat managed to obtain an absolute majority of the popular vote in a presidential election until Barack Obama won 52.9% of the vote in 2008. Carter is one of six Democrats since the American Civil War to obtain an absolute majority of the popular vote, the others being Samuel J. Tilden, Franklin D. Roosevelt, Lyndon B. Johnson, Barack Obama and Joe Biden.

This election represents the last time to date that Texas, Mississippi, Alabama, or South Carolina would vote Democratic, and the last time North Carolina would vote Democratic until 2008, as well as the last time Florida voted Democratic until 1996, the last time Arkansas, Delaware, Kentucky, Louisiana, Missouri, Ohio, Pennsylvania and Tennessee voted Democratic until 1992. It is also the last time in which Shasta, Yuba, Placer, El Dorado and Madera Counties in California, Adams and Brown in Ohio, Brazoria and McLennan Counties in Texas, Madison County in Alabama, Brevard County in Florida, Warren County in Kentucky, and St. Mary's County in Maryland would vote Democratic.^[18]

This election was the last time that a Democrat won the presidency without winning a number of modern blue states and swing states, including California, Connecticut, Illinois, Maine, Michigan, Nevada, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New Mexico, Oregon, Vermont and Washington. This is the only time a Democrat has won without New Mexico, as well as the only time it voted for a candidate who lost the popular vote. Similarly, it is one of only three instances in which a Democrat won without Nevada (the others being the two elections of Grover Cleveland in 1884 and 1892).

It was the first time in exactly 100 years (since 1876) when Florida and Virginia supported different candidates, and the first time since Oklahoma statehood in 1907 when the Sooner State and Tennessee did so.

Statistics[]

Source (Popular Vote): Leip, David. "1976 Presidential Election Results". Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections. Retrieved August 7, 2005.

Source (Electoral Vote): "Electoral College Box Scores 1789–1996". National Archives and Records Administration. Retrieved August 7, 2005.

• 

  Results by county, shaded according to winning candidate's percentage of the vote

Results by state[]

^[19]

This election represents the second time that the winning candidate has received a majority of the electoral votes, although the second-place candidate carried a majority of the states. It had previously happened in the 1960 election. The "margin" column shows the difference between the two leading candidates, and the "swing" column shows the margin swing from the respective party's nominee from 1972 to 1976.

Maine allowed its electoral votes to be split between candidates. Two electoral votes were awarded to the winner of the statewide race and one electoral vote to the winner of each congressional district. Ford won all four votes.^[20]

Close states[]

Gerald Ford (right) watching election returns with Joe Garagiola on election night in 1976. Garagiola is reacting to television reports that Ford had just lost Texas to Carter.

A campaign button from election eve where Carter and Mondale spent the evening in Flint Michigan at a rally It is notable as only a handful of counties in Michigan went to Carter in 1976, and no surrounding counties where Carter held the rally went to him.

A Ford-Dole campaign button.

States where margin of victory was under 1% (35 electoral votes):

1. Oregon, 0.16% (1,713 votes)
2. Ohio, 0.27% (11,116 votes)
3. Maine's 2nd Congressional District, 0.28% (620 votes)
4. Maine, 0.84% (4,041 votes)

States where margin of victory was under 5% (264 electoral votes):

1. Iowa, 1.01% (12,932 votes)
2. Oklahoma, 1.21% (13,266 votes)
3. Virginia, 1.34% (22,658 votes)
4. Maine's 1st Congressional District, 1.36% (3,421 votes)
5. South Dakota, 1.48% (4,437 votes)
6. Wisconsin, 1.68% (35,245 votes) (tipping point state)
7. California, 1.78% (139,960 votes)
8. Mississippi, 1.88% (14,463 votes)
9. Illinois, 1.97% (92,974 votes)
10. New Jersey, 2.16% (65,035 votes)
11. New Mexico, 2.47% (10,271 votes)
12. Hawaii, 2.53% (7,372 votes)
13. Pennsylvania, 2.66% (123,073 votes)
14. Texas, 3.17% (129,019 votes)
15. Missouri, 3.63% (70,944 votes)
16. Washington, 3.88% (60,409 votes)
17. Nevada, 4.36% (8,794 votes)
18. New York, 4.43% (288,767 votes)

States where margin of victory was more than 5%, but less than 10% (105 electoral votes):

1. Connecticut, 5.16% (71,366 votes)
2. Florida, 5.29% (166,469 votes)
3. Michigan, 5.39% (197,028 votes)
4. Delaware, 5.41% (12,765 votes)
5. Louisiana, 5.78% (73,919 votes)
6. North Dakota, 5.86% (17,392 votes)
7. Maryland, 6.08% (86,951 votes)
8. Kentucky, 7.18% (83,865 votes)
9. Montana, 7.44% (24,444 votes)
10. Kansas, 7.55% (72,331 votes)
11. Indiana, 7.62% (169,244 votes)

Statistics[]

^[21]

Counties with Highest Percent of Vote (Democratic)

1. Banks County, Georgia 87.85%
2. Starr County, Texas 87.25%
3. Brantley County, Georgia 86.50%
4. Duval County, Texas 86.36%
5. Wilcox County, Georgia 86.15%

Counties with Highest Percent of Vote (Republican)

1. Jackson County, Kentucky 79.80%
2. Owsley County, Kentucky 77.03%
3. Hooker County, Nebraska 76.35%
4. Ottawa County, Michigan 74.12%
5. Arthur County, Nebraska 73.66%

Voter demographics[]

Source: CBS News/New York Times interviews with 12,782 voters as they left the polls, as reported in The New York Times, November 9, 1980, p. 28, and in further analysis. The 1976 data are from CBS News interviews.

See also[]

• Presidency of Jimmy Carter
• History of the United States (1964–1980)
• 1976 United States House of Representatives elections
• 1976 United States Senate elections
• 1976 United States gubernatorial elections
• Inauguration of Jimmy Carter

Notes[]

References[]

Further reading[]

• Chester, Edward W A guide to political platforms (1977) online
• MacDougall, Malcolm D. (1977). We Almost Made It. New York: Crown. ISBN 0-517-52933-5.
• Roessner, Amber (2020). Jimmy Carter and the Birth of the Marathon Media Campaign. Baton Rouge, LA: Louisiana State University Press. ISBN 978-0807170793.
• Shirley, Craig (2005). Reagan's Revolution: The Untold Story of the Campaign That Started It All. Nashville, Tennessee: Thomas Nelson. ISBN 0-7852-6049-8.
• Williams, Daniel K. The Election of the Evangelical: Jimmy Carter, Gerald Ford, and the Presidential Contest of 1976 (University Press of Kansas, 2020) online review

External links[]

• The Election Wall's 1976 Election Video Page
• 1976 popular vote by counties
• 1976 popular vote by states (with bar graphs)
• Campaign commercials from the 1976 election
• How close was the 1976 election? at the Wayback Machine (archived August 25, 2012) — Michael Sheppard, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (archived)
• Election of 1976 in Counting the Votes Archived March 4, 2016, at the Wayback Machine