1986 in science

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The year 1986 in science and technology involved many significant events, some not listed below.

Astronomy and space exploration[]

January 24 – NASA Voyager 2 space probe makes first encounter with Uranus.
January 28 – NASA Space Shuttle Challenger explodes on launch, killing all seven astronauts aboard. Their bodies are located by United States Navy divers on March 9.
February 19 – The Soviet Union launches the Mir space station.
March 8 – Japanese spacecraft Suisei flies by Halley's Comet, studying its UV hydrogen corona and solar wind.
October 10 – Aten asteroid 3753 Cruithne, in co-orbital configuration with Earth, is identified by Duncan Waldron.

Biology[]

May – First reported methods for constructing a monoclonal antibody containing parts from mouse and human antibodies, a required first step toward the development of humanized antibodies used later as medical therapeutics (such as Infliximab).^[1]^[2]
English epidemiologist David Barker proposes his fetal origins hypothesis.^[3]

Computer science[]

January 16 – The Internet Engineering Task Force, a standards organization that develops and promotes Internet standards, holds its first meeting, consisting of 21 United States government-funded researchers.
January 19 – The first MS-DOS-based personal computer virus, Brain, starts to spread.^[4]
April 3 – IBM unveils the PC Convertible, the first laptop computer.
June 23 – Eric Thomas develops LISTSERV, the first email list management software.^[5]
Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP) is visualized by Mark Crispin.
3D printing is developed by Charles Hull.
Pixar is founded.

Mathematics[]

Summer – Kenneth Alan Ribet demonstrates proof of the ε-conjecture, subsequently known as Ribet's theorem^[6] confirming Gerhard Frey's suggestion that the Taniyama–Shimura conjecture implies Fermat's Last Theorem.^[7]
Lawrence Paulson makes the first release of Isabelle (proof assistant).^[8]
Lee Sallows introduces the alphamagic square.^[9]

Technology[]

January 11 – The Gateway Bridge is opened in Brisbane, Australia, the world's largest prestressed concrete single box bridge.
April 26 – Chernobyl disaster: An RBMK at Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant in the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic reaches prompt criticality.
December 23 – Rutan Voyager becomes the first aircraft to fly around the world without stopping or refueling, landing at Edwards Air Force Base in California after a nine-day trip piloted by Dick Rutan and Jeana Yeager.

Awards[]

Crafoord Prize in Geosciences: Gerald Wasserburg and Claude Jean Allègre
Fields Prize in Mathematics: Simon Donaldson, Gerd Faltings and Michael Freedman
Nobel Prizes
- Physics – Ernst Ruska, Gerd Binnig, Heinrich Rohrer
- Chemistry – Dudley R. Herschbach, Yuan T. Lee, John C. Polanyi
- Medicine – Stanley Cohen, Rita Levi-Montalcini
Turing Award – John Hopcroft, Robert Tarjan
Wollaston Medal for Geology – Claude Jean Allègre

Births[]

November 8 – Aaron Swartz (suicide 2013), American computer programmer and Internet hactivist.

Deaths[]

Crew of NASA Space Shuttle Challenger mission STS-51-L

January 7 – Rex Wailes (b. 1901), English engineer and historian of technology.
January 28
- Crew of United States Space Shuttle Challenger mission STS-51-L:
  - Greg Jarvis (b. 1944)
  - Christa McAuliffe (b. 1948)
  - Ronald McNair (b. 1950)
  - Ellison Onizuka (b. 1946)
  - Judith Resnik (b. 1949)
  - Dick Scobee (b. 1939)
  - Michael J. Smith (b. 1945)
- Dorothée Pullinger (b. 1894), French-born British production engineer.
April 22 – Dame Honor Fell (b. 1900), English biologist.
July 6 – William Rashkind (b. 1922), American cardiologist.
July 21 – Zhang Yuzhe (b. 1902), Chinese astronomer.
October 22 – Albert Szent-Györgyi (b. 1893), Hungarian physiologist, winner of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.
October 31 – Edward Adelbert Doisy (b. 1893), American biochemist, winner of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.
June 7 – Robert S. Mulliken (b. 1896), American physicist, winner of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry.
November 25 – Sir Ivan Magill (b. 1888), British anesthesiologist.

References[]

^ Jones, Peter T.; Dear, Paul H.; Foote, Jefferson; Neuberger, Michael S.; Winter, Greg (1986). "Replacing the complementarity-determining regions in a human antibody with those from a mouse". Nature. 321 (6069): 522–525. Bibcode:1986Natur.321..522J. doi:10.1038/321522a0. PMID 3713831. S2CID 4315811.
^ Waldman, Thomas A. (2003). "Immunotherapy: past, present and future". Nature Medicine. 9 (3): 269–277. doi:10.1038/nm0303-269. PMID 12612576. S2CID 9745527. Archived from the original on March 3, 2009. Retrieved July 29, 2011.
^ Barker, David; Osmond, C. (1986). "Infant mortality, childhood nutrition and ischaemic heart disease in England and Wales". The Lancet. London. 327 (8489): 1077–1081. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(86)91340-1. PMID 2871345. S2CID 35375657.
^ Leyden, John (January 19, 2006). "PC virus celebrates 20th birthday". The Register. Retrieved July 29, 2011.
^ "1986". Retrieved January 25, 2013.
^ Ribet, Ken (1990). "On modular representations of Gal(Q/Q) arising from modular forms" (PDF). Inventiones Mathematicae. 100 (2): 431–471. Bibcode:1990InMat.100..431R. doi:10.1007/BF01231195. hdl:10.1007/BF01231195. S2CID 120614740.
^ Frey, Gerhard (1986). "Links between stable elliptic curves and certain Diophantine equations". Annales Universitatis Saraviensis. Series Mathematicae. 1 (1): iv+40. ISSN 0933-8268. MR 0853387.
^ Paulson, L. C. (1986). "Natural deduction as higher-order resolution". The Journal of Logic Programming. 3 (3): 237–258. arXiv:cs/9301104. doi:10.1016/0743-1066(86)90015-4. S2CID 27085090.
^ "alphamagic square". Encyclopedia of Science. Retrieved May 12, 2012.

[1] Jones, Peter T.; Dear, Paul H.; Foote, Jefferson; Neuberger, Michael S.; Winter, Greg (1986). "Replacing the complementarity-determining regions in a human antibody with those from a mouse". Nature. 321 (6069): 522–525. Bibcode:1986Natur.321..522J. doi:10.1038/321522a0. PMID 3713831. S2CID 4315811.

[2] Waldman, Thomas A. (2003). "Immunotherapy: past, present and future". Nature Medicine. 9 (3): 269–277. doi:10.1038/nm0303-269. PMID 12612576. S2CID 9745527. Archived from the original on March 3, 2009. Retrieved July 29, 2011.

[3] Barker, David; Osmond, C. (1986). "Infant mortality, childhood nutrition and ischaemic heart disease in England and Wales". The Lancet. London. 327 (8489): 1077–1081. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(86)91340-1. PMID 2871345. S2CID 35375657.

[4] Leyden, John (January 19, 2006). "PC virus celebrates 20th birthday". The Register. Retrieved July 29, 2011.

[5] "1986". Retrieved January 25, 2013.

[6] Ribet, Ken (1990). "On modular representations of Gal(Q/Q) arising from modular forms" (PDF). Inventiones Mathematicae. 100 (2): 431–471. Bibcode:1990InMat.100..431R. doi:10.1007/BF01231195. hdl:10.1007/BF01231195. S2CID 120614740.

[7] Frey, Gerhard (1986). "Links between stable elliptic curves and certain Diophantine equations". Annales Universitatis Saraviensis. Series Mathematicae. 1 (1): iv+40. ISSN 0933-8268. MR 0853387.

[8] Paulson, L. C. (1986). "Natural deduction as higher-order resolution". The Journal of Logic Programming. 3 (3): 237–258. arXiv:cs/9301104. doi:10.1016/0743-1066(86)90015-4. S2CID 27085090.

[9] "alphamagic square". Encyclopedia of Science. Retrieved May 12, 2012.

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